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Toxicokinetics and Biomarkers/Environmental Sources of Exposure Normal Human Levels Levels TM ToxGuide

General Populations Toxicokinetics Biomarkers . The general population is most likely to . A small amount of vanadium (3–20%) . Vanadium in urine and can be used for be exposed to vanadium through will enter the digestive tract through as biomarkers of exposure, but cannot ingestion of contaminated food. ingestions of food and water. The type quantitatively determine exposure levels. . Foods naturally contain low of compound you are exposed to will concentrations of vanadium at levels that determine absorption. Environmental Levels Vanadium are not harmful. Seafood contains higher . Inhaled vanadium will enter the lungs, Air concentrations than meat from land although the amount that will enter is . Average concentration in Eastern cities is animals. unknown. 620 ng/m3. V . Vanadium is also found in commercial . It is unknown how much vanadium will . Average concentration throughout the nutritional supplements and enter the body through the skin, but it is United States is 11 ng/m3. multivitamins. Consumption of these likely that very little will be absorbed. CAS# 7440-62-2 Sediment and Soil October 2012 products can result in an excess intake of . Vanadium is transported mainly in the vanadium. . The average concentration in U.S. soil is plasma. It is found in large amounts in . People who live in areas with high levels the blood initially and only at trace levels 300 mg/kg. of fuel oil consumption may be at higher 2 days after exposure. Water U.S. Department of Health and risk of exposure. . . Concentration in surface water can range Human Services The bone has greater retention of Public Health Service vanadium than the kidneys. from 0.04 to 104 µg/L depending on Occupational Populations location. Agency for Toxic Substances . Vanadium is excreted from the body in and Disease Registry . Concentrations in tap water range from . Occupational exposure is mainly due to urine. www.atsdr.cdc.gov 1.2 to 1.0 µg/L. inhalation of vanadium pentoxide dust.

. Occupational exposure is expected for Normal Human Levels Contact Information: boilermakers, production workers using Reference Division of Toxicology . Normal concentrations in blood and , and production and Human Health Sciences urine are 1 nmol/L (0.05 µg/L) and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease workers. Environmental Toxicology Branch 10 nmol (0.5 µg/L), respectively. Registry (ATSDR). 2012. Toxicological Profile for Vanadium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human 1600 Clifton Road NE, F-57 Services, Public Health Services. Atlanta, GA 30333 1-800-CDC-INFO 1-800-232-4636 http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp

Chemical and Physical Information Routes of Exposure Relevance to Public Health (Health Effects)

Vanadium is a . Inhalation – Minor route of exposure for Health effects are determined Health Effects the general population. Predominant . Vanadium is a naturally occurring by the dose (how much), the . The respiratory tract is the primary target route of occupational exposure. element that is widely distributed in the duration (how long), and the of toxicity following inhalation exposure. The gastrointestinal tract, hematological earth’s crust. It is also present in soil, . Oral – Predominant route of exposure route of exposure. water and air. Pure vanadium is bright for the general population through system, and developing organism are the ingestion of contaminated food and primary targets following oral exposure. white, soft and ductile. Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) nd water. . Inhalation of vanadium pentoxide . It is the 22 most abundant element in Inhalation the earth’s crust. . Dermal – Not expected to be a resulted damage to the lungs, throat and significant route of exposure to general . An MRL of 0.0008 mg vanadium/m3 has nose in rats. Coughing, which lasted for . Vanadium compounds exist in over or occupational populations. been derived for acute-duration a number of days after exposure, was 50 different and in inhalation exposure to vanadium observed in humans exposed to

association with fossil fuels. The pentoxide dust (≤14 days). vanadium pentoxide. toxicologically significant compounds are Vanadium in the Environment vanadium pentoxide, sodium . No MRL was derived for intermediate- . Nausea, mild diarrhea, and stomach . Vanadium is released into the metavanadate, sodium orthovandate, duration inhalation exposure (15– cramps have been observed in humans environment mainly as a result of its use , and ammonium . 354 days). ingesting vanadium compounds. as fuel oil and by oil refineries and . An MRL of 0.0001 mg vanadium/m3 has . Oral exposure resulted in decreased . Vanadium is used in the production of power plants. rust-resistant, , and high-speed tool been derived for chronic-duration number of red blood cells, increased . Vanadium cannot be destroyed; it can inhalation exposure to vanadium blood pressure, and mild neurological only be changed into different forms in pentoxide dust (≥1 year). effects in animals. . Vanadium pentoxide is used in the environment. and as a catalyst. It is also used in the . Evidence of lung cancer has been found . In air, vanadium particles are washed out production of superconductive magnets. Oral in animal studies. IARC has classified by rain and settle to the ground. . vanadium pentoxide as possibly . Vanadyl sulfate and sodium No MRL was derived for acute-duration . Transport and partitioning of vanadium carcinogenic to humans. metavanadate have been used in dietary oral exposure to vanadium (≤14 days). in water and soil is influenced by acidity supplements. . An MRL of 0.01 mg vanadium/kg/day was and presence of particulate. It can be derived for intermediate-duration oral Children’s Health dissolved in water as dissolved or exposure. (15–364 days). may become absorbed to particulate . It is unknown if children will be affected matter. . No MRL was derived for chronic-duration by vanadium poisoning in the same oral exposure to vanadium (≥1 year). manner as adults. . Vanadium bioaccumulates in aquatic plants and animals but does not appear to . Oral exposure during pregnancy resulted concentrate in above-ground portions of in decreases in growth and increases in terrestrial plants. the occurrence of birth defects in animals; effects were usually associated with maternal toxicity.