DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect of the Vanadium Addition on the Grain Size and Mechanical Properties of the Copper-Aluminium-Zinc Shape Memory Alloys K

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect of the Vanadium Addition on the Grain Size and Mechanical Properties of the Copper-Aluminium-Zinc Shape Memory Alloys K EFFECT OF THE VANADIUM ADDITION ON THE GRAIN SIZE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COPPER-ALUMINIUM-ZINC SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS K. Enami, N. Takimoto, S. Nenno To cite this version: K. Enami, N. Takimoto, S. Nenno. EFFECT OF THE VANADIUM ADDITION ON THE GRAIN SIZE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COPPER-ALUMINIUM-ZINC SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1982, 43 (C4), pp.C4-773-C4-778. 10.1051/jphyscol:19824126. jpa-00222109 HAL Id: jpa-00222109 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00222109 Submitted on 1 Jan 1982 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Colloque C4, suppl&nent au no 12, Tome 43, dbcembre 1982 page C4-773 EFFECT OF THE VANADIUM ADDITION ON THE GRAIN SIZE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COPPER-ALUMINIUM-ZINC SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS K. Enami, N. Takimoto and S. Nenno Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan (Revised text accepted 27 September 1982) Abstract. - The effects of vanadium addition on the 0-grain size, pseudo- elastic and shape memory behaviour and fracture mode of the copper-aluminium- zinc shape memory alloys with different vanadium contents were investigated. It was found that the vanadium addition is very effective in reducing 0-grain size. In the specimen hot-rolled and recrystallized for several ten minutes at 1073K, the maximum mean grain size was only 300 pm. When the annealing time is shorter, i.e. a few minutes, it reaches 200 pm. The minimum 6-grain size 100 to 150 of the specimen in the recrystallized state was obtained by combination of vanadium addition and cold-rolling. The recoverable pseud* elastic strain of the specimen having four-five grains along its thickness was found to be up to 5%, and recoverable shape memory strain up to 5.5%, both are near the mean theoretical values of polycrystalline materials. It was found that grain boundary cracking, which is usually observed in copper- base 0-brass alloys and is considered to be the most undesirable failure of these alloys, was remarkably suppressed by vanadium addition. Introduction.- Although the copper-aluminium-based shape memory alloys have technical and economical advantages over other shape memory alloys, there are still some important problems which must be solved in order to develop more stable andreliable shape memory aluminium-bronze. Among them,the large B-grain size (typically its diameter is 0.5 to 2 mm) and tendency of grain boundary cracking, both typically observed in copper-base B-brass type alloys, have undesirable effects on mechanical properties and shape memory behaviour of these alloys. The difficulty in reducing 0-grain size limits the technically applicable range of those shape memory alloys. Since Khan and Delaey (1) first suggested that less-soluble alloying elements in copper-base 0-brass alloys, such as iron, would be effective inhibitors of 0-grain growth, several works have been reported on the effects of the 3rd or 4th alloying elements on 0-grain size and mechanical properties (2,3). According to the copper- aluminium-vanadium phase diagram (4,5), it is expected that vanadium is also one of those elements which are less-soluble in copper-aluminium 0-phase. In the present work the effects of vanadium addition on the 0-grain size, pseudo-elastic and shape memory behaviour, the tensile fracture mode in the copper-aluminium-zinc B-brass alloys were investigated, and it was found that the vanadium addition is very effective in reducing the 0-grain size and also the tendency of intergranular cracking, without lowering shape memory properties. Experimental Procedures.- Ingots withapproximate size 18mm x 150mm of seven Cu-Al-Zn alloys with different vanadium contents (from about 0.2 to 2.0 mass%) were melted in vacuum-sealed quartz capsules. The chemical compositions and transforma- tion temperatures found by electrical resistivity measurement are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Ingots of these alloys were hot-forged slightly and hot-rolled at about 900K to 1.5 to 2mm thick. Strips for the tensile testing were cut out from the hot-rolled sheets, mechanically polished and finished by electropolishing to lmm thick x 3mm wide x 50mm long to remove any surface failure. All specimens were then annealed in quartz capsules under argon atmosphere at 973K or 1073K from a few tens to a few thousands seconds followed by water-quenching. Optical microscope Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19824126 C4-774 JOURSAL Dic PHYSIQUE Table 1. Chemical Composition of Alloys, Tab lc 2. 'l'ransfor~nation'femperatures (K) . (mass%). Al* Zn 1' * Cu Ms As Af alloy': A- 1 8.5 2.4 0.42 bal. above 373 U- 1 7.2 17.8 0.37 bal. 213 208 223 B- 2 7.0 17.9 1.83 bal. 262 253 271 C- 1 6.1 21.3 0.29 bal. 231 220 242 C-2 6.0 21.7 0.55 bal. 215 206 224 D- I 2.6 31.2 0.15 bal. 221 210 229 D- 2 2.6 34.9 1.75 bal. below 77 - " by ICI' method. observation on the whole surface of each tensile specimen was carried out to mcasure the 6-grain size. The 6-grain size was measured by the usual linear interccpt ncthod. Tensile test was carried out in each spccimcn between liquid nitrogen temperature and room tempcraturc. Fractographic study was carried out to obscrvc the tensile fracture surface by scanning clcctron microscopy. -Results and Discussion. 1. 0-grain size Fig.1 shows the typical fine-grained polycrystalline specimens of alloys B-1 and C-2, both were hot-rolled at 900K and recrystallized at 1073K for 1.8ks, followed by water-quenching. l'hc avcrage grain size of B-1 was found to be 260 Um. Tt was observed that across the thickness of the tensilc specimen 111m thick there are four-five grains, and the a-grains tiavc alniost cqui-axed shapc. It seems that 13-grain size scarecely varies with thc concentration of vanariur~in the alloys used in the prcsent experiment. IFig.1 Optical micrographs of rccrystall izcd speci~r~cnsoC vanadium-addcd Cu-Al-Zn f3-brass type alloys. (a) Alloy B-1, hot-rollcd at 900K and recrystallized at 1073K for 1.8 ks, followed by water-quenching. (b) Alloy C-2, as above. Fig.2 shows the feature of 6-grain growth of alloy 13-1 (luring rccrystalli- zation at 1073K. It is striking that the 6-grain gowth is effectively retarted hy v;inadium addition and the size of 6-grains never grows over 300 um even after recrystallizing for 1.92 ks, Fig.2(d). Itlien thc specin~ensizc is within 21nm thick x lOmm wide, it was found that the present alloys can bc cold-rolled at room tempcr;~turcup to 10% in the 6-phase state and to 20% in the martensitic state without failure. Thus, it is possible to obtain even finer 6-grains. Fig.3 shows the effect of cold work on the 6-grain sizc rcducing in thc rccrystallized statc. Fig.3(a) is the original as-recrystallized state and shows relatively large grain sizc with tli:imeter 200 to 250 urn of alloy D-2. Fig.3(1?) shows the spccirllen of the same tilloy after being cold-rolled at r.t. and recryst;rllizcd at 973K for 900 s. Thc 6-grain sizc in this case is reduced to 100 Urn. In (c), the case of alloy A-1, cold-rolled in the martensitic statc, is shown. In this case also, the 6-grain size is reduced to near 100 Urn. b. c., i '* - :v . .. .<. ' - 1:ig.L Optical micrographs showing thc effect of annealing time on the 3-grain size in alloy B-1. (a) Annealed :it 1073K for 60s in ;I salt bath, followed by watcr- quenching. (h) for 120s. (c) for 900s. (d) for 1.92ks. Fjg.3 0ptic:ll micrographs shoving the effect of cold-rolling on the @-grain size. (:I! Ilot-rolled and recrystallized at 973K for 900s, Alloy D-2. (b) as above + cold-rolling at r.t. and recrystallizcd at 973K for 900s. (c) Alloy A-1, as above (cold-rolled in the martensitic state). Usually the @-grain size in copper-hase B-brass type alloy is 0.5 to a few mm ;~ndto obtainc the grain size lcss than 500 Dm, annealing time should he limited to a few tens of seconds :it the recryst;illizntion temperature, while in the present vanadi~~m-addedalloys the grain size 200 to 300 um can be obtained by ~lsualanncalinz treatment for a few ks, without any special heat- or ther~nonlcchanical treatment. 'The above ohserv:ltion suggests that the vanadium addition reduces effectively the 6-grain size or copper-aluminium-b:tsed B-hrass alloys. Kilmei et :11. (3) showed that vanadiun~ has a retardation effect against grain grokth of Cu-Al-hi high damping 6-phase cast alloys, and sr~ggestcdthat the effect isdue to suppress i on of grain 1,oundat-y migrat i on by reducing the diffusion coefficient by dissolving of vsnadi trn~ into B-phase.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aluminum-Vanadium System Donald Joseph Kenney Iowa State College
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1953 Aluminum-vanadium system Donald Joseph Kenney Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Physical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Kenney, Donald Joseph, "Aluminum-vanadium system " (1953). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13302. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13302 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI mmMm-immim STSTEM BmaM S, Ktrmey A Mssertattioa aibaitted to the Sradttate Paeulty in fsKptial Fulfillffleat of the l®cpiir«a®ats tor the Degree of eocfoa or piiLosoFif Sabjecti aysiefil CheBdstry ^proved f Signature was redacted for privacy. In C2iarg®;!6f Ifejor Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State College 1953 UMI Number: DP12420 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Vanadium
    VANADIUM 107 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION 4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY Vanadium is a naturally occurring element that appears in group 5(B5) of the periodic table (Lide 2008). Vanadium is widely distributed in the earth’s crust at an average concentration of 100 ppm nd (approximately 100 mg/kg), similar to that of zinc and nickel (Byerrum 1991). Vanadium is the 22 most abundant element in the earth’s crust (Baroch 2006). Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals; carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite are important sources of this metal along with bravoite and davidite (Baroch 2006, Lide 2008). It is also found in phosphate rock and certain ores and is present in some crude oils as organic complexes (Lide 2008). Table 4-1 lists common synonyms and other pertinent identification information for vanadium and representative vanadium compounds. 4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Vanadium is a gray metal with a body-centered cubic crystal system. It is a member of the first transition series. Because of its high melting point, it is referred to as a refractory metal (Baroch 2006). When highly pure, it is a bright white metal that is soft and ductile. It has good structural strength and a low- fission neutron cross section. Vanadium has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water; however, the metal oxidizes readily above 660 °C (Lide 2008). The chemistry of vanadium compounds is related to the oxidation state of the vanadium (Woolery 2005). Vanadium has oxidation states of +2, +3, +4, and +5. When heated in air at different temperatures, it oxidizes to a brownish black trioxide, a blue black tetraoxide, or a reddish orange pentoxide.
    [Show full text]
  • 169 a NEW IRON/VANADIUM (FE/V) REDOX FLOW BATTERY Liyu Li
    A NEW IRON/VANADIUM (FE/V) REDOX FLOW BATTERY Liyu Li, Wei Wang, Zimin Nie, Baowei Chen, Feng Chen, Qingtao Luo, Soowhan Kim, and Gary Z Yang Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, USA ABSTRACT A novel redox flow battery using Fe2+/Fe3+ and V2+/V3+ redox couples in chloride supporting electrolyte and in chloric/sulfuric mixed-acid supporting electrolyte was investigated for potential stationary energy storage applications. The iron/vanadium (Fe/V) redox flow cell using mixed reactant solutions operated within a voltage window of 0.5~1.35 volts with a nearly 100% utilization ratio and demonstrated stable cycling over 100 cycles with energy efficiency > 80% and almost no capacity fading. Stable performance was achieved in the temperature range between 0 °C and 50 °C. Unlike the iron/chromium (Fe/Cr) redox flow battery that operates at an elevated temperature of 65 °C, the necessity of external heat management is eliminated. The improved electrochemical performance makes the Fe/V redox flow battery a promising option as a stationary energy storage device to enable renewable integration and stabilization of the electric grid. Keywords: redox flow battery, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, Fe/V, mixed acid, energy storage INTRODUCTION energy loss and significantly increases the overall operating cost [3]. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are electrochemical devices that store electrical energy In our work, we proposed and investigated the in liquid electrolytes [1]. The energy conversion electrochemical performance of a new RFB that between chemical energy and electricity energy is employs a V2+/V 3+ solution anolyte and a Fe2+/Fe 3+ carried out as liquid electrolytes flow through cell solution catholyte or a mixed solution as both the stacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Alkali-Metal Vanadium Oxide Xerogel Bronzes: &V205mh20 (A = K and Cs) Y.-J
    1616 Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 1616-1624 Investigation of the Alkali-Metal Vanadium Oxide Xerogel Bronzes: &V205mH20 (A = K and Cs) Y.-J. Liu,tl# J. A. Cowen,**#T. A. &plan,$>$D. C. DeGroot,l J. Schindler,l C. R. &nnewurf,l and M. G. Kanatzidis*stT§ Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 Received January 18, 1995. Revised Manuscript Received June 13, 1995@ The synthesis of bronze-like AXV205*nHz0xerogels (A = K and Cs, 0.05 x 0.6) and systematic characterization of their chemical, structural, spectroscopic magnetic, and charge- transport properties are reported. These materials were prepared by the reaction of V205-nHzO with various amounts of alkali iodide (KI and CSI) in acetone under Nz atmosphere for 3 days. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic data indicate that the V2O5 framework in AZVz05*nH20maintains the pristine V205 xerogel structure. The increased V4+ (dl) concentration in the V205 framework causes the disappearance of EPR hyperfine structure and the increase of magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity. The optical diffuse reflectance spectra of these compounds show characteristic absorption bands due to inter-valence (V4+N5+)charge-transfer transitions. The magnetic behavior is best described as Curie- Weiss type coupled with temperature-independent paramagnetism (TIP). The Curie constant and EPR peak width of the &VsO~.nH20 materials show unusual behavior consistent with strong antiferromagnetic coupling of neighboring V4+centers.
    [Show full text]
  • BNL-79513-2007-CP Standard Atomic Weights Tables 2007 Abridged To
    BNL-79513-2007-CP Standard Atomic Weights Tables 2007 Abridged to Four and Five Significant Figures Norman E. Holden Energy Sciences & Technology Department National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000 Upton, NY 11973-5000 www.bnl.gov Prepared for the 44th IUPAC General Assembly, in Torino, Italy August 2007 Notice: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. This preprint is intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, it may not be cited or reproduced without the author’s permission. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements.Pdf
    A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Poisoning of SCR Catalysts by Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
    catalysts Review Poisoning of SCR Catalysts by Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Luciana Lisi * and Stefano Cimino * Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l’Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili (STEMS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Guglielmo Marconi 4/10, 80125 Napoli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (S.C.) Received: 19 November 2020; Accepted: 10 December 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Abstract: SCR still represents the most widely applied technique to remove nitrogen oxides from flue gas from both stationary and mobile sources. The catalyst lifetime is greatly affected by the presence of poisoning compounds in the exhaust gas that deactivate the catalysts over time on stream. The progressive and widespread transition towards bio-derived fuels is pushing research efforts to deeply understand and contrast the deactivating effects of some specific poisons among those commonly found in the emissions from combustion processes. In particular, exhaust gases from the combustion of bio-fuels, as well as from municipal waste incineration plants and marine engines, contain large amounts of alkali and alkaline earth metals that can severely affect the acid, redox, and physical properties of the SCR catalysts. This review analyzes recent studies on the effects of alkali and alkaline earth metals on different types of SCR catalysts divided into three main categories (conventional V2O5-WO3/TiO2, supported non-vanadium catalysts and zeolite-based catalysts) specifically focusing on the impact of poisons on the reaction mechanism while highlighting the different type of deactivation affecting each group of catalysts. An overview of the different regeneration techniques aimed at recovering as much as possible the original performance of the catalysts, highlighting the pros and cons, is given.
    [Show full text]
  • V for Vanadium
    in your element V for vanadium Andrea Taroni shares his experience with vanadium — a colourful element with a rich chemistry (and physics!) that is emblematic of all transition metals. uite why I chose to study chemistry changing the colour of the complex. The at university is a mystery, even to me. rest of my undergraduate practical required QI mostly got the general principles, but me to determine the oxidation states of it was as if its details — oxidation, reduction; vanadium upon reducing my solution cis, trans; R, S — or rather which way around with various agents. I vividly recall the those details went, had been designed to sudden changes in colour that came with consistently make me feel like I couldn’t tell each oxidation state switch, and I like to my right hand from my left. It is fair to say I think this gave me a greater appreciation wasn’t a natural at the subject. for the inspired decision to name the One of the first elements I remember element after Vanadis, the Norse goddess encountering in the lab — by attempting more commonly known as Freyja, whose to work with it, as opposed to simply attributes include beauty. PHOTOGRAPHY/ ANDREW LAMBERT LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE acknowledging its existence — is vanadium. In fact, many transition metal My inorganic chemistry lab practical compounds have spectacular colours (earning Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg involved the synthesis and analysis of the (pictured), making them ideal for pigments. the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics in the five-coordinate complex VO(acac)2 (where Their rich redox chemistry is also key to process).
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Vanadium
    TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR VANADIUM U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry September 2012 VANADIUM ii DISCLAIMER Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. VANADIUM iii UPDATE STATEMENT A Toxicological Profile for Vanadium, Draft for Public Comment was released in September 2009. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences (proposed) Environmental Toxicology Branch (proposed) 1600 Clifton Road NE Mailstop F-62 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 VANADIUM iv This page is intentionally blank. VANADIUM v FOREWORD This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines* developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the toxic substances each profile describes. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 CAS No.: 7440-62-2(Vanadium) Substance: Vanadium and Its Compounds Chemical Substances Control Law Reference No.: PRTR Law Ca
    14 CAS No.: 7440-62-2(Vanadium) Substance: Vanadium and its compounds Chemical Substances Control Law Reference No.: PRTR Law Cabinet Order No.: 1-321 (Vanadium compounds) Element Symbol: V Atomic Weight: 50.94 1. General information Vanadium, vanadium (IV) oxide, and vanadium (III) oxide are insoluble in water. The aqueous solubilities of vanadium (V) pentoxide, ammonium metavanadate (V), and sodium metavanadate (V) are 700 mg/1,000 g (25°C), 4.8×104 mg/1,000 g (20°C), and 2.1×105 mg/1,000 g (25°C), respectively. Sodium metavanadate (V) and vanadium oxysulfate (IV) are soluble in water. Vanadium oxytrichloride (V) is thought to hydrolyze in the presence of moisture to form vanadium oxide and hydrochloric acid. Potassium vanadate (V) is almost insoluble in cold water. At temperatures lower than 63°C, vanadium (IV) tetrachloride is thought to gradually break down into vanadium trichloride and chlorine, and vanadium (IV) oxydichloride is also believed to break down gradually. Vanadium pentoxide is difficult to break down and bioaccumulation is judged to be low. Vanadium compounds are designated as Class 1 Designated Chemical Substances under the Law Concerning Reporting, etc. of Releases to the Environment of Specific Chemical Substances and Promoting Improvements in Their Management (PRTR Law). Uses of metallic vanadium and vanadium alloys include electronic materials, encapsulant materials, heat-resistant materials, superalloys, and aircraft components. Uses of vanadium steel include turbines for nuclear reactors and turbo engines, cutting tools such as drills, pipelines, tanks, and bridges. Vanadium pentoxide is primarily used as a raw material for metallic vanadium, vanadium alloys, and ferrous alloys such as vanadium steel.
    [Show full text]
  • Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Chromium–Vanadium Carbide Coatings Produced Via Thermo-Reactive Deposition
    coatings Article Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Chromium–Vanadium Carbide Coatings Produced via Thermo-Reactive Deposition Fabio Castillejo 1, Jhon Jairo Olaya 2,* and Jose Edgar Alfonso 3 1 Grupo de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad Santo Tomás, Carrera 9 No 51-11, Bogotá 110911, Colombia; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No 26-85, Bogotá 110911, Colombia 3 Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No 26-85, Bogotá 110911, Colombia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 February 2019; Accepted: 20 March 2019; Published: 27 March 2019 Abstract: Chromium carbide, vanadium carbide, and chromium–vanadium mixture coatings were deposited on AISI D2 steel via the thermo-reactive deposition/diffusion (TRD) technique. The carbides were obtained from a salt bath composed of molten borax, ferro-chrome, ferro-vanadium, and aluminum at 1020 ◦C for 4 h. Analysis of the morphology and microstructure of the coatings was done via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The hardness of the coatings was evaluated using nano-indentation, and the friction coefficient was determined via pin-on-disk (POD) testing. The electrochemical behavior was studied through potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The XRD results show evidence of the presence of V8C7 in the vanadium carbide coating and Cr23C6 and Cr7C3 in the chromium carbide coating. The hardness value for the vanadium–chromium carbide coating was 23 GPa, which was higher than the 6.70 ± 0.28 GPa for the uncoated steel.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminum-Vanadium System D
    Ames Laboratory ISC Technical Reports Ames Laboratory 6-1953 Aluminum-vanadium system D. J. Kenney Iowa State College H. A. Wilhelm Iowa State College O. N. Carlson Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_iscreports Part of the Ceramic Materials Commons, and the Metallurgy Commons Recommended Citation Kenney, D. J.; Wilhelm, H. A.; and Carlson, O. N., "Aluminum-vanadium system" (1953). Ames Laboratory ISC Technical Reports. 51. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_iscreports/51 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Ames Laboratory at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ames Laboratory ISC Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Aluminum-vanadium system Abstract The an ture of the aluminum-vanadium system has been reported on the basis of thermal, microscopic, chemical and X-ray evidence. The system contains six different solid phases at ambient temperatures: the four intermediate phase being peritectic in nature. Phase properties are summarized in Table 1. Keywords Ames Laboratory Disciplines Ceramic Materials | Engineering | Materials Science and Engineering | Metallurgy This report is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_iscreports/51 UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ' )} .. (.' 1 ' ISC-353 ALUMINUM-VANADIUM SYSTEM By D. J. Kenney H. A. Wilhelm 0. N. Carlson June 1953 Ames Laboratory l.. METALLURGY AND CERAMICS This report has been reproduced direct from cop,y as submitted to the Technical Information Service. Work performed under Contract No.
    [Show full text]