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America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja Joost R

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America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja Joost R Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87686-5 - A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja Joost R. Hiltermann Index More information INDEX Abadan, 82, 139 Al-Bakr airbase, 179 Abassi, Mahmoud, 66 Albright, Madeleine, 243, 250n3 Abba Beileh, xxii, xxiii, 122 al-Duri, Izzat Ibrahim, 225 Abbas Video. See Akbar, Abbas al-Duri, Sabr, 133, 180, 244 Abd-al-Razzaq al-Fakhri, Hisham, 7, 37 ABC’s “Nightline,” 7, 239 al-Gailani, Yaser, 158, 167, 177, 187, 188 Abd-al-Aziz, Ali, 111, 112 Ali, Kosrat Rasoul, 114, 129, 135 Abd-al-Qader, Faridoun al-Khazraji, Nizar, 160, 179 and first Iraqi CW use against PUK, 96 acknowledging Iraqi role in Halabja and negotiations with Iranian regime, gassing, 179 90–91, 92, 111 Allawi, Iyad, 159 leading PUK negotiations with Iraqi al-Majid, Ali Hassan regime, 88–89 and fate of Anfalakan, 134, 135 Abd-al-Rahim, Mu’ath, 159 Ali Hassan al-Majid Abd-al-Rashid, Maher, 7, 37 standing trial for Anfal campaign, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 195, 196, 198, 244 263n18 and Halabja gassing, 178, 179 Abu Abbas, 214 appointment of, 13, 93 Abu Ali, 112 issuing key orders in June 1987, 99 Abu Nidal, 233 ordering chemical strikes, 180 Abu Zeinab, 112 overseeing 1987 counterinsurgency Achille Lauro hijacking, 214 campaign, 93–101, 108 Afghanistan, 23, 148 threatening Kurdish doctors, 189 aflatoxin, 194, 200 al-Naqib, Jawdat Mustafa, 178–179 Aghaei, Taghi, 70 Al-Qaeda, 242 Aghjalar, 131 Al-Qurna, 32 Ahl al-Haq, xxi Al-Rashid hospital, 159 Ahmad Awa, 122 al-Saeidy, Abd-al-Wahhab, 25, 66, 142, Ahvaz, 33 145, 159 Akbar, Abbas Abd-al-Razaq, 104–105 al-Samarra’i, Wafiq Akoyan valley, 130, 132 and alleged VX use, 141 Al-‘Amard, 32, 170 and Arabization in Kirkuk, 134 Alaan region, 88 as interlocutor with DIA, 78 al-Anbari, Abd-al-Amir, 7, 8, 173 as security advisor to Talabani, 180 293 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87686-5 - A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja Joost R. Hiltermann Index More information r 294 Index al-Samarra’i, Wafiq (cont.) in Germian, 130, 131, 133, 246 aspiring to lead opposition to Saddam, in new Iraqi constitution, 226 180 in Qaradagh, 130, 131, 173 denying role in Anfal killings, 133 in Smaquli, Balisan, and Akoyan mum on Anfal, 179, 180 valleys, 130, 132 not standing trial for Anfal, 244 long–term impact of, 227 on “special” strikes, 99, 176 Military Intelligence role in, 180 on alleged Iranian CW use, 157 role of jahsh in, 108, 136 on authority to order CW attacks, 180 Saddam Hussein’s rationale for, 133 on fate of Anfalakan, 134 similarities to Barzanis massacre of, 31 on Halabja attack, 180 start of, 128 on US satellite intelligence, 42 survivors from killing grounds of, xiv, questioning Iranian CW capability, xxv, 246 179–180 trials of perptrators of, 244 relations with Saddam Hussein of, 180 US knowledge of, 135–138 relationship with PUK of, 133 victims of, 132–135, 225 role at Military Intelligence of, 133, 180 Anfalakan. See Anfal campaign, victims of al-Zubeida, Muhammad Hamza, 93 Annan, Kofi, 58 Amadiya, 100 Anraat, Frans van, 62 Amin, Jamal Aziz, 189, 225 Ansar al-Islam, xxi, xxii, 255n1 Amin, Latif, 189 anthrax, 222 Amin, Neywshirwan Mustafa, 89, 92, 106, Aqaba, 49 121 Aqaba pipeline project, 50 Amn, xxii, 93, 98, 112 Arab Gulf states, 64, 107, 148, 234 Amn Qawmi, 169 protected by Iraq from Iran, 219 amyl nitrite, 67, 197 threatened by CW proliferation, 229 Anab, xxiv, 118, 121, 122 threatened by Iran, 43 Andropov, Yuri, 58 Arab League, 216 Anfal campaign, 31 Arabization, 134, 243 amnesty at end of, 133, 137, 190, 207, Arbat, 102 210, 214, 265n5 Armitage, Richard, 79, 184, 218, 239 and destruction of rural Kurdistan, 245 arsenic gas, 164 as Ali Hassan al-Majid’s brainchild, 95 Arvand river, 23, 70, 139 as counterinsurgency operation, xiv Ashkohol mountain, 121 as genocide, xiv, 17, 135, 205, 213, 227, Askar, 131, 132, 209 243 Aslani, Ja’fer, xvii, 71, 142 as killing campaign, xiv, 99, 132, 133 Aspin, Les, 75 as logical conclusion to Arabization in atropine, 3, 34, 35, 71, 120, 131, 132, 140, Kirkuk, 134 142, 170, 197, 238 CW use during, xxiii, 11, 14, 16, 17, Aun Shirikyo, 223 129–135, 173, 208, 209, 210, 224, Australia, 53 240 Australia Group, 212, 229 final stage of, 130, 133, 136, 199, 206, Aziz, Tariq, 48, 56 207, 208, 214 accusing Iran of CW use, 10, 174 fueling Kurdish quest for independence, admitting Iraqi CW use, 14, 75, 219 226–227 alleging that Iran used CW first, 261n55 glorified in Iraqi media, 18, 129, 135, and loss of Halabja, 173 136, 207 at White House ceremony (1984), 55 in Aghjalar area, 132 denouncing the UN, 73, 126 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87686-5 - A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja Joost R. Hiltermann Index More information r Index 295 denying Halabja accusation, 9 Barzani, Masoud denying Iraqi CW use against Kurds, and Anfal, 136 219 as KDP leader, 29 meeting with Rumsfeld, 49, 52 as president of Kurdish region, 114 negotiating with PUK, 89 labeled “offspring of treason,” 107 pledging compliance with the Geneva reported to be included in amnesty, 207 Protocol, 209 succeeding his father, 29, 87 protesting CW allegations, 166 Barzani, Mustafa, 86 suffering politically from Iran–Contra as father of Kurdish national movement, affair, 77 86–87 threatening chemical weapons use, 9 as leader of 1970s revolt, 21, 29, 207 warning against US policy on Iraqi CW death in exile of (1979), 207 use, 54 facing leadership challenge, 87 warning of Iraq’s breakup, 236 in cahoots with Shah of Iran, 107 Azmar, 95 Barzanis 1983 disappearances of, 31, 138 Ba‘ath party in Halabja, xxii massacre of, in new Iraqi constitution, Ba‘ath party’s Northern Bureau, 93, 96 226 Ba‘ath regime, seizing power (1968), 86 rivalry with Bradostis of, 29, 32, 88 Baban, Heresh, 188 Barzinji, Ja’far, 189 Badinan, 87, 88, 97, 130, 132, 134, 206, Barzinji, Mahmoud, 86 209, 235 Basiji volunteers, 105, 109 Badr Corps and Halabja operation, 123 fighting at Faw (1988), 140 fighting at Faw (1986), 70 fighting at Haj Omran (1983), 29 fighting in Badr offensive, 65 fighting in Badr offensive (1985), 65 participating in human wave attacks, role in Halabja liberation of, xxii, 112, 25 115 Basra Baghdad as Iranian war objective, 25, 46, 69, 80, CW casualties in hospitals in, 10, 159, 109, 234 166, 174–175 battles in proximity of, 28, 166, 170 Iranian air raids on, 65 CW casualties in hospitals in, 166 struck by Iranian Scud missiles, 80, 82, Iranian artillery attack on, 65 107 oil installations of, 90 threatened by flood waters, 7 struck by Iranian Scud missiles, 80 Baghdad–Basra highway, 32, 37, 65 Bayanjan, 163, 164 Baghyatollah hospital, xvii Bayes, Miqdad, 91 Bakhtaran, 98 bin Laden, Osama, 104 Balad airbase, 177 binary chemical weapons, 221 Balagjar, 130, 131, 174 biological agent, suspected attack during Balambo mountain, xxii, 115, 117, 118, Khaybar operation with, 34 124 biological weapons, 15, 17, 152 Balisan valley, 97, 98, 130, 188, 189, Biological Weapons Convention (1972), 209 230 Bandar Khomeini, 50 Biyara, 116, 124, 191 Baneh, 83, 98, 143, 164 Biyari, Ali, 112 Barzan, 86, 87 blowback problem. See Iraqi chemical Barzani revolt, collapse of (1975), 31 casualties, from Iraq’s own CW use Barzani, Idris, 29 Boleh, 191 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87686-5 - A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja Joost R. Hiltermann Index More information r 296 Index Boteh, 132 believing “Curveball” data on Iraqi botulinum, 222 WMD programs, 183 Bradosti tribe, 29, 30, 31, 88 daily intelligence reports of, 203 Bradosti, Karim Khan, 29 dissenting from 1990 Pentagon study, Brezhnev, Leonid, 23, 148 202 Bubiyan, 63, 217 Foreign Broadcast Information Service Burck, Gordon, 197 of, 136, 207 Bush I administration monitoring war of the cities, 144 and National Security Decision on CW as force multiplier, 13 Directive 26, 217 on cyanide as key ingredient of tabun, reaction to Kuwait invasion of, 222 198 receiving advice from Shultz, 218 on decreasing effectiveness of Iraqi CW relations with Iraqi regime of, 217 use, 236 threatening nuclear response in Gulf on importance of Iraqi CW use to War, 222, 242 world, 215 Bush II administration on Iranian aim to capture and war in Iraq (2003), xxiv, 223, 244 Darbandikhan dam, 108 canceling US signature to Rome treaty, on Iranian missile attacks on Baghdad, 244 107 gutting multilateral engagement, 244 on Iranian war strategy, 107 Bush, George H. W., 201, 217, 220 on Iraq’s blowback problem, 167 Bush, George W., 16, 56 on Iraq’s problem with leaking CW and Iraqi CW use against Kurds, 183 munitions, 169 announcing WMD find in Iraq, 224 on Khomeini, 139 on limitations of Geneva Protocol, Camp David accords, 41, 42, 232 216 Carlucci, Frank, 79, 184 on role of CW in ending Iran–Iraq war, Carter, Jimmy, 41 145 Carus, Seth on routine nature of Iraqi CW use, 181 and cyanide claim, 198 on scale of Iraqi chemical warfare, 14 as authority on Iraqi CW use, 161 on self-reliance of Iraqi CW program, Congressional testimony on Iraqi CW 237 alpha, 237 predicting chemical war of the cities, on difficulty of using hydrogen cyanide, 145 198 presence in Baghdad embassy of, 74 on Iraqi and Iranian CW use, 161 questioning efficiency of Iraqi CW use, on Iranian WMD strategy, 231 75 on US knowledge of Iraqi CW program, replaced by DIA in Baghdad, 78 239 sharing intelligence with Iraq, 42 CBS’s “60 Minutes”, 243 warning of preemptive Iraqi CW use, Central Intelligence Agency 101 alleged to be pro-Kurdish, 202 Chadergah, 118 alleging Iranian CW use, 161–162 Chemi Palania, 112 and evidence of Iraqi WMD programs, Chemical Agent Monitor, 67 183 Chemical Ali.
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