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Canine Distemper: Epidemiological Findings of Selwyn Arlington Headley CESUMAR - Centro De Ensino Superior 250 Cases* De Maringá Av

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Canine Distemper: Epidemiological Findings of Selwyn Arlington Headley CESUMAR - Centro De Ensino Superior 250 Cases* De Maringá Av BrAz, J. veto Res. animo ScI., São PAulo, v. 37, n. 2, p. 136-140, 2000. CORRESPONDENCE TO: Canine distemper: epidemiological findings of Selwyn Arlington Headley CESUMAR - Centro de Ensino Superior 250 cases* de Maringá Av. Guedner, 1.610 - Jardim Aclimação 87050-390 - Maringá - PR e-mail: [email protected] l-Centrode Ensino Superiorde Maringá- PR Cinomose: achados epidemiológicos de 250 casos 2-Departamento de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - RS l 2 Selwyn Arlington HEADLEy ; Dominguita Lühers GRAÇA SUMMARY A review of the number of dogs subrnitted for necropsy at the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, between 1985-1997 has shown that 11.7%(250/2136) had lesions and inclusion bodies characteristic of infection by canine distemper virus (CDV). Most of these cases occurred during the winter months in dogs that were less than 1.5 year old, which were submitted by residents from the city of Santa Maria. Canine distemper is considered endemic in this city. Significant differences in susceptibility were not observed between males and females. Mongrel dogs were super-represented, but dolichocephaJic breeds were more affected than brachycephalic ones. Distemper encephaJopathy with typicaJ CDV inclusion bodies, especially in astrocytes, was the main Jesion and occurred in 82% of these cases. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies characteristic of canine distemper were also observed in epithelial cells of the urinary bladder (15%), lung (6%), stomach (3%), kidney (1%), and tonsil (0.5%). UNITERMS: Epiderniology; Distemper virus; Dogs. INTRODUCTION dolichocephalic breeds'". Young dogs, especially neonates and recently weaned dogs, are generally more susceptible anine distemper virus (CDV) belongs to the to CDV infection, demonstrating a relationship between genus Morbillivirus (Paraxyviridae )8.19.23,has susceptibility and age". Cworld-wide distribution'v", and is one of the most Epidemiological studies of canine distemper have important infectious agents within canine populationsê-". been described in many countries, inc1uding India I, Clinical manifestations of distemper occur in all Denmark", Finland9, Brazil", and North America'"". In members of the Canidae, Mustelidae, and Procyonidae these studies evaluating methods ranged from serological families2.19.23.25.Caninedistemper virus has also been related surveys of neutralising antibodies 13,exarnination of clinical with encephalitis in large felines, such as the tiger (PanthErA reports", mail surveillance surveys":", to the evaluation of tiGrisy>"; lion (Panthera leo), leopard (PAnthEra pardus), antibodies and antigens-". and jaguar (Panthera onCAs', and with systemic lesions in Although the seasonal occurrence of CDV infection a masked palm civet (PAGuma larvatas". Distemper-like has been described by some authors":", its exact relation diseases have been diagnosed in seals (FocA vitulinAv+"; with infectivity has not been well-defined". In one study porpoise and dolphinsê-". Although domestic cats and pigs more cases were observed during the winter than summer have been infected experimentaIly, these are not considered months', while a change in the occurrence of more CDV important in the transmission of canine disternper'. cases from winter to summer months was observed in The difference in susceptibility between males and another". females to CDV infection has not been well elucidated. This article describes the epidemiological findings Some authors':" have indicated that a difference exists, but of canine distemper virus in dogs submitted for necropsy Gorham 10believed otherwise. Although racial preference at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal to CDV has not been described, brachycephalic dogs are University of Santa Maria (DVP/UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio considered less susceptible to encephalitis than Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 1985 and 1997. * Seminário apresentado ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria - RS. 136 HEADLEY, S.A.;GRAÇA, D.L. Canine distemper: epidemiological findings of 250 cases. Braz. J. vetoRes. animo Sci., São Paulo, v. 37, n. 2, p. 136-140,2000. MATERIAL AND METHOD Mongrel dogs were super-represented in this study, and contributed to 54% (136/250) of all CDV diagnosed AIl cases of CDV in dogs submitted for necropsy and cases. Within the established canine breeds, German diagnosed by histopathology, at the DVPIUFSM, between Shepherd, with 10% (25/250) of all positive cases, was the 1985 and 1997, were reviewed. Data relative to age, sex, most expressive. Other breeds that were significant in this breed, city of origin, type of lesion, and time of death were study included Cocker Spaniel, Fox, and Siberian Husky, collected and analysed. with 4% (10/250), "Fila Brasileiro" 3.6% (9/250), Cases were considered CDV positive by the finding Doberman 3.2% (8/250), Pointer and Poodle 2.8% (7/250), of nonsuppurative demyelinating encephalitis, and Collie 2.4% (6/250). Breeds with less than 2% of nonsuppurative interstitial pneumonia, and eosinophilic positive cases included Boxer, Chow Chow, Great Dane, inclusion bodies characteristic of canine distemper in nervous Pinscher, and Rottweiler, among others (Tab. 3). tissues and epithelial cells of body organs". The Veterinary There was a direct relationship between the number Hospital (VHlUFSM), being a shelter for animais during of distemper cases and the relative humidity of the air and undetermined periods, was included as local of origino temperature. The global increase in the number of cases Point and period prevalence were determined by corresponded to a decrease in temperature and relative methods already described": point prevalence was based on humidity. Altematively, a decline in the number of cases the number of dogs annually diagnosed CDV positive, while was observed when the relative hurnidity was low and the the period prevalence was related to the number of dogs temperature began to rise. This resulted in an increase in diagnosed positive during the entire study period. The number of positive cases was used as the numerator, while the total Table 1 number of dogs attended and submitted for necropsy was Annual prevalence of canine distemper virus in dogs attended at used as the denorninator. Climatic data" were compared with the Veterinary Hospital and submitted for necropsy between - the time of death, while the number of dogs attended" at the Santa Maria - 1985 -1997. VHlUFSM was compared with the number of dogs subrnitted for necropsy. 50 90 45 80 RESULTS 40 70 i" ~ Q ~t During 1985 to 1997,250 of 2,136 dogs subrnitted 01 .~ for necropsy at the DVPIUFSM had lesions and inclusion ~ 25 o Õ 40 ti bodies characteristic of CDV infection. Ê 20 E The point prevalence for dogs attended at the VHI Z 15 30 ~ UFSM varied between 0.67% (1996) and 5.74% (1986), 10 20 while for those subrnitted for necropsy ranged from 4.73% 5 W 0~~~~~-+--+--r--~1-~--+--+-40 (1996) to 20.28%(1993). However, the period prevalence Jan Fev Mar Apr May lun lul Aug Sei Oct Nov Dec for dogs attended was 1.98%, and 11.7% for dogs submitted Time (months) for necropsy (Tab. 1). Most (87.2%) of the distemper cases were subrnitted by residents from the city of Santa Maria; 6.8% from the Tab1e 2 VHlUFSM, and 6% were from neighbouring cities. Age range and sex distribution of dogs infectedby canine distemper virus - Santa Maria - 1985 -1997. Age ranged from 11 days to 12 months, but the overall average was 1.79 year. Significant age differences Age range Number Sex Prevalence were not observed between males and females infected by (years) of cases Males Females (%) CDV (Tab. 2). Young dogs, between O and 1.5 year, were 0-1.5 157 75 82 62.80 more affected, and contributed to 62.8% (157/250) of alI 1.6 - 3.0 37 21 16 14.80 CDV diagnosed cases, while a reduced percentage 6.4% 3.1 - 6.0 40 20 20 16.00 >6 16 8 8 6.40 (16/250) of CDV infection was observed in dogs that were Total 250 124 126 100.00 six years of age or older. 'Santa Maria Air Base. "Veterinary Registry and Statistica! Service da UFSM. 137 HEADLEY, S.A.; GRAÇA, D.L. Canine distcmpcr: epidcmiological findings of 250 cases. Braz. J. veto Res. animo Sci., São Paulo, v. 37, n. 2, p. 136-140. 2000. Table 3 the number of cases during winter and spring, and a 8reed distribution of dogs infected by canine distemper virus - corresponding decrease during summer and autumn. This Santa Maria - 1985 -1997. seasonal prevalence of distemper began to increase with Breed Number of cases Percentage effect from July, having a peak in September, a decline in Mongrel 136 54.4 November, and the consistency in the number of cases German shepherd 25 10.0 maintained during the following months (Fig. I). Cocker Spaniel 10 4.0 In many cases, typical CDV inclusion bodies were Fax 10 4.0 seen in several body tissues of the same dog. Siberian husky 10 4.0 Fila Brasileiro 9 3.6 Nonsuppurative demyelinating encephalitis with Doberman 8 3.2 characteristic CDV inclusion bodies, especiaJly in Pointer 7 2.8 astrocytes, was the main lesion and occurred in 82% (205/ Poodle 7 2.8 250) of alI CDV diagnosed cases. 1nterstitial Collie 6 2.4 nonsuppurative pneumonia with typical CDV inclusion Pinscher 4 1.6 Dachshund 3 1.2 bodies in epithelial cells was diagnosed in 6% (15/250) of Others" 15 6.0 CDV cases. Inclusion bodies were also seen in epithelial Total 250 100.0 cells of the urinary bladder 15% (39/250), stomach 3% (8/ a Others (Boxer, Chihuahua, Great Dane, Bassct,Chow Chow, Dalmatian, 250), kidney 1.2% (3/250), and tonsils 0.8% (2/250). Danish. Belgian shephcrd, and Rottweiler). --{]- Cases ----/'s--- Temp. 50 ---<>---- RH% 90 45 80 40 70 Vl ,-.., C,) 35 Vl 60 ~ C<l C,) 4-< 30 O 50 ~ •..
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