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Small Carnivores in a Logging Concession in the Upper Baram, Sarawak, Borneo

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Small Carnivores in a Logging Concession in the Upper Baram, Sarawak, Borneo Small carnivores in a logging concession in the Upper Baram, Sarawak, Borneo John MATHAI, Jason HON, Ngumbang JUAT, Amanda PETER and Melvin GUMAL Abstract Sarawak, Borneo, faces high levels of deforestation: logging, oil palm plantations, hunting and shifting cultivation pose major threats to its diverse fauna. Very little credible, accurate and up-to-date information exists regarding the small carnivores of Sarawak, even though many are considered threatened by the IUCN Red List. The first 54 months of a long-term wildlife monitoring programme in a logging concession in the Upper Baram of Sarawak found 14 of the 19 small carnivores expected there. Yellow-throated Marten Martes flav- igula, Binturong Arctictis binturong, Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata, Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Banded Civet Hemigalus derbyanus and Short-tailed Mongoose Herpestes brachyurus seemed fairly widespread, and Hose’s Civet Diplogale hosei, endemic to Borneo, was recorded often: the site may thus be a valuable one for further research into this little-known species. Main threats to small carnivores remain unclear, but they are not the primary quarry species of local hunters. Further camera-trapping of small carnivores supplemented with techniques to study the semi-arboreal and semi-aquatic species is urgently required to clarify their conservation status. Keywords: activity patterns, camera-trapping, Diplogale hosei, Hose’s Civet, logging Karnivora kecil di satu kawasan pembalakan di Ulu Baram, Sarawak, Borneo. Abstrak Sarawak, Borneo, sedang mengalami kadar kemusnahan hutan yang tinggi: pembalakan, perladangan kelapa sawit, pemburuan dan pertanian pindah randah merupakan ancaman utama kepada kepelbagaian faunanya. Sangat sedikit maklumat terkini yang tepat dan sa- hih wujud berkaitan karnivora kecil di Sarawak, walaupun kebanyakannya tergolong dalam “IUCN Red List”. 54 bulan pertama dalam program kajian jangka panjang pemantauan hidupan liar di sebuah kawasan pembalakan di Ulu Baram, Sarawak, mendapati 14 spesis daripada 19 spesis karnivora kecil yang dijangkakan di situ, dengan kadar penemuan yang rendah berbanding hidupan liar yang lain. Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula, Binturong Arctictis binturong, Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata, Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Banded Civet Hemigalus derbyanus dan Short-tailed Mongoose Herpestes brachyurus nampaknya bert- aburan meluas, dan Hose’s Civet Diplogale hosei, endemik ke Borneo, nampaknya juga biasa ditemui: ini menunjukkan tempat ini suatu tempat kajian sangat bernilai untuk penyelidikan spesis yang sangat kurang kita ketahui ini. Ancaman utama kepada karnivora kecil di sini masih kita tidak pasti,tetapi spesis-spesis ini bukanlah tumpuan utama pemburu-pemburu tempatan. Kajian seterusnya meng- gunakan perangkap kamera, dan dibantu oleh teknik-teknik penyelidikan untuk spesis-spesis semi-arboreal dan semi-akuatik amatlah diperlukan segera untuk menentukan status pemuliharaannya. Kata kunci: corak-corak aktiviti, perangkap kamera, Hose’s Civet, Diplogale hosei, pembalakan Introduction strategies. Forest health can, in some circumstances, be ascertained The Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, comprising the Thai– by monitoring carnivores, but this requires sufficient data to be Malay peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, has very high gathered with the resources available. Carnivores sit high in the mammal species richness and endemicity (Corbet & Hill 1992). food chain, and regulate populations of prey and other carnivores Borneo, approximately 746,337 km², is among its biologically through predation and competition. Apart from diverse vertebrate richest units, and a centre of distribution for many Indomalayan and invertebrate prey, carnivores in Sarawak eat many fruits, and faunal genera (MacKinnon et al. 1996) with a high level of mam- regularly pass intact seeds in their faeces, indicating their impor- malian endemicity (Payne et al. 1985). tance as seed dispersers (Wells et al. 2005). They thus have cas- Borneo currently suffers high levels of deforestation (Lang- cading effects on the entire forest trophic system and play a vital ner et al. 2007). In the state of Sarawak, forests outside protected role in forest regeneration. areas are rapidly being degraded by timber extraction and convert- Borneo was identified as one of seven global priority areas ed to oil palm plantations and other land developments. Protected in the 1989 IUCN/SSC Action plan for the conservation of mus- areas make up just 4% of Sarawak’s land area whereas 35.2% telids and viverrids (Schreiber et al. 1989). It has more endemic are earmarked for logging activities (Sarawak Forest Department carnivores than any other island except Madagascar (calculated 1997), so it is critical to document status of mammals in forest from data in Meiri 2005): Bay Cat Catopuma badia, Hose’s Civet remnants within logging concessions and in the modified habitats Diplogale hosei, Bornean Ferret Badger Melogale everetti, and, themselves, to determine conservation priorities and management if a valid species, which most recent authors (e.g. Corbett & Hill 1 Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 42: 1–9, June 2010 Mathai et al. 1992, Patou et al. 2009) doubt, Hose’s Mongoose Herpestes ho- Methods sei. The term ‘small carnivores’ is used here for small-bodied members of the order Carnivora; that is, all Bornean species of Study Area that order excepting Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus and Sunda The Sela’an-Linau FMU, of 55,949 ha, lies in the hinterland Clouded Leopard Neofelis diardi. In the Schedules of Totally of northern Sarawak, north of the upper Baram River (Fig. 1). Protected and Protected Species in Sarawak (under the Wild Life Samling Strategic Corporation (Samling) is the licensed conces- Protection Ordinance 1998), only the felids (excepting Leopard sionaire, under Timber Licence T/0412. In the FMU live many Cat Prionailurus bengalensis) are listed as Totally Protected, with indigenous communities such as the Kayan, Kelabit, Kenyah and special protection and severe punishment to offenders; all other Penan, many of whom depend on forest for their livelihoods and small carnivores are listed as merely Protected, with limited pro- on wildlife for their protein. tection and lenient punishment. In spite of the undoubted impor- The Sela’an-Linau FMU is undulating in nature, with alti- tance of Borneo to small carnivores, credible, accurate and up-to- tudes from 300 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in its south-west to about date information about their distribution and ecology in Sarawak 2,000 m a.s.l. in the Tama Abu Range on its eastern edge. Much is scarce, with few systematic studies. supports mixed dipterocarp forest (60%), with some montane for- To understand status and ecology of wildlife in logging con- est on higher ground (4%) and tropical heath forest (kerangas) on cessions in Sarawak, and evaluate conservation priorities and man- infertile soils (21%). Old and current swidden (temuda) covers agement recommendations, a long-term monitoring programme 15%. Enrichment planting with native timber species is occurring was launched by WCS Malaysia in 2004 in the Sela’an-Linau in some 3,000 ha that burnt during the 1997–1998 El Niño event. Forest Management Unit (FMU), the first of only two concessions About half the forest was logged conventionally in the past, and in the state to be certified under the Malaysian Timber Certifica- since 2003 a reduced impact logging (RIL) is applied. The area tion Scheme. The main objective was to document the diversity receives high rainfall (3,400–5,900 mm annually) with no dis- and distribution of non-volant mammals, birds and bats within the tinct wet or dry season. Temperatures in low-lying areas average FMU; small carnivores were simply part of the general remit, and around 26˚C, falling to 14˚C on summits. reported here are records of them from the first 54 months. This Surveys were concentrated in 14 sites in the western, north- FMU lies near the Kelabit Highlands that were, through the efforts ern and central Sela’an-Linau FMU (Fig. 2). The survey areas was of T. Harrisson in the 1940s, among the historically best collected divided into sectors based on a variety of human uses, to allow in- parts of Borneo. This collection (Davis 1958) recorded several vestigation of occurrence patterns for regularly encountered spe- small carnivores of particular interest through their endemicity to cies (Table 1; elaborated in Hon et al. 2009); no small carnivore Borneo and/or present global threat status, making a modern as- was found frequently enough to allow an analysis of such spatial sessment of the area a high priority. precision. Most of the survey efforts were performed in the Pro- Fig. 1. The Sela’an-Linau Forest Management Unit (FMU) in Upper Baram. Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 42, June 2010 2 Small carnivores in a Sarawak logging concession was abandoned because ants and rats quickly consumed baits and the heavy rains in the study area soon washed away all traces of the lures. Because many cameras malfunctioned, it was not pos- sible to determine whether the baits/lures increased encounter rate of animals. Independent observations were taken as consecutive images of conspecifics at the same camera location separated by at least half an hour (O’Brien et al. 2003). This did not pose much of a problem: most such images were separated by at least 2 hours, with Malay Civet and Masked Palm Civet the species most often providing repeat photographs within half an hour. The 24 hours of the day were divided into 01h01–04h00 = Late night; 04h01– 07h00 = Dawn; 07h01–10h00 = Morning; 10h01–17h00 = Day; 17h01–19h00 = Dusk; 19h01–23h00 = Early night; 23h01–01h00 = Midnight. Line transects undertaken separately for direct sighting and for sign surveys were the major general survey methods (Hon et al. 2009) but both yielded too few small carnivore records for species-level analysis. Latrines, with multiple piles of faeces of different ages, were reported by local people to be only from Ma- lay Civet. If true, it would enable effective detection and visual identification of Malay Civet through signs.
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