BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOREWORD

he last few days have seen a flurry of activity in moving ahead the case for greater engagement of private industry in the Defence & Aerospace sectors. Announcement of the policy for TSelection of Strategic Partners in areas of Submarines, Single Engine Aircrafts and Battle Tanks, who would collaborate with Foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (FOEMs) to get cutting-edge technologies in for manufacture of defence platforms. Furthermore clarification on Industrial licencing for defence and population of Chapter 6 of SCOMET with military items are all positive signs for good times to come. The high priority accorded to defence production by the Government to push for indigenisation and the urge to establish a vibrant Defence Industrial Base, to meet our indigenous requirements and also to serve the export markets. FICCI has been actively engaged with the industry and is in close partnership with the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces towards policy advocacy for the development of this strategic sector in India.

In April 2016, FICCI and the Indian Navy had convened a path-breaking industry-academia-DRDO- user seminar in New Delhi, with a focus on emerging technologies for naval application. We have since received great encouragement to continue this series and accordingly, this second edition of the International Seminar on "Building India's Future Navy: Technology Imperatives", to build upon the vision of the Hon'ble Prime Minister for "Make in India" and "Skill India", with emphasis on co- development of futuristic technologies, products and equipment for the Indian and global markets.

The structure of the seminar reflects a mix of policy discussion by key policymakers of the Government, in the form of Plenary Sessions on "IDDM" and "Make in India", Panel Discussion on "Warship Building", and eight highly technical breakout sessions for discussion on emerging technology, by eminent experts from the Navy and the Industry.

The Indian Navy has been at the vanguard in promoting indigenous design and construction of warships and equipment for many years. Indian industry and the academia will become the incubator of new technologies that would help create new operational doctrines for the Indian Navy.

We are deeply indebted to the Indian Navy, especially Vice Admiral DM Deshpande AVSM, VSM, CWP&A and Rear Admiral Surendra Ahuja, ACCP and ACWP&A who provided leadership and provided our guiding force.

iii BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES FOREWORD

he last few days have seen a flurry of activity in moving ahead the case for greater engagement of private industry in the Defence & Aerospace sectors. Announcement of the policy for TSelection of Strategic Partners in areas of Submarines, Single Engine Aircrafts and Battle Tanks, who would collaborate with Foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (FOEMs) to get cutting-edge technologies in for manufacture of defence platforms. Furthermore clarification on Industrial licencing for defence and population of Chapter 6 of SCOMET with military items are all positive signs for good times to come. The high priority accorded to defence production by the Government to push for indigenisation and the urge to establish a vibrant Defence Industrial Base, to meet our indigenous requirements and also to serve the export markets. FICCI has been actively engaged with the industry and is in close partnership with the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces towards policy advocacy for the development of this strategic sector in India.

In April 2016, FICCI and the Indian Navy had convened a path-breaking industry-academia-DRDO- user seminar in New Delhi, with a focus on emerging technologies for naval application. We have since received great encouragement to continue this series and accordingly, this second edition of the International Seminar on "Building India's Future Navy: Technology Imperatives", to build upon the vision of the Hon'ble Prime Minister for "Make in India" and "Skill India", with emphasis on co- development of futuristic technologies, products and equipment for the Indian and global markets.

The structure of the seminar reflects a mix of policy discussion by key policymakers of the Government, in the form of Plenary Sessions on "IDDM" and "Make in India", Panel Discussion on "Warship Building", and eight highly technical breakout sessions for discussion on emerging technology, by eminent experts from the Navy and the Industry.

The Indian Navy has been at the vanguard in promoting indigenous design and construction of warships and equipment for many years. Indian industry and the academia will become the incubator of new technologies that would help create new operational doctrines for the Indian Navy.

We are deeply indebted to the Indian Navy, especially Vice Admiral DM Deshpande AVSM, VSM, CWP&A and Rear Admiral Surendra Ahuja, ACCP and ACWP&A who provided leadership and provided our guiding force.

iii BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES I would like to thank our 'Mentor' for this Seminar, Cmde Sujeet Samaddar, NM (Retd) whose broad spectrum technical knowledge across nearly all domains of the seminar sessions is well recognised in CONTENTS Industry. I would also like to acknowledge the support of National Maritime Foundation (NMF) and 'Team KOAN', our knowledge partners, who prepared the background paper as per the theme and sessions of seminar.

I am truly encouraged with the large-scale and highly enthusiastic participation of the Navy, foreign and Indian industry, DRDO and other experts who have submitted excellent technical papers for the seminar which would certainly raise the standards of technological awareness of all participants. We Foreword iii also will release a compendium of all papers all of which are of high quality. Introduction 1 My best wishes and thanks also go to all our distinguished Session Moderators, Speakers, Exhibitors, Sponsors and Delegates from the Indian Navy and the Industry for their contribution and IDDM: Potential Projects for Indian Industry 4 participation. Together such interaction and continuation of dialogue between the Industry and the Indian Navy would help us achieve the larger goal of the three key initiatives of the Government Future Maritime Communications 6 towards 'Make in India' for the world, 'Skill India' and finally help in creating a 'Digital India' by leveraging aerospace and defence technologies for wider commercial and civil applications. Cyberspace Operations and Information Warfare 9

Marine Propulsion & Power Generation: Challenges & Opportunities 11 Dr. A. Didar Singh Missiles, Torpedoes and Directed Energy Weapons 14 Secretary General FICCI Surveillance and Detection Systems 20

Transformation in Naval Aviation Sector: Challenges and Opportunities for the Aerospace Industry 23

Autonomous Vehicles (AV) for Naval Operations 28

Disruptive Technologies and Naval Operations 31

Session Chairman Profiles 35

iv BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES I would like to thank our 'Mentor' for this Seminar, Cmde Sujeet Samaddar, NM (Retd) whose broad spectrum technical knowledge across nearly all domains of the seminar sessions is well recognised in CONTENTS Industry. I would also like to acknowledge the support of National Maritime Foundation (NMF) and 'Team KOAN', our knowledge partners, who prepared the background paper as per the theme and sessions of seminar.

I am truly encouraged with the large-scale and highly enthusiastic participation of the Navy, foreign and Indian industry, DRDO and other experts who have submitted excellent technical papers for the seminar which would certainly raise the standards of technological awareness of all participants. We Foreword iii also will release a compendium of all papers all of which are of high quality. Introduction 1 My best wishes and thanks also go to all our distinguished Session Moderators, Speakers, Exhibitors, Sponsors and Delegates from the Indian Navy and the Industry for their contribution and IDDM: Potential Projects for Indian Industry 4 participation. Together such interaction and continuation of dialogue between the Industry and the Indian Navy would help us achieve the larger goal of the three key initiatives of the Government Future Maritime Communications 6 towards 'Make in India' for the world, 'Skill India' and finally help in creating a 'Digital India' by leveraging aerospace and defence technologies for wider commercial and civil applications. Cyberspace Operations and Information Warfare 9

Marine Propulsion & Power Generation: Challenges & Opportunities 11 Dr. A. Didar Singh Missiles, Torpedoes and Directed Energy Weapons 14 Secretary General FICCI Surveillance and Detection Systems 20

Transformation in Naval Aviation Sector: Challenges and Opportunities for the Aerospace Industry 23

Autonomous Vehicles (AV) for Naval Operations 28

Disruptive Technologies and Naval Operations 31

Session Chairman Profiles 35

iv BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES INTRODUCTION

"Whoever controls the Indian Ocean dominates robust home-grown defence industry. The Asia. This ocean is the key to the seven seas in the Strategic Partnership model, mentioned in the 21st century. The destiny of the world will be Defence Procurement Procedure, 2016, is of decided in these waters." critical importance to the Navy as submarines are one of the four segments targeted under the This prophetic dictum attributed to the father of new scheme. The time is thus opportune to modern American Navy - Alfred Thayer Mahan deliberate on systems and platforms that will seems to be at the heart of the Indian Navy's enable the Indian Navy to be future ready. modernisation plans. In the past decade, India's maritime security strategy has undergone vital The navies of the future will employ disruptive changes. The shift in world-view from a Euro- technologies in the form of high throughput Atlantic to an Indo-Pacific focus and the re- s a t e l l i t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m s , positioning of global powers — both economic superconducting electrical propulsion systems, and military—towards Asia has effected directed energy weapons systems and tangible changes in the Indian Ocean region, metamaterial based surveillance systems thus impacting India's maritime environment. amongst others. These concepts and Additionally, maritime security has assumed technologies will form the substance of greater significance in matters of national deliberations during the 'International Seminar progress and international engagements. on Building India's Future Navy: Technology Maritime security engagements have become Imperatives' during May 31 - June 1, 2017. the cornerstone of India's foreign policy Effective and secure communication is a critical initiatives in the Indian Ocean region. These element of all maritime operations. The present emerging avenues, coupled with the advent of communication systems rely on radio state-of-the-art technology, have necessitated frequencies and satellite technology, which may the evolution of India's naval capacities faster saturate soon due to growth in media and data than ever. traffic. Hence, a shift from electromagnetic The Government of India has taken effective waves to laser/optical systems is imperative. steps to augment local production of defence Free-space Optical (FSO) communication links equipment in a bid to cut imports and make provide higher bandwidth and are less prone to Indian defence industry self-sufficient. In a detection and jamming. Further, high major push to this cause, the Union Cabinet throughput satellite communications, recently approved the "Strategic Partnership" advanced robotics, more efficient data analytics model, clearing the way for private entities to and the advent of internet of things may disrupt foray into defence manufacturing in a joint the nature of maritime communications in the venture with foreign original equipment future. manufacturers. The move is expected to end the Information is critical to every aspect of naval monopoly of state-owned enterprises in the o p e r a t i o n s . T h e g r o w i n g b a t t l e fi e l d sector and open avenues for a more efficient and

1 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES INTRODUCTION

"Whoever controls the Indian Ocean dominates robust home-grown defence industry. The Asia. This ocean is the key to the seven seas in the Strategic Partnership model, mentioned in the 21st century. The destiny of the world will be Defence Procurement Procedure, 2016, is of decided in these waters." critical importance to the Navy as submarines are one of the four segments targeted under the This prophetic dictum attributed to the father of new scheme. The time is thus opportune to modern American Navy - Alfred Thayer Mahan deliberate on systems and platforms that will seems to be at the heart of the Indian Navy's enable the Indian Navy to be future ready. modernisation plans. In the past decade, India's maritime security strategy has undergone vital The navies of the future will employ disruptive changes. The shift in world-view from a Euro- technologies in the form of high throughput Atlantic to an Indo-Pacific focus and the re- s a t e l l i t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m s , positioning of global powers — both economic superconducting electrical propulsion systems, and military—towards Asia has effected directed energy weapons systems and tangible changes in the Indian Ocean region, metamaterial based surveillance systems thus impacting India's maritime environment. amongst others. These concepts and Additionally, maritime security has assumed technologies will form the substance of greater significance in matters of national deliberations during the 'International Seminar progress and international engagements. on Building India's Future Navy: Technology Maritime security engagements have become Imperatives' during May 31 - June 1, 2017. the cornerstone of India's foreign policy Effective and secure communication is a critical initiatives in the Indian Ocean region. These element of all maritime operations. The present emerging avenues, coupled with the advent of communication systems rely on radio state-of-the-art technology, have necessitated frequencies and satellite technology, which may the evolution of India's naval capacities faster saturate soon due to growth in media and data than ever. traffic. Hence, a shift from electromagnetic The Government of India has taken effective waves to laser/optical systems is imperative. steps to augment local production of defence Free-space Optical (FSO) communication links equipment in a bid to cut imports and make provide higher bandwidth and are less prone to Indian defence industry self-sufficient. In a detection and jamming. Further, high major push to this cause, the Union Cabinet throughput satellite communications, recently approved the "Strategic Partnership" advanced robotics, more efficient data analytics model, clearing the way for private entities to and the advent of internet of things may disrupt foray into defence manufacturing in a joint the nature of maritime communications in the venture with foreign original equipment future. manufacturers. The move is expected to end the Information is critical to every aspect of naval monopoly of state-owned enterprises in the o p e r a t i o n s . T h e g r o w i n g b a t t l e fi e l d sector and open avenues for a more efficient and

1 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES dependence on information systems makes for force protection and low intensity combat in In the not-too-distant future, manned missions discussing construction/manufacturing naval operations susceptible to information the foreseeable future. might encounter increasing difficulty in technologies such as three-dimensional warfare. An attack on critical information system maintaining sufficient operational tempo for printing. The third basket concerns autonomous However, future naval forces are expected to rely can cripple operations and result in losses of continuous operations at sea. Combating the vehicles, the development of which is set to re- more on Directed Energy Weapons, which unquantifiable magnitude. Thus, information effects of crew fatigue on long endurance envision naval warfare. An additional basket of generate high power beams of atomic or sub- warfare and cyberspace operations impose high missions will grow increasingly problematic. disruptive technology is in the field of robotics, atomic particles, travelling at or near the speed Autonomous vehicles thus offer a distinct risk and high cost in the future arena of maritime automation, miniaturisation and energy of light. High Energy Lasers and High Power advantage. Rapid advances in robotics, artificial operations. generation and storage systems. Microwaves are examples of such weapons intelligence, miniaturisation coupled with The future induction plans of the Indian Navy which can incapacitate, damage or destroy advanced communication systems have made While advancement in these domains will be include a variety of projects ranging from next enemy equipment, facilities and/or personnel. safe autonomous vehicles a reality. With several significant in the future, allocation of budgets generation missile vessels to 50 ton tugs. Directed energy weapons are on the cusp of surface and sub-surface autonomous vehicles and build-up of manpower resources are going Naturally, the need for more efficient propulsion induction into naval warfare and it would be already in operation, this technology has the to be critical variables that will determine prudent to develop capacities earlier than later. and power generation systems is set to increase capacity to change the face of maritime adoption of these technologies. Subsequent operations as we know it. in the near future. While advanced navies use Conventional surveillance and detection sections of this compendium discuss important nuclear and all-electric propulsions, diesel depends heavily on space-based Intelligence, For the purposes of the seminar, the trends and developments that will shape the propulsion systems are expected to remain the Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) systems. aforementioned disruptive technologies have future of naval forces. mainstay of mid and smaller-sized navies. With However, the space environment will continue been classified into three baskets. The first the focus on self-reliance and indigenisation to get more congested and contested as an ever basket consists of technology that drives F I C C I a n d K O A N a c k n o w l e d g e t h e under the Make in India initiative, there is a greater number of forces deploy their own information, which is a critical element in contribution of Cmde Sujeet Samaddar, pressing need for a Navy-Industry relationship satellites. Emerging technologies like cognitive designing the battle space and the conduct of Mentor of the Seminar, in putting together founded on partnership rather than mere radars, passive radars and use of metamaterials war itself. Their development rides on these technical papers on the theme of the customer-supplier relations to boost are the future of ISR systems. Additionally, Over advancements in artificial intelligence, internet the Horizon Backscatter (OTHB) radar systems sessions of the Seminar. His vast knowledge stakeholder confidence. of things and big data analysis amongst other and rapid advances in electro-optics and infra- on the evolving technological paradigm and Missile technology has developed at break-neck things. The second basket consists of red imaging systems are set to revolutionise business acumen has made this compilation pace in the last few decades and has been the technological developments in materials. It maritime surveillance and reconnaissance. very rich. We express our deep gratitude to mainstay of naval forces around the world. concerns development of meta-materials, him for his efforts. Conventionally, missile warfare gives an edge to Naval aviation has assumed critical importance exotic alloys and composites while also the 'attacker'. However, in recent times, the focus in modern warfare. As India expands its fleet of has shifted to missile defence systems. Such has aircraft carriers, incorporation of advanced been the shift, from attack to defence, that over technologies into naval aviation is a must for a the next ten years, defence systems are likely to future ready navy. Fast paced development is account for the highest proportion of spending taking place in a multitude of areas including sophisticated avionics, multi-spectral defence, in the global missile systems market. intelligent combat information management as While the electromagnetic rail guns have well as in the structure and materials used in revolutionised gunnery systems, conventional naval aviation. Futuristic design concepts like propellants too have become much more blended wing and shape-changing aircrafts potent. The high-barrel pressure and muzzle (transformers) are also being developed. While velocity augmented by a second stage adoption of these future ready aviation systems propellant and precision guidance system, is desirable, synchronisation of strategic makes traditional guns ever more lethal. Thus, imperatives with the cost conundrum remains a there is still a space for lower technology guns pre-requisite.

2 3 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES dependence on information systems makes for force protection and low intensity combat in In the not-too-distant future, manned missions discussing construction/manufacturing naval operations susceptible to information the foreseeable future. might encounter increasing difficulty in technologies such as three-dimensional warfare. An attack on critical information system maintaining sufficient operational tempo for printing. The third basket concerns autonomous However, future naval forces are expected to rely can cripple operations and result in losses of continuous operations at sea. Combating the vehicles, the development of which is set to re- more on Directed Energy Weapons, which unquantifiable magnitude. Thus, information effects of crew fatigue on long endurance envision naval warfare. An additional basket of generate high power beams of atomic or sub- warfare and cyberspace operations impose high missions will grow increasingly problematic. disruptive technology is in the field of robotics, atomic particles, travelling at or near the speed Autonomous vehicles thus offer a distinct risk and high cost in the future arena of maritime automation, miniaturisation and energy of light. High Energy Lasers and High Power advantage. Rapid advances in robotics, artificial operations. generation and storage systems. Microwaves are examples of such weapons intelligence, miniaturisation coupled with The future induction plans of the Indian Navy which can incapacitate, damage or destroy advanced communication systems have made While advancement in these domains will be include a variety of projects ranging from next enemy equipment, facilities and/or personnel. safe autonomous vehicles a reality. With several significant in the future, allocation of budgets generation missile vessels to 50 ton tugs. Directed energy weapons are on the cusp of surface and sub-surface autonomous vehicles and build-up of manpower resources are going Naturally, the need for more efficient propulsion induction into naval warfare and it would be already in operation, this technology has the to be critical variables that will determine prudent to develop capacities earlier than later. and power generation systems is set to increase capacity to change the face of maritime adoption of these technologies. Subsequent operations as we know it. in the near future. While advanced navies use Conventional surveillance and detection sections of this compendium discuss important nuclear and all-electric propulsions, diesel depends heavily on space-based Intelligence, For the purposes of the seminar, the trends and developments that will shape the propulsion systems are expected to remain the Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) systems. aforementioned disruptive technologies have future of naval forces. mainstay of mid and smaller-sized navies. With However, the space environment will continue been classified into three baskets. The first the focus on self-reliance and indigenisation to get more congested and contested as an ever basket consists of technology that drives F I C C I a n d K O A N a c k n o w l e d g e t h e under the Make in India initiative, there is a greater number of forces deploy their own information, which is a critical element in contribution of Cmde Sujeet Samaddar, pressing need for a Navy-Industry relationship satellites. Emerging technologies like cognitive designing the battle space and the conduct of Mentor of the Seminar, in putting together founded on partnership rather than mere radars, passive radars and use of metamaterials war itself. Their development rides on these technical papers on the theme of the customer-supplier relations to boost are the future of ISR systems. Additionally, Over advancements in artificial intelligence, internet the Horizon Backscatter (OTHB) radar systems sessions of the Seminar. His vast knowledge stakeholder confidence. of things and big data analysis amongst other and rapid advances in electro-optics and infra- on the evolving technological paradigm and Missile technology has developed at break-neck things. The second basket consists of red imaging systems are set to revolutionise business acumen has made this compilation pace in the last few decades and has been the technological developments in materials. It maritime surveillance and reconnaissance. very rich. We express our deep gratitude to mainstay of naval forces around the world. concerns development of meta-materials, him for his efforts. Conventionally, missile warfare gives an edge to Naval aviation has assumed critical importance exotic alloys and composites while also the 'attacker'. However, in recent times, the focus in modern warfare. As India expands its fleet of has shifted to missile defence systems. Such has aircraft carriers, incorporation of advanced been the shift, from attack to defence, that over technologies into naval aviation is a must for a the next ten years, defence systems are likely to future ready navy. Fast paced development is account for the highest proportion of spending taking place in a multitude of areas including sophisticated avionics, multi-spectral defence, in the global missile systems market. intelligent combat information management as While the electromagnetic rail guns have well as in the structure and materials used in revolutionised gunnery systems, conventional naval aviation. Futuristic design concepts like propellants too have become much more blended wing and shape-changing aircrafts potent. The high-barrel pressure and muzzle (transformers) are also being developed. While velocity augmented by a second stage adoption of these future ready aviation systems propellant and precision guidance system, is desirable, synchronisation of strategic makes traditional guns ever more lethal. Thus, imperatives with the cost conundrum remains a there is still a space for lower technology guns pre-requisite.

2 3 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Six of the above projects are nearing completion System Integration. of "Feasibility Study" stage and are planned to IDDM : POTENTIAL PROJECTS FOR The Indian manufacturing sector has matured to be taken up for Acceptance of Necessity a level that it can meet most of the (AON)within 2017. Concerted efforts have been manufacturing requirements of the nation. INDIAN INDUSTRY made to identify MSMEs for projects planned to Indian manufacturers are now manufacturing be taken up under the "Make II" category. various components, sub-system and complete Potential projects for the Indian industry for the assemblies for a large number of foreign Background - Recognising the need for self- eight Naval Projects are being steered under the year 2017-18 will be presented during the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). In reliance, Navy was 'first off the block' to start the 'Make' category. seminar. fact, a few such components, sub-assemblies indigenisation process through indigenous DPP 2016 - The Defence Procurement and assemblies are routed back to India for use design and construction of warships. Over the While our collective endeavour enables more Procedure (DPP) is not merely a procurement in various sectors, including defence. The last 50 years or so, the progress made has been warship equipment and systems to be procedure but is also an opportunity to improve commitment of such Indian manufacturers to remarkable and the results are there for all to developed in India, lead time for designing and efficiency of the procurement process, usher the foreign OEMs is so strong that a component see. With 'Make in India' being the new 'Mantra', developing these complex systems within our change in mind-set of stakeholders and manufactured for a foreign OEM is never industry and the government are working in country is likely to take at least five years. In the supplied directly to an Indian end user. promote growth of the domestic defence greater unison than ever before, not only mean-time, there is a scope to manufacture in industry. In order to promote indigenous design Various models where Indian manufacturers achieve the goal of making India self-reliant but India a major part of existing equipment and and development of defence equipment, DPP and system integrators can collaborate with eventually a net exporter of advanced systems that have been hitherto imported. The 2016 has introduced the "Buy-IDDM" category foreign OEMs to manufacture and integrate technologies including naval platforms and activities and sub-activities involved in of acquisition and accorded it the highest warship equipment and systems for the Indian systems. Development can be grouped in to three basic priority. For the first time ever, provision to Navy will be presented during the seminar. elements, namely, Design, Manufacture and The Indian Navy (IN) has been actively p r o c u r e e q u i p m e n t w i t h e n h a n c e d associated with the 'Make in India' programme performance parameters has been accounted launched by the Hon'ble Prime Minister in for. DPP 2016 also provides greater impetus to August 2014. Design and manufacture of MSMEs, with certain category of "Make" projects indigenous defence equipment and systems is wherein preference is given to MSMEs. an important part of this programme. In the past The list of projects currently being steered by IN some critical systems viz. Steering Gear, under "Make" category are as follows:- Stabilisers, Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS), Automated Power Management l Upper Air Sounding System System (APMS) etc. have been indigenised. l Winches (Deep Sea Side Scan Sonar Towing These projects have been steered under the Winch for IN Survey Ships) Revenue route. However, indigenisation has taken a different dimension under the Capital l Expendable Underwater Target route, with the introduction of the 'Make' l High Speed Low Flying Target procedure that has been streamlined and promulgated as Chapter III in the Defence l Diesel Engine for Main Propulsion Procurement Policy 2016 (DPP-16). l Diesel Engine for Boats As per the action plan of Ministry of Defence l (MoD) presented to the Hon'ble Prime Minister, Shafting and Propellers 8-10 programs every year are being identified as l RAS/FAS Gear part of the 'Make' procedure with IN. Presently

4 5 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Six of the above projects are nearing completion System Integration. of "Feasibility Study" stage and are planned to IDDM : POTENTIAL PROJECTS FOR The Indian manufacturing sector has matured to be taken up for Acceptance of Necessity a level that it can meet most of the (AON)within 2017. Concerted efforts have been manufacturing requirements of the nation. INDIAN INDUSTRY made to identify MSMEs for projects planned to Indian manufacturers are now manufacturing be taken up under the "Make II" category. various components, sub-system and complete Potential projects for the Indian industry for the assemblies for a large number of foreign Background - Recognising the need for self- eight Naval Projects are being steered under the year 2017-18 will be presented during the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). In reliance, Navy was 'first off the block' to start the 'Make' category. seminar. fact, a few such components, sub-assemblies indigenisation process through indigenous DPP 2016 - The Defence Procurement and assemblies are routed back to India for use design and construction of warships. Over the While our collective endeavour enables more Procedure (DPP) is not merely a procurement in various sectors, including defence. The last 50 years or so, the progress made has been warship equipment and systems to be procedure but is also an opportunity to improve commitment of such Indian manufacturers to remarkable and the results are there for all to developed in India, lead time for designing and efficiency of the procurement process, usher the foreign OEMs is so strong that a component see. With 'Make in India' being the new 'Mantra', developing these complex systems within our change in mind-set of stakeholders and manufactured for a foreign OEM is never industry and the government are working in country is likely to take at least five years. In the supplied directly to an Indian end user. promote growth of the domestic defence greater unison than ever before, not only mean-time, there is a scope to manufacture in industry. In order to promote indigenous design Various models where Indian manufacturers achieve the goal of making India self-reliant but India a major part of existing equipment and and development of defence equipment, DPP and system integrators can collaborate with eventually a net exporter of advanced systems that have been hitherto imported. The 2016 has introduced the "Buy-IDDM" category foreign OEMs to manufacture and integrate technologies including naval platforms and activities and sub-activities involved in of acquisition and accorded it the highest warship equipment and systems for the Indian systems. Development can be grouped in to three basic priority. For the first time ever, provision to Navy will be presented during the seminar. elements, namely, Design, Manufacture and The Indian Navy (IN) has been actively p r o c u r e e q u i p m e n t w i t h e n h a n c e d associated with the 'Make in India' programme performance parameters has been accounted launched by the Hon'ble Prime Minister in for. DPP 2016 also provides greater impetus to August 2014. Design and manufacture of MSMEs, with certain category of "Make" projects indigenous defence equipment and systems is wherein preference is given to MSMEs. an important part of this programme. In the past The list of projects currently being steered by IN some critical systems viz. Steering Gear, under "Make" category are as follows:- Stabilisers, Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS), Automated Power Management l Upper Air Sounding System System (APMS) etc. have been indigenised. l Winches (Deep Sea Side Scan Sonar Towing These projects have been steered under the Winch for IN Survey Ships) Revenue route. However, indigenisation has taken a different dimension under the Capital l Expendable Underwater Target route, with the introduction of the 'Make' l High Speed Low Flying Target procedure that has been streamlined and promulgated as Chapter III in the Defence l Diesel Engine for Main Propulsion Procurement Policy 2016 (DPP-16). l Diesel Engine for Boats As per the action plan of Ministry of Defence l (MoD) presented to the Hon'ble Prime Minister, Shafting and Propellers 8-10 programs every year are being identified as l RAS/FAS Gear part of the 'Make' procedure with IN. Presently

4 5 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES create a national maritime communications Future Maritime grid, providing non-line-of-sight capabilities, wideband networking, clear communication, and easy upgrading and interoperability with Communications legacy and modern systems. A vital element of this communications network is the Software Defined Radio which incorporates digital Effective and secure communications, presently An eyesave laser communication system for modular radio technologies that can relying on radio and satellite technologies, are mobile unit networking, which delivers a communicate with and between HF/V/UHF central and critical to all forms of maritime bandwidth of 1Gbps up to a line of sight operations. With the emphasis on network distance of 50km, is already under trials. When communication equipment. SDR laser enabled operations, highly capable and large successful, laser communications would make transmitters could also become a way for capacity networks are becoming a sine-qua-non existing line-of-sight radio communications connecting surface and airborne platforms. for modern command, control, communication, technologies obsolete. Submarine communications still pose a special computer, intelligence, surveillance and US Navy's AeroVironment's submarine-launched challenge for navies around the world. Most Blackwing™ small UAV that links reconnaissance systems. These must function solutions so far are based on VLF shore-to-sub manned submarines to unmanned undersea vehicles. | faultlessly, ensure secure and stable Image courtesy - Business Wire connectivity as well as interoperability between communications, which require a submarine to platforms and deployed fleets, and be robust in trail an antenna with all its attendant penalties Future communications technologies may order to meet rising voice, data and video on navigation and stealth. Another solution is to require large radiating antennas, which can requirements in combat. surface at predetermined times and download present various problems to ship designers. all messages in a single burst, but these are not Besides needing space for installation, they can Presently, communication satellites which rely real time and the time lag may prove critical increase the ship's radar cross section or cause on radio frequencies to transmit and receive during operations. However, submarine-to- electromagnetic interference and blockage. A voice, data and media are the backbone for shore headquarters, consort ships and possible solution could lie in consolidating the controlling and connecting widely separated collaborating aircraft communications are very antennas and sensors on most warships into a naval platforms across the world. But as media Free-Space Optical Communication | Image Courtesy - s i n g l e h i g h l y i n t e g r a t e d s e n s o r a n d and data traffic grows with encryption overlays Aerospace Corporation problematic. Keeping factors such as speed, depth or stealth in mind, designers are trying to communications structure, which can house for secure communications, existing satellite Surface communication links offer much higher integrate modern satellite communications radio and data-link communication systems, communications may soon reach saturation bandwidth as well as the ability to work in a joint with higher data transfer rates, and two-way radar and electro-optical subsystems with l e v e l s , a n d t h e r e f o r e a s w i t c h f r o m and multinational environment with differing electromagnetic waves to laser beams, with networking capabilities into submerged sizeable reductions in cost, weight, space and equipment and standards. They are also secure greatly increased bandwidth, could be a pointer communications. These require tethered or signature. The advanced multifunction radio and jam resistant. Furthermore, a number of to next generation communications. But the untethered buoys which can be launched from a frequency concept has the objective of different methods already exist that can be ecosystem for precision tracking, pointing and submarine, aircraft or surface vessel. The devices integrating radar, electronic warfare and implemented in single Software Defined Radios acquisition capabilities still requires then translate satellite communication (sitcom) communications into a common set of (SDR), which can cover different waveforms and development and installation into subsurface, messages into a robust and secure low-data-rate apparatuses with signal and data processing, functions. surface, air, land and space assets. underwater acoustic signal, enabling an signal generation and display hardware. Free-space optical (FSO) communication links A software-driven, scalable, secure yet open- operational commander to convey messages to Laser technology enables the transmission of provide high-bandwidth communication that is architecture tactical communications network a submerged submarine at classified speeds and data between ships with high data transmission difficult to jam or detect, although it can be that can link surface platforms, air platforms depths in real time. rates and safety from interception at line-of- disturbed by atmospheric conditions. Laser including manned and unmanned flight, sight ranges. While the direct mode between technology enables ship-to-ship and ship-to- submarines, shore headquarters and the coastal two transceiver terminals offers very high shore directed communications with high data network, could be seamlessly integrated to bandwidth, the retro-reflector mode has transmission rates and safety from interception.

6 7 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES create a national maritime communications Future Maritime grid, providing non-line-of-sight capabilities, wideband networking, clear communication, and easy upgrading and interoperability with Communications legacy and modern systems. A vital element of this communications network is the Software Defined Radio which incorporates digital Effective and secure communications, presently An eyesave laser communication system for modular radio technologies that can relying on radio and satellite technologies, are mobile unit networking, which delivers a communicate with and between HF/V/UHF central and critical to all forms of maritime bandwidth of 1Gbps up to a line of sight operations. With the emphasis on network distance of 50km, is already under trials. When communication equipment. SDR laser enabled operations, highly capable and large successful, laser communications would make transmitters could also become a way for capacity networks are becoming a sine-qua-non existing line-of-sight radio communications connecting surface and airborne platforms. for modern command, control, communication, technologies obsolete. Submarine communications still pose a special computer, intelligence, surveillance and US Navy's AeroVironment's submarine-launched challenge for navies around the world. Most Blackwing™ small UAV that links reconnaissance systems. These must function solutions so far are based on VLF shore-to-sub manned submarines to unmanned undersea vehicles. | faultlessly, ensure secure and stable Image courtesy - Business Wire connectivity as well as interoperability between communications, which require a submarine to platforms and deployed fleets, and be robust in trail an antenna with all its attendant penalties Future communications technologies may order to meet rising voice, data and video on navigation and stealth. Another solution is to require large radiating antennas, which can requirements in combat. surface at predetermined times and download present various problems to ship designers. all messages in a single burst, but these are not Besides needing space for installation, they can Presently, communication satellites which rely real time and the time lag may prove critical increase the ship's radar cross section or cause on radio frequencies to transmit and receive during operations. However, submarine-to- electromagnetic interference and blockage. A voice, data and media are the backbone for shore headquarters, consort ships and possible solution could lie in consolidating the controlling and connecting widely separated collaborating aircraft communications are very antennas and sensors on most warships into a naval platforms across the world. But as media Free-Space Optical Communication | Image Courtesy - s i n g l e h i g h l y i n t e g r a t e d s e n s o r a n d and data traffic grows with encryption overlays Aerospace Corporation problematic. Keeping factors such as speed, depth or stealth in mind, designers are trying to communications structure, which can house for secure communications, existing satellite Surface communication links offer much higher integrate modern satellite communications radio and data-link communication systems, communications may soon reach saturation bandwidth as well as the ability to work in a joint with higher data transfer rates, and two-way radar and electro-optical subsystems with l e v e l s , a n d t h e r e f o r e a s w i t c h f r o m and multinational environment with differing electromagnetic waves to laser beams, with networking capabilities into submerged sizeable reductions in cost, weight, space and equipment and standards. They are also secure greatly increased bandwidth, could be a pointer communications. These require tethered or signature. The advanced multifunction radio and jam resistant. Furthermore, a number of to next generation communications. But the untethered buoys which can be launched from a frequency concept has the objective of different methods already exist that can be ecosystem for precision tracking, pointing and submarine, aircraft or surface vessel. The devices integrating radar, electronic warfare and implemented in single Software Defined Radios acquisition capabilities still requires then translate satellite communication (sitcom) communications into a common set of (SDR), which can cover different waveforms and development and installation into subsurface, messages into a robust and secure low-data-rate apparatuses with signal and data processing, functions. surface, air, land and space assets. underwater acoustic signal, enabling an signal generation and display hardware. Free-space optical (FSO) communication links A software-driven, scalable, secure yet open- operational commander to convey messages to Laser technology enables the transmission of provide high-bandwidth communication that is architecture tactical communications network a submerged submarine at classified speeds and data between ships with high data transmission difficult to jam or detect, although it can be that can link surface platforms, air platforms depths in real time. rates and safety from interception at line-of- disturbed by atmospheric conditions. Laser including manned and unmanned flight, sight ranges. While the direct mode between technology enables ship-to-ship and ship-to- submarines, shore headquarters and the coastal two transceiver terminals offers very high shore directed communications with high data network, could be seamlessly integrated to bandwidth, the retro-reflector mode has transmission rates and safety from interception.

6 7 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES m i n i m a l p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d i s support well before the platform returns from a unburdened by active pointing or tracking. deployment. Once blue laser technology is Cyberspace Operations and Eyesave laser communication systems for mastered to link submerged submarines with mobile unit networking, delivering bandwidth collaborating aircraft, and can be generated at of 1Gbps up to a line-of-sight distance of 50km, low cost and energy levels, submarine Information Warfare are in final stages of development. communications as we know them would become obsolete. Modern surface and submarine vessels still have Cyberspace Operations weapons are software and hardware. They can several different and separate computer The Internet of Everything and techniques of be divided into three groups: networks on board, and each has their own cloud computing are technological innovations Cyberspace refers to the interconnected l Unequivocally offensive weapons: different carriers, connectivity and customers. If these can that would also disrupt the existing model of computerized networks in the world, as well as types of malware; denial of service actions. be transformed into a common hosted data transfer, information sharing and the end points that are connected to these computing environment across an entire fleet, it communications. Some of the key issues that networks, controlled by commands that pass l Dual use tools: network monitoring; could free up communication resources, could be addressed include: through these networks, consisting of three vulnerability scanning; penetration testing; consolidate networking hardware and l aye r s. Th e m o s t c o n c re t e l aye r, t h e encryption; camouflage of content and l centralise software, building a floating network How will Navies operate and fight in a infrastructure of the cyber world, is the physical communications. c o n fi g u r e d a n d s c a l a b l e t o m i s s i o n communications-denied environment? layer comprising hardware infrastructure. The l Unequivocally defensive tools: firewall, requirements. second layer is a variety of systems of l How does the Navy move from "Network disaster recovery systems. instructions programmed by human beings. The The potential disruptive technologies for Centricity" to "Network Enabled" but not third layer of cyberspace is the layer of data that However, the very identification of an attack is maritime communications could include high- dependent operations? a machine contains and is used in the creation of not simple since the symptoms of glitches and throughput satellite communications, more l How do we integrate modern satellite information. the possible results of an unauthorized intrusion effective data analytics, greater autonomy and communications, higher data rates and two- into computer resources are often identical. So, robotics, and new methods of sharing Cyberspace is necessarily exploited by human w ay n e t wo r k i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s i n to defence from cyber threats is focused on using operational information. Technology would beings for various purposes, and there will arise submerged communications? technological methods to identify an enable shore-based headquarters to identify occasions to dominate, destroy and defend it. unauthorized intrusion, locate the source of the the health of hull, propulsion systems, l When would Free-Space Optical (FSO) However, the nature and nuances of cyber war problem, assess the damage, prevent the spread equipment and machinery and prepare the technologies replace radio and satellite are very different from regular warfare. Cyber of the damage within and across networks, and communications? requisite onshore logistics and maintenance warfare involves actions by a nation-state or to the extent necessary, reconstruct the illegitimate organizations and associations of compromised data and systems. Foiling through persons to attack and attempt to damage pre-emption however is always is the preferred another nation's or organization's computers or solution. information networks through computer Cyberspace is constantly evolving and is viruses or denial-of-service attacks. Future technologically highly sensitive. Both the c y b e r - a t t a c k s c o u l d t h r e a t e n t h e defender and attacker must remain ahead of the interconnected global economy and raise the curve for successful cyber warfare. Critical prospect of cyber warfare between nation- technologies that would shape the cyber and states. i n fo r m a t i o n w a r wo u l d b e Q u a n t u m A cyber attack does not include kinetic damage technological applications, including artificial to cyberspace's physical infrastructure. An intelligence and computational neural attack in cyberspace uses cyber tools, and its networks, big data analytics, and biometrics.

8 9 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES m i n i m a l p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d i s support well before the platform returns from a unburdened by active pointing or tracking. deployment. Once blue laser technology is Cyberspace Operations and Eyesave laser communication systems for mastered to link submerged submarines with mobile unit networking, delivering bandwidth collaborating aircraft, and can be generated at of 1Gbps up to a line-of-sight distance of 50km, low cost and energy levels, submarine Information Warfare are in final stages of development. communications as we know them would become obsolete. Modern surface and submarine vessels still have Cyberspace Operations weapons are software and hardware. They can several different and separate computer The Internet of Everything and techniques of be divided into three groups: networks on board, and each has their own cloud computing are technological innovations Cyberspace refers to the interconnected l Unequivocally offensive weapons: different carriers, connectivity and customers. If these can that would also disrupt the existing model of computerized networks in the world, as well as types of malware; denial of service actions. be transformed into a common hosted data transfer, information sharing and the end points that are connected to these computing environment across an entire fleet, it communications. Some of the key issues that networks, controlled by commands that pass l Dual use tools: network monitoring; could free up communication resources, could be addressed include: through these networks, consisting of three vulnerability scanning; penetration testing; consolidate networking hardware and l aye r s. Th e m o s t c o n c re t e l aye r, t h e encryption; camouflage of content and l centralise software, building a floating network How will Navies operate and fight in a infrastructure of the cyber world, is the physical communications. c o n fi g u r e d a n d s c a l a b l e t o m i s s i o n communications-denied environment? layer comprising hardware infrastructure. The l Unequivocally defensive tools: firewall, requirements. second layer is a variety of systems of l How does the Navy move from "Network disaster recovery systems. instructions programmed by human beings. The The potential disruptive technologies for Centricity" to "Network Enabled" but not third layer of cyberspace is the layer of data that However, the very identification of an attack is maritime communications could include high- dependent operations? a machine contains and is used in the creation of not simple since the symptoms of glitches and throughput satellite communications, more l How do we integrate modern satellite information. the possible results of an unauthorized intrusion effective data analytics, greater autonomy and communications, higher data rates and two- into computer resources are often identical. So, robotics, and new methods of sharing Cyberspace is necessarily exploited by human w ay n e t wo r k i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s i n to defence from cyber threats is focused on using operational information. Technology would beings for various purposes, and there will arise submerged communications? technological methods to identify an enable shore-based headquarters to identify occasions to dominate, destroy and defend it. unauthorized intrusion, locate the source of the the health of hull, propulsion systems, l When would Free-Space Optical (FSO) However, the nature and nuances of cyber war problem, assess the damage, prevent the spread equipment and machinery and prepare the technologies replace radio and satellite are very different from regular warfare. Cyber of the damage within and across networks, and communications? requisite onshore logistics and maintenance warfare involves actions by a nation-state or to the extent necessary, reconstruct the illegitimate organizations and associations of compromised data and systems. Foiling through persons to attack and attempt to damage pre-emption however is always is the preferred another nation's or organization's computers or solution. information networks through computer Cyberspace is constantly evolving and is viruses or denial-of-service attacks. Future technologically highly sensitive. Both the c y b e r - a t t a c k s c o u l d t h r e a t e n t h e defender and attacker must remain ahead of the interconnected global economy and raise the curve for successful cyber warfare. Critical prospect of cyber warfare between nation- technologies that would shape the cyber and states. i n fo r m a t i o n w a r wo u l d b e Q u a n t u m A cyber attack does not include kinetic damage technological applications, including artificial to cyberspace's physical infrastructure. An intelligence and computational neural attack in cyberspace uses cyber tools, and its networks, big data analytics, and biometrics.

8 9 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Information Warfare would be mainly supported by information operations. These operations will have to factor Marine Propulsion & Power Generation: Over the past few decades, the rapid rise in in hazards of network dependency and the information and communication technologies inherent vulnerabilities that network centricity and their increasing prevalence in military creates, while providing comparative Challenges & Opportunities operations has created a new discipline of advantages of information decimation to the modern information warfare. Though action agency from detection systems. information dominance and information Mission requirements are the primary energy weapon systems, such as laser based assurance are concepts that have remained Given the critical centrality of information to considerations that influence the selection of systems and electromagnetic rail guns, central to military operations for many eons, every aspect of naval operations, the area of propulsion systems for Naval ships and eliminate the need to carry propellants for large information operations (IO) and information modern day information warfare may be best submarines. Among the factors considered are bore gun ammunition, and conventional warfare assumes critical importance. Sustaining defined as the 'application of destructive force the maximum sustained speed required, the ammunition for short range weapons, affording the availability and integrity of the information on a large scale against information assets and planned operating profile, acquisition and weight savings. Also, the Electro Magnetic infrastructure and information content on systems'. lifecycle costs, capabilities of the domestic Aircraft Launching System portends to which such operations subsist and minimizing industrial base, and the maturity of available eliminate the need for steam catapults on Information warfare (IW) typically comprise of its own information vulnerability, it is critical that new technologies. Present day naval propulsion aircraft carriers. Such systems, however, require actions taken to achieve information superiority the Navy stays abreast of related developments plants are primarily based on diesel and gas the availability of on-board electrical power of by affecting adversary information, information in relevant technologies. The technological turbine prime movers, installed singly or in several orders of magnitude greater than that based processes, information systems and systems contributing to IW defense are aimed at multiple types of combinations, driving re q u i re d fo r o t h e r s h i p s ys te m s a n d computer based networks while defending providing confidentiality, maintaining integrity, propulsors through reduction gearing. conventional weapons. This has led to the one's own information, information based and ensuring availability. Conventional steam turbine propulsion is now advent of Integrated Electric Propulsion (IEP) processes, information systems, and computer The growing battlefield dependence on rarely installed due to its low efficiency, but systems, wherein high powered prime movers - based networks. IW includes both offensive and information systems presents an inviting target nuclear steam plants offer many advantages to gas turbines and diesel engines - instead of defensive activities: electronic warfare (EW), for an information attack by opposing forces. A naval platforms, especially for submarines and being installed in dedicated propulsion plants, physical destruction, deception, information computer-savvy force could inject false data aircraft carriers, albeit at a high cost. are coupled to high capacity electrical attack, psychological operations, operational into an adversary's battlefield information generators to produce electrical power, which is security, IW protection and security measures. In system, thereby confusing the enemy and/or distributed to high powered electric propulsion the context of maritime operations it is avoiding battle and resultant friendly losses. motors, to ship services and to high energy important to understand the subject in its A t t a c k i n g a n a t i o n ' s p o w e r g r i d , weapon systems and aircraft launching systems, entirety to determine its future impact. telecommunications systems, radar sites, as required. The need for reduction gearing for Information systems (ISs) are a fundamental pre- transportation networks, oil supply lines, and propulsion systems, a source of radiated requisite for the design and management of financial networks can severely disrupt military underwater noise, is also eliminated. Such future battles. Technologies that lead to and non-military sectors of a society. systems however entail high acquisition costs and the need to resolve some technical maritime domain awareness and information It is therefore evident that information warfare shortcomings has also become apparent from transmission and assurance will allow for and cyber space operations impose high risk the results of trials and operations of the new capability improvements that will be as natural and high cost in the future arena of maritime Rolls Royce Bergen B33:45 Medium Speed Diesel Turbine | naval platforms where IEP systems have been as normal human physical and mental operations. Several technologies will empower Image Courtesy Rolls Royce installed. functions-only more enhanced, more accurate these soft kill weapons and it is therefore Generally, separate machinery systems are and replicable. In future, non-contact conflict opportune to discuss the subject in this seminar. installed for propulsion and for electrical power C u r r e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s a l s o i n c l u d e generation on naval ships. In recent times, high superconducting electrical motors, which, by

10 11 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Information Warfare would be mainly supported by information operations. These operations will have to factor Marine Propulsion & Power Generation: Over the past few decades, the rapid rise in in hazards of network dependency and the information and communication technologies inherent vulnerabilities that network centricity and their increasing prevalence in military creates, while providing comparative Challenges & Opportunities operations has created a new discipline of advantages of information decimation to the modern information warfare. Though action agency from detection systems. information dominance and information Mission requirements are the primary energy weapon systems, such as laser based assurance are concepts that have remained Given the critical centrality of information to considerations that influence the selection of systems and electromagnetic rail guns, central to military operations for many eons, every aspect of naval operations, the area of propulsion systems for Naval ships and eliminate the need to carry propellants for large information operations (IO) and information modern day information warfare may be best submarines. Among the factors considered are bore gun ammunition, and conventional warfare assumes critical importance. Sustaining defined as the 'application of destructive force the maximum sustained speed required, the ammunition for short range weapons, affording the availability and integrity of the information on a large scale against information assets and planned operating profile, acquisition and weight savings. Also, the Electro Magnetic infrastructure and information content on systems'. lifecycle costs, capabilities of the domestic Aircraft Launching System portends to which such operations subsist and minimizing industrial base, and the maturity of available eliminate the need for steam catapults on Information warfare (IW) typically comprise of its own information vulnerability, it is critical that new technologies. Present day naval propulsion aircraft carriers. Such systems, however, require actions taken to achieve information superiority the Navy stays abreast of related developments plants are primarily based on diesel and gas the availability of on-board electrical power of by affecting adversary information, information in relevant technologies. The technological turbine prime movers, installed singly or in several orders of magnitude greater than that based processes, information systems and systems contributing to IW defense are aimed at multiple types of combinations, driving re q u i re d fo r o t h e r s h i p s ys te m s a n d computer based networks while defending providing confidentiality, maintaining integrity, propulsors through reduction gearing. conventional weapons. This has led to the one's own information, information based and ensuring availability. Conventional steam turbine propulsion is now advent of Integrated Electric Propulsion (IEP) processes, information systems, and computer The growing battlefield dependence on rarely installed due to its low efficiency, but systems, wherein high powered prime movers - based networks. IW includes both offensive and information systems presents an inviting target nuclear steam plants offer many advantages to gas turbines and diesel engines - instead of defensive activities: electronic warfare (EW), for an information attack by opposing forces. A naval platforms, especially for submarines and being installed in dedicated propulsion plants, physical destruction, deception, information computer-savvy force could inject false data aircraft carriers, albeit at a high cost. are coupled to high capacity electrical attack, psychological operations, operational into an adversary's battlefield information generators to produce electrical power, which is security, IW protection and security measures. In system, thereby confusing the enemy and/or distributed to high powered electric propulsion the context of maritime operations it is avoiding battle and resultant friendly losses. motors, to ship services and to high energy important to understand the subject in its A t t a c k i n g a n a t i o n ' s p o w e r g r i d , weapon systems and aircraft launching systems, entirety to determine its future impact. telecommunications systems, radar sites, as required. The need for reduction gearing for Information systems (ISs) are a fundamental pre- transportation networks, oil supply lines, and propulsion systems, a source of radiated requisite for the design and management of financial networks can severely disrupt military underwater noise, is also eliminated. Such future battles. Technologies that lead to and non-military sectors of a society. systems however entail high acquisition costs and the need to resolve some technical maritime domain awareness and information It is therefore evident that information warfare shortcomings has also become apparent from transmission and assurance will allow for and cyber space operations impose high risk the results of trials and operations of the new capability improvements that will be as natural and high cost in the future arena of maritime Rolls Royce Bergen B33:45 Medium Speed Diesel Turbine | naval platforms where IEP systems have been as normal human physical and mental operations. Several technologies will empower Image Courtesy Rolls Royce installed. functions-only more enhanced, more accurate these soft kill weapons and it is therefore Generally, separate machinery systems are and replicable. In future, non-contact conflict opportune to discuss the subject in this seminar. installed for propulsion and for electrical power C u r r e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s a l s o i n c l u d e generation on naval ships. In recent times, high superconducting electrical motors, which, by

10 11 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES themselves, promise large reduction in size and 33 MW), diesel engines (1.7MW to 11 MW) and As advancements and innovations continue in from the Indian industry to increase indigenous weight, but require provision of cryogenic gas turbines (3MW to 22 MW). Similarly, steam nanotechnology, higher level robotics, content. There are numerous opportunities for devices to achieve the low temperatures turbines, diesel engines and gas turbine prime automation and new materials lead to better Indian industry and the Navy is extending full required for attaining superconductivity. movers are being used for power generation size, weight, power and cost benefits for future cooperation to capable parties coming forward D e v e l o p m e n t s i n h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e requirements in the range of 50 KW to 3 MW. propulsion systems. The Indian Navy is fully to take up the challenge. superconductivity, which have the potential to focussed on self-reliance and indigenisation. The future induction plans of the Indian Navy This session would address some of the current eliminate this drawback will need to be watched Presently, all warships and submarines under include varied projects viz. Fleet Support Ships, and future developments in the field of naval with interest by naval designers. High-speed construction are being built in Indian shipyards Next Generation Missile Vessels, Survey Training propulsion and elec trical generation generators and variable speed generators are and the Navy is looking for capable partners Vessel, Multi-Purpose Support Vessel, 50 Ton technologies. also making an appearance. These are projected Tugs, 25 Ton Tugs etc. The anticipated to be smaller, more efficient, and being coupled requirements include more than 70 main directly to gas turbine prime movers, propulsion units and 90 power generation units eliminating the need for reduction gears, in the power range of 0.5MW to 13 MW and 50 t h e r e b y r e d u c i n g w e i g h t a n d s p a c e KW to 1 MW respectively, representing a total requirements as well as acoustic signatures. business value of approximately INR 11,730 Fuel Cells, which produce electrical power Crores. without the need for thermal engines are a promising area of advancement. These require In pursuance of the Government's "Make in hydrogen in its natural state, which is difficult India" vision, the Indian Navy has evolved the and dangerous to store in large quantities. Indian Naval Indigenisation Plan that aims at Technology for extraction of hydrogen from indigenous development of equipment and diesel fuel, which can be safely stored, is under systems over the next 15 years. For future developed. Fuel cells have made their advent on requirements of propulsion and power submarines with great success, and scaling up of generation equipment the Indian Navy is their power capacity would open new areas for looking at end to end solutions, modularity, their application. reliability, efficient life cycle performance and support, use of efficient technologies, Design and development of main propulsion compliance with stringent military standards and power generation equipment for warships with minimum effects on the environment. poses challenges of applying appropriate technologies, complying with stringent military A Navy-Industry relationship founded more on standards, meeting demands of high power partnership rather than mere customer-supplier density, flexibility in operation, stealth relationship would give confidence to the requirements, low life cycle costs, stringent stakeholders for indigenous development of emission norms, restricted production volumes quality equipment while sharing the benefits of and system integration. Over the past decades, new technologies at reduced costs. Under propulsion system design has evolved recent initiatives, indigenous design, progressively, to suit specific project development and manufacture of main requirements and technological advancements. propulsion diesel engines, boat engines and T h e I n d i a n N a v y c u r r e n t l y o p e r a t e s shafting propellers are being actively pursued conventional steam propulsion plants (11MW to under the 'Make' Category.

12 13 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES themselves, promise large reduction in size and 33 MW), diesel engines (1.7MW to 11 MW) and As advancements and innovations continue in from the Indian industry to increase indigenous weight, but require provision of cryogenic gas turbines (3MW to 22 MW). Similarly, steam nanotechnology, higher level robotics, content. There are numerous opportunities for devices to achieve the low temperatures turbines, diesel engines and gas turbine prime automation and new materials lead to better Indian industry and the Navy is extending full required for attaining superconductivity. movers are being used for power generation size, weight, power and cost benefits for future cooperation to capable parties coming forward D e v e l o p m e n t s i n h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e requirements in the range of 50 KW to 3 MW. propulsion systems. The Indian Navy is fully to take up the challenge. superconductivity, which have the potential to focussed on self-reliance and indigenisation. The future induction plans of the Indian Navy This session would address some of the current eliminate this drawback will need to be watched Presently, all warships and submarines under include varied projects viz. Fleet Support Ships, and future developments in the field of naval with interest by naval designers. High-speed construction are being built in Indian shipyards Next Generation Missile Vessels, Survey Training propulsion and elec trical generation generators and variable speed generators are and the Navy is looking for capable partners Vessel, Multi-Purpose Support Vessel, 50 Ton technologies. also making an appearance. These are projected Tugs, 25 Ton Tugs etc. The anticipated to be smaller, more efficient, and being coupled requirements include more than 70 main directly to gas turbine prime movers, propulsion units and 90 power generation units eliminating the need for reduction gears, in the power range of 0.5MW to 13 MW and 50 t h e r e b y r e d u c i n g w e i g h t a n d s p a c e KW to 1 MW respectively, representing a total requirements as well as acoustic signatures. business value of approximately INR 11,730 Fuel Cells, which produce electrical power Crores. without the need for thermal engines are a promising area of advancement. These require In pursuance of the Government's "Make in hydrogen in its natural state, which is difficult India" vision, the Indian Navy has evolved the and dangerous to store in large quantities. Indian Naval Indigenisation Plan that aims at Technology for extraction of hydrogen from indigenous development of equipment and diesel fuel, which can be safely stored, is under systems over the next 15 years. For future developed. Fuel cells have made their advent on requirements of propulsion and power submarines with great success, and scaling up of generation equipment the Indian Navy is their power capacity would open new areas for looking at end to end solutions, modularity, their application. reliability, efficient life cycle performance and support, use of efficient technologies, Design and development of main propulsion compliance with stringent military standards and power generation equipment for warships with minimum effects on the environment. poses challenges of applying appropriate technologies, complying with stringent military A Navy-Industry relationship founded more on standards, meeting demands of high power partnership rather than mere customer-supplier density, flexibility in operation, stealth relationship would give confidence to the requirements, low life cycle costs, stringent stakeholders for indigenous development of emission norms, restricted production volumes quality equipment while sharing the benefits of and system integration. Over the past decades, new technologies at reduced costs. Under propulsion system design has evolved recent initiatives, indigenous design, progressively, to suit specific project development and manufacture of main requirements and technological advancements. propulsion diesel engines, boat engines and T h e I n d i a n N a v y c u r r e n t l y o p e r a t e s shafting propellers are being actively pursued conventional steam propulsion plants (11MW to under the 'Make' Category.

12 13 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES waypoint navigation, and loitering and remote Gunnery systems are designed around materials Missiles, Torpedoes and Directed target designation during mid-flight. and components that are being continuously improved by way of high strength, dielectric, In missile warfare, the edge has traditionally structural materials? high speed, high current, been with the attacker. To counter this, focus of Energy Weapons metal-on-metal, sliding electrical contacts? several navies has shifted to missile defence compact pulsed power systems and power systems and over the next decade, these are electronics? high conductivity, high strength, propulsion, seeker heads, guidance systems and likely to account for the highest proportion of Introduction low density conductors? and repetitive rate precision ordnance as smart re-deployable spending in the global missiles systems market. switches and control technologies that make Advances in material science, computation and payloads with low signature and high In the past, missile defence systems were the Gun system more potent and productive. signal-processing capabilities, propellants and endurance loitering options become feasible. focussed primarily on countering the anti-ship explosives and innovative software solutions Manufacturers today are aggressively cruise missile threat, but now technology is ripe The game changing disruptive technology in are creating new generation weapons which are visualising scramjet engines for hypersonic enough for anti-ballistic missile systems to be gunnery is the Electromagnetic Rail Gun (ERG), exceedingly lethal, light and accurate. These weapons, throttle -able ducted rocket inducted on board ships. which uses electromagnetic force to send a explosions in warfare technology provides propulsion systems that enable long range The Indian Navy operates super-sonic cruise heavy projectile to a range of 125 miles at 7.5 unimaginable new insights and solutions, c o v e r a g e a n d h i g h a v e r a g e s p e e d s ; missiles and sophisticated long range SAM times the speed of sound and cause extensive unprecedented opportunities, and relentless nanotechnology materials which reduce systems. For a future ready naval force, damage with sheer kinetic energy. The ERG is an innovative forces for development of new surface drag; intelligent on-board processors combatants at sea may need to develop a incredible platform that transforms the weapon systems. Against this backdrop, this combined with optronic, Infra-Red and RF ballistic missile capability and a defensive engagement cost to about 1/100th the price of concept note will examine the future of missiles sensors that are integrated with genomics, system to neutralise nuclear tipped ballistic current projectiles. It also enhances ship safety and gunnery, underwater weapons and heuristics algorithms, ultra-fast bio-computing missiles. It has been reported that India has and survivability by reducing propellants and directed energy weapons. hardware and are miniaturised to be packed into developed an indigenous two-tier ballistic high-explosive ammunition on board. It makes a compact missiles, reducing RF and IR ammunition, as we know it, obsolete. Missiles missile defence system capable of intercepting signatures. Designers are developing high- enemy missiles at exo-atmospheric altitudes of Nanomaterials, composites, advanced surface density reactive materials that integrate the Technological developments in the realm of 150 kilometres and endo-atmospheric heights and heat treatments, tailored special high casing with warhead explosives, increasing missile warfare have greatly dominated of 80 kilometres. Perhaps such a system should performance alloys, and phase change materials lethality. Simultaneously, launch and guidance strategic and operational thinking in the 21st be at sea in the Future Indian Destroyer that the are areas where recent technological advances systems are also seeing revolutionary century battle space at sea. Since the first victim Navy may acquire after the P-15B program with may enable new methods of meeting the improvements that are set to transform missile claimed by a Styx missile half a century ago, all its potential for indigenous industrial railgun design and manufacturing challenges. warfare at sea. Systems such as Multiple-effects missile technology has evolved exponentially. In participation. The ERG technology also has civilian less than a decade we have seen missile rocket system (MERS) that can fire missiles applications for example in elevators for high technologies rapidly transit from the first without emitting any smoke, obtain higher Guns rise buildings. generation to 'smart' and then to 'brilliant' and ranges and use low signature rocket motors now to 'sub sonic and intelligent' or 'fast but powered with nano propellants, smarter A gun on a man-of-war has for centuries dumb' to describe the amazing missile computational fluid dynamics that reduce symbolised Sea Power. The advent of missile technologies that are operational at sea. aerodynamic drag and heat, and better and warfare at sea had pundits sounding the death lighter sensors are already reaching the shop knell on the naval gun. They could not be more Missile systems designers, working on the next floor from the drawing board. Some of the wrong as newer technologies have resulted in generation missiles, are keenly aware that technologies that are transforming missile the strong resurgence of the gun at sea in a emerging technologies would make possible a warfare include encrypted and secure inertial variety of roles. new range of options for airframe design, rocket and satellite guidance, terrain mapping with General Atomic's Electromagnetic Railgun | Image Courtesy US Navy

14 15 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES waypoint navigation, and loitering and remote Gunnery systems are designed around materials Missiles, Torpedoes and Directed target designation during mid-flight. and components that are being continuously improved by way of high strength, dielectric, In missile warfare, the edge has traditionally structural materials? high speed, high current, been with the attacker. To counter this, focus of Energy Weapons metal-on-metal, sliding electrical contacts? several navies has shifted to missile defence compact pulsed power systems and power systems and over the next decade, these are electronics? high conductivity, high strength, propulsion, seeker heads, guidance systems and likely to account for the highest proportion of Introduction low density conductors? and repetitive rate precision ordnance as smart re-deployable spending in the global missiles systems market. switches and control technologies that make Advances in material science, computation and payloads with low signature and high In the past, missile defence systems were the Gun system more potent and productive. signal-processing capabilities, propellants and endurance loitering options become feasible. focussed primarily on countering the anti-ship explosives and innovative software solutions Manufacturers today are aggressively cruise missile threat, but now technology is ripe The game changing disruptive technology in are creating new generation weapons which are visualising scramjet engines for hypersonic enough for anti-ballistic missile systems to be gunnery is the Electromagnetic Rail Gun (ERG), exceedingly lethal, light and accurate. These weapons, throttle -able ducted rocket inducted on board ships. which uses electromagnetic force to send a explosions in warfare technology provides propulsion systems that enable long range The Indian Navy operates super-sonic cruise heavy projectile to a range of 125 miles at 7.5 unimaginable new insights and solutions, c o v e r a g e a n d h i g h a v e r a g e s p e e d s ; missiles and sophisticated long range SAM times the speed of sound and cause extensive unprecedented opportunities, and relentless nanotechnology materials which reduce systems. For a future ready naval force, damage with sheer kinetic energy. The ERG is an innovative forces for development of new surface drag; intelligent on-board processors combatants at sea may need to develop a incredible platform that transforms the weapon systems. Against this backdrop, this combined with optronic, Infra-Red and RF ballistic missile capability and a defensive engagement cost to about 1/100th the price of concept note will examine the future of missiles sensors that are integrated with genomics, system to neutralise nuclear tipped ballistic current projectiles. It also enhances ship safety and gunnery, underwater weapons and heuristics algorithms, ultra-fast bio-computing missiles. It has been reported that India has and survivability by reducing propellants and directed energy weapons. hardware and are miniaturised to be packed into developed an indigenous two-tier ballistic high-explosive ammunition on board. It makes a compact missiles, reducing RF and IR ammunition, as we know it, obsolete. Missiles missile defence system capable of intercepting signatures. Designers are developing high- enemy missiles at exo-atmospheric altitudes of Nanomaterials, composites, advanced surface density reactive materials that integrate the Technological developments in the realm of 150 kilometres and endo-atmospheric heights and heat treatments, tailored special high casing with warhead explosives, increasing missile warfare have greatly dominated of 80 kilometres. Perhaps such a system should performance alloys, and phase change materials lethality. Simultaneously, launch and guidance strategic and operational thinking in the 21st be at sea in the Future Indian Destroyer that the are areas where recent technological advances systems are also seeing revolutionary century battle space at sea. Since the first victim Navy may acquire after the P-15B program with may enable new methods of meeting the improvements that are set to transform missile claimed by a Styx missile half a century ago, all its potential for indigenous industrial railgun design and manufacturing challenges. warfare at sea. Systems such as Multiple-effects missile technology has evolved exponentially. In participation. The ERG technology also has civilian less than a decade we have seen missile rocket system (MERS) that can fire missiles applications for example in elevators for high technologies rapidly transit from the first without emitting any smoke, obtain higher Guns rise buildings. generation to 'smart' and then to 'brilliant' and ranges and use low signature rocket motors now to 'sub sonic and intelligent' or 'fast but powered with nano propellants, smarter A gun on a man-of-war has for centuries dumb' to describe the amazing missile computational fluid dynamics that reduce symbolised Sea Power. The advent of missile technologies that are operational at sea. aerodynamic drag and heat, and better and warfare at sea had pundits sounding the death lighter sensors are already reaching the shop knell on the naval gun. They could not be more Missile systems designers, working on the next floor from the drawing board. Some of the wrong as newer technologies have resulted in generation missiles, are keenly aware that technologies that are transforming missile the strong resurgence of the gun at sea in a emerging technologies would make possible a warfare include encrypted and secure inertial variety of roles. new range of options for airframe design, rocket and satellite guidance, terrain mapping with General Atomic's Electromagnetic Railgun | Image Courtesy US Navy

14 15 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Conventional propellants have become more torpedoes are daunting, as the shallow and with a nanofur surface coating, drag is potent as metallurgy now permits far higher operating environment is far noisier, due to further reduced to a fraction, thus transforming barrel pressure and muzzle velocity than a c o u s t i c r e v e r b e r a t i o n , p o o r s o u n d underwater war with ultra-high speed hitherto possible, and combined with a second propagation, local ship traffic, false targets and torpedoes. Warhead designs that combine new stage propellant gives the conventional round bottom. To meet these environmental explosives and energetic materials to create an extended range capability. Higher accuracies challenges, future torpedoes need to have more powerful effects, multi-mode detonation are feasible by introduction of flight stabilisation significantly improved signal to noise options that offer both bulk-charge and features, GPS-driven fuzes, rapid sensors, and performance, smaller footprints to permit more directional alternatives are on the design board. computational advances provide the ability to weapons on platforms, reduced acquisition and Potentially the future torpedo can deliver a destroy targets 100 km away. These extended life-cycle costs, longer shelf life, better deep and "kinetic" kill thus rendering many products and range precision guided munitions cannot be s h a l l o w w a t e r c a p a b i l i t y, c o u n t e r - equipment that go into manufacture of modern countered with existing technology available at countermeasures performance, greater torpedoes obsolete within a decade. sea. So, these systems are likley be disruptive for endurance, flexible speed control, stealth, the future ready naval force as also for industry, lethality; and for urgent-attack weapons, Directed Energy Weapons given that propellants and explosives currently shorter reaction times. As nations create an in production may no longer have any demand. undersea network of communications, subsea Directed energy (DE) is an umbrella term sensors, and fibre-optic data links, it becomes cove r i n g te c h n o l o gi e s t h a t p ro d u ce In addition to high tech guns, there is still a place possible for computronics and big data analytics concentrated electromagnetic energy and for lower technology guns for force protection MK 48 Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced tools to integrate data from platform, weapon Sonar System (CBASS) Heavyweight Torpedo | beams of atomic or subatomic particles. and in scenarios of low intensity conflict for the and off-board sensors for providing cues to next Image Courtesy Lockheed Martin Compared to conventional weapons, which rely foreseeable future. While leading navies may generation torpedoes that seamlessly on the kinetic or chemical energy of a projectile, usher in the 'star-wars' type of weapon systems communicate with the undersea network, and Improvements in stealth are now feasible with Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) hit a target in a decade or so, lesser navies will have to wait with the launch platform tp improve lethality the introduction of advanced passive homing with subatomic particles or electromagnetic for another decade before they can embrace and accuracy of attack. techniques, covert active waveforms with LPI waves that travel at speeds at or near the speed these technologies on their platforms. Till then, (Low Probability of Intercept) and LPR (Low of light. DEWs generate very high power beams the existing gun systems will continue to be Advances in computational processors and Probability of Recognition) properties, and by and typically use a single optical system to both relied upon in their present dominant roles of software technology are the key enablers that reducing radiated noise. The Integrated Motor track a target and to focus the beam on the anti-air/anti-missile defence, surface action, allow "smart" and "informed" behaviour in a Propulsor (IMP), which incorporates a radial- target in order to destroy it. DE systems are naval gunfire support, and for firing 'one across hostile combat environment. In addition to field electric motor directly into the torpedo broadly classified as High Energy Lasers (HEL) or the bow' when so required. All that would improved signal and tactical data processing, propulsor, eliminates the internal motor, High Power Microwaves (HPM). change is higher rate of fire, better and more acoustic and fibre-optic communications will through-hull shafts and seals, and creates a reliable electronic fuzes and integrated kinetics provide the connectivity to allow fusion of single connection point to the hull. Advanced and explosives to produce the highest torpedo sensor data with platform information, active noise-cancellation techniques and smart devastation possible. to yield an improved tactical picture for combat materials can be utilized for reducing acoustic control systems along the command chain. An signatures. Better batteries would make electric Torpedoes intelligent torpedo controller will enable the propulsion quieter and longer. weapon to adapt to dynamic situations, using Undersea warfare, post the Cold War era, moved neural nets and fuzzy logic, and an ultra- Technologies for pushing the speed envelope from the oceans to the littorals where the broadband array will dramatically improve its will greatly affect torpedo performance and environmental challenges for high performance sonar capabilities. resulting effectiveness. Using "super cavitation" techniques the water near the tip of the torpedo vaporizes due to the high speed, producing an air pocket where the torpedo 'flies' underwater Breitbart News

16 17 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Conventional propellants have become more torpedoes are daunting, as the shallow and with a nanofur surface coating, drag is potent as metallurgy now permits far higher operating environment is far noisier, due to further reduced to a fraction, thus transforming barrel pressure and muzzle velocity than a c o u s t i c r e v e r b e r a t i o n , p o o r s o u n d underwater war with ultra-high speed hitherto possible, and combined with a second propagation, local ship traffic, false targets and torpedoes. Warhead designs that combine new stage propellant gives the conventional round bottom. To meet these environmental explosives and energetic materials to create an extended range capability. Higher accuracies challenges, future torpedoes need to have more powerful effects, multi-mode detonation are feasible by introduction of flight stabilisation significantly improved signal to noise options that offer both bulk-charge and features, GPS-driven fuzes, rapid sensors, and performance, smaller footprints to permit more directional alternatives are on the design board. computational advances provide the ability to weapons on platforms, reduced acquisition and Potentially the future torpedo can deliver a destroy targets 100 km away. These extended life-cycle costs, longer shelf life, better deep and "kinetic" kill thus rendering many products and range precision guided munitions cannot be s h a l l o w w a t e r c a p a b i l i t y, c o u n t e r - equipment that go into manufacture of modern countered with existing technology available at countermeasures performance, greater torpedoes obsolete within a decade. sea. So, these systems are likley be disruptive for endurance, flexible speed control, stealth, the future ready naval force as also for industry, lethality; and for urgent-attack weapons, Directed Energy Weapons given that propellants and explosives currently shorter reaction times. As nations create an in production may no longer have any demand. undersea network of communications, subsea Directed energy (DE) is an umbrella term sensors, and fibre-optic data links, it becomes cove r i n g te c h n o l o gi e s t h a t p ro d u ce In addition to high tech guns, there is still a place possible for computronics and big data analytics concentrated electromagnetic energy and for lower technology guns for force protection MK 48 Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced tools to integrate data from platform, weapon Sonar System (CBASS) Heavyweight Torpedo | beams of atomic or subatomic particles. and in scenarios of low intensity conflict for the and off-board sensors for providing cues to next Image Courtesy Lockheed Martin Compared to conventional weapons, which rely foreseeable future. While leading navies may generation torpedoes that seamlessly on the kinetic or chemical energy of a projectile, usher in the 'star-wars' type of weapon systems communicate with the undersea network, and Improvements in stealth are now feasible with Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) hit a target in a decade or so, lesser navies will have to wait with the launch platform tp improve lethality the introduction of advanced passive homing with subatomic particles or electromagnetic for another decade before they can embrace and accuracy of attack. techniques, covert active waveforms with LPI waves that travel at speeds at or near the speed these technologies on their platforms. Till then, (Low Probability of Intercept) and LPR (Low of light. DEWs generate very high power beams the existing gun systems will continue to be Advances in computational processors and Probability of Recognition) properties, and by and typically use a single optical system to both relied upon in their present dominant roles of software technology are the key enablers that reducing radiated noise. The Integrated Motor track a target and to focus the beam on the anti-air/anti-missile defence, surface action, allow "smart" and "informed" behaviour in a Propulsor (IMP), which incorporates a radial- target in order to destroy it. DE systems are naval gunfire support, and for firing 'one across hostile combat environment. In addition to field electric motor directly into the torpedo broadly classified as High Energy Lasers (HEL) or the bow' when so required. All that would improved signal and tactical data processing, propulsor, eliminates the internal motor, High Power Microwaves (HPM). change is higher rate of fire, better and more acoustic and fibre-optic communications will through-hull shafts and seals, and creates a reliable electronic fuzes and integrated kinetics provide the connectivity to allow fusion of single connection point to the hull. Advanced and explosives to produce the highest torpedo sensor data with platform information, active noise-cancellation techniques and smart devastation possible. to yield an improved tactical picture for combat materials can be utilized for reducing acoustic control systems along the command chain. An signatures. Better batteries would make electric Torpedoes intelligent torpedo controller will enable the propulsion quieter and longer. weapon to adapt to dynamic situations, using Undersea warfare, post the Cold War era, moved neural nets and fuzzy logic, and an ultra- Technologies for pushing the speed envelope from the oceans to the littorals where the broadband array will dramatically improve its will greatly affect torpedo performance and environmental challenges for high performance sonar capabilities. resulting effectiveness. Using "super cavitation" techniques the water near the tip of the torpedo vaporizes due to the high speed, producing an air pocket where the torpedo 'flies' underwater Breitbart News

16 17 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES HEL forms intense beams of light that can be making armour and other self defence systems l Super cavitating torpedoes are a possibility. l High Energy Lasers and High Power precisely aimed across many kilometres to redundant. Such weapons would indeed be the What technologies remain to be addressed Microwave Directed Energy Weapons are disable a wide range of targets ranging from first response to 'swarm' warfare. for the weapon to be a reality? What under user trials. How would that impact satellites to missiles and aircraft to ground defences are possible against high speed conventional weapons design and vehicles. Additionally, the laser beam can be Conclusion torpedoes? manufacture? redirected by mirrors to hit targets not visible The raison d'etre of naval warfare through the from the source without significantly ages has been about delivering ordnance on compromising the beam's transmitted power. target, be it from a ship, submarine, or aircraft. In HEL, affords the prospect of calibrated effects future, the side that can harness technology that ranging from temporary sensor-dazzling provides for longer range, greater speed, higher through to complete system destruction. precision and lower signature will certainly have the decisive edge in battle. A future ready naval HPM weapons transmit highly precise but also force should begin to work with industry to highly flexible and controllable directed develop these winning capabilities. It is also a gigawatt-power radio frequency and millimetric clear signal to industry on where investments waves that can destroy modern electronics. are good bets as legacy systems become rapidly These have been tested at comparatively short obsolete, just as tanks replaced chariots and range but offer the prospect of cost-effective gunnery and missiles replaced swords and high precision attack on elec tronics spears and sail replaced steam. infrastructure or core of a weapon system, thus providing flexible non-kinetic options for The conference deliberations will provide a neutralisation of enemy forces, controlling common platform for industry and the navy to escalation or limiting collateral damage. explore various firm-specific and generic technologies that offer the best potential to Free Electron Lasers (FELs) provide intense transform the war at sea, thereby generating beams of laser light tuned to atmosphere weapon specifications for a future ready Indian penetrating wavelengths. An FEL requires a Navy, concurrently providing insight for linear accelerator and the challenge is to put the industry on preparing for meeting these future linear accelerator on a ship. Thus, FELs are an specifications and requirements. Particularly, example of a disruptive technology that can advances in material science, nanotechnology, combine detection, tracking, acquisition and computation and signal-processing capabilities, destruction on a single beam, thus making automation and innovative software solutions kinetic weapons such as missiles and projectiles are mak ing new generation weapons redundant for point targets. exceedingly lethal and light. Some open These new weapons have already begun to questions for deliberations include: demonstrate sufficient technical maturity and l What advances in surveillance and response their integration into navies is simply a matter of technologies would enable interception of time. As higher peak and average power, beam- ballistic missiles and supersonic cruise control, pointing and tracking techniques, missiles at sea? thermal management and the overall l packaging becomes feasible, DEWs will indeed How far is the Electro Magnetic Rail Gun have a disruptive impact on future platform from practical applications and how would design, scaling up power requirements, while that change warship design?

18 19 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES HEL forms intense beams of light that can be making armour and other self defence systems l Super cavitating torpedoes are a possibility. l High Energy Lasers and High Power precisely aimed across many kilometres to redundant. Such weapons would indeed be the What technologies remain to be addressed Microwave Directed Energy Weapons are disable a wide range of targets ranging from first response to 'swarm' warfare. for the weapon to be a reality? What under user trials. How would that impact satellites to missiles and aircraft to ground defences are possible against high speed conventional weapons design and vehicles. Additionally, the laser beam can be Conclusion torpedoes? manufacture? redirected by mirrors to hit targets not visible The raison d'etre of naval warfare through the from the source without significantly ages has been about delivering ordnance on compromising the beam's transmitted power. target, be it from a ship, submarine, or aircraft. In HEL, affords the prospect of calibrated effects future, the side that can harness technology that ranging from temporary sensor-dazzling provides for longer range, greater speed, higher through to complete system destruction. precision and lower signature will certainly have the decisive edge in battle. A future ready naval HPM weapons transmit highly precise but also force should begin to work with industry to highly flexible and controllable directed develop these winning capabilities. It is also a gigawatt-power radio frequency and millimetric clear signal to industry on where investments waves that can destroy modern electronics. are good bets as legacy systems become rapidly These have been tested at comparatively short obsolete, just as tanks replaced chariots and range but offer the prospect of cost-effective gunnery and missiles replaced swords and high precision attack on elec tronics spears and sail replaced steam. infrastructure or core of a weapon system, thus providing flexible non-kinetic options for The conference deliberations will provide a neutralisation of enemy forces, controlling common platform for industry and the navy to escalation or limiting collateral damage. explore various firm-specific and generic technologies that offer the best potential to Free Electron Lasers (FELs) provide intense transform the war at sea, thereby generating beams of laser light tuned to atmosphere weapon specifications for a future ready Indian penetrating wavelengths. An FEL requires a Navy, concurrently providing insight for linear accelerator and the challenge is to put the industry on preparing for meeting these future linear accelerator on a ship. Thus, FELs are an specifications and requirements. Particularly, example of a disruptive technology that can advances in material science, nanotechnology, combine detection, tracking, acquisition and computation and signal-processing capabilities, destruction on a single beam, thus making automation and innovative software solutions kinetic weapons such as missiles and projectiles are mak ing new generation weapons redundant for point targets. exceedingly lethal and light. Some open These new weapons have already begun to questions for deliberations include: demonstrate sufficient technical maturity and l What advances in surveillance and response their integration into navies is simply a matter of technologies would enable interception of time. As higher peak and average power, beam- ballistic missiles and supersonic cruise control, pointing and tracking techniques, missiles at sea? thermal management and the overall l packaging becomes feasible, DEWs will indeed How far is the Electro Magnetic Rail Gun have a disruptive impact on future platform from practical applications and how would design, scaling up power requirements, while that change warship design?

18 19 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES submarines and aircraft equipped with several l Combination of radar and communication Surveillance and Detection different radar systems. Consequently, there (RadCom) will be a selective inoperability in these radar s y s t e m s d u e t o s t r o n g i n t e r - s y s t e m Other developments of note is the possibility of Systems interferences. Interference within the same cognitive radar that relies on a perception- frequency band can be avoided if the radar action cycle in which echoic flow is the signals are properly coded and are continuously perception and steering instructions are the Space-based Intelligence, Surveillance and the long term a potential solution could be a changing for low cross-correlation, like in actions would enable a robotic vehicle to Reconnaissance (ISR) systems provide vital fleet of small satellites with what is described as communications. Therefore, the technology overcome obstacles and narrow areas. contributions to maritime safety, security of the "an Operationally Responsive Space (ORS)" requirements for simultaneous operation of sea lanes of communications, impacting launch capability on a more robust platform Passive radar, a different type of radar several radars and communication systems on regional stability by providing continuous which provides a distributed but integrated technology, takes in existing electromagnetic warship require a highly-sophisticated information for making actionable decisions in multi-sensor, multi-domain approach to ISR signals from the atmosphere to support transmission management system. advance of a developing crisis, whether data collection and analysis. imaging and tracking capabilities. Passive radar concerning natural disasters, terrorism or piracy. The development in Synthetic Aperture Radar would be less expensive to operate and is more Other airborne ISR solutions include use of high These space based systems provide data across (SAR) systems mainly manifests itself in the covert than traditional radar. altitude air platforms and airships for limited multiple sensor types, enabling continuous and utilization of refined processing techniques, coverage and therefore require to be Metamaterials (materials engineered to have intelligent information upgrades of areas or which take into account and mitigate various prepositioned and are thus vulnerable to properties that have not yet been found in activities. Satellites, which are at the core of the geometrical and system error sources. Most neutralisation by an adversary. Also, their nature) may be the next big leap in conventional system, are therefore an essential part of advanced digital hardware is used for the signal coverage compared to satellites is more limited radar technology. These enhanced materials contemporary ISR capabilities of all modern processing and noise cancelling techniques. The since they are closer to the earth's surface. would drastically reduce the size, weight, and navies and the future will only see greater main change in the instrument hardware is the incorporation of transmit/receive modules, ultimately price of radar devices and find utilisation of space based assets, particularly in As manufacturing processes and equipment which enable advanced SAR modes and applications outside their target military the maritime domain as they offer a survivable develop, it may be possible to migrate to mass techniques, but are accompanied by a number markets, such as in cars and personal drones. means of information transmission from the production of such smaller satellites, which can of disadvantages regarding complexity, cost littorals to the high seas. be launched on high power miniature boosters In addition, over the horizon backscatter (OTHB) and calibration. thereby lowering costs and making the future However, the space environment will continue radar systems would be a central element of an space-based ISR systems more competitive. These deficiencies of the current state-of-the- to be congested, contested, and competitive as extended range air and maritime surveillance Continued research in nanotechnology and art radars must be overcome in the next few the radio frequency spectrum for space architecture. An OTH radar system could define additive manufacturing will help develop new years. The potential strategies for future radar applications continues to become more the range of maritime precision strike capability. materials for computing, propulsion and system concepts will include: crowded, and as more navies get into the space Skywave OTH radar systems emit a pulse in the sensing capabilities and miniaturisation. Future business by developing their own satellites. l Intelligent signal coding, e.g. OFDM, CDMA lower part of the frequency spectrum (330MHz) miniature satellites could be flown in formation that bounces off the ionosphere to illuminate a Resultantly, space based systems would be l MIMO Radar - multiple transmit and receive with low RF signatures and be more difficult for target-either air or surface-from the top down. subject to denial, degradation, or destruction antennas adversaries to track or target while delivering which may snip the "network of networks" As a result, detection ranges for wide area a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d r e l i a b l e l Digital beamforming for a higher angular critical to modern day warfare. However, the surveillance can extend out to 1,000 to 4,000 km. communications. resolution with wide coverage without effects of adversary actions could be mitigated The drawback is the large surface area required mechanical moving parts for transmission and reception antennae. by introducing robust and redundant systems It is foreseeable that within a few years there Potentially these can be moved seaward and for which technologies have to be developed. In will be thousands of radars at sea on ships, l Array imaging, efficient systems, reduced reduce the load on land. size and cost

20 21 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES submarines and aircraft equipped with several l Combination of radar and communication Surveillance and Detection different radar systems. Consequently, there (RadCom) will be a selective inoperability in these radar s y s t e m s d u e t o s t r o n g i n t e r - s y s t e m Other developments of note is the possibility of Systems interferences. Interference within the same cognitive radar that relies on a perception- frequency band can be avoided if the radar action cycle in which echoic flow is the signals are properly coded and are continuously perception and steering instructions are the Space-based Intelligence, Surveillance and the long term a potential solution could be a changing for low cross-correlation, like in actions would enable a robotic vehicle to Reconnaissance (ISR) systems provide vital fleet of small satellites with what is described as communications. Therefore, the technology overcome obstacles and narrow areas. contributions to maritime safety, security of the "an Operationally Responsive Space (ORS)" requirements for simultaneous operation of sea lanes of communications, impacting launch capability on a more robust platform Passive radar, a different type of radar several radars and communication systems on regional stability by providing continuous which provides a distributed but integrated technology, takes in existing electromagnetic warship require a highly-sophisticated information for making actionable decisions in multi-sensor, multi-domain approach to ISR signals from the atmosphere to support transmission management system. advance of a developing crisis, whether data collection and analysis. imaging and tracking capabilities. Passive radar concerning natural disasters, terrorism or piracy. The development in Synthetic Aperture Radar would be less expensive to operate and is more Other airborne ISR solutions include use of high These space based systems provide data across (SAR) systems mainly manifests itself in the covert than traditional radar. altitude air platforms and airships for limited multiple sensor types, enabling continuous and utilization of refined processing techniques, coverage and therefore require to be Metamaterials (materials engineered to have intelligent information upgrades of areas or which take into account and mitigate various prepositioned and are thus vulnerable to properties that have not yet been found in activities. Satellites, which are at the core of the geometrical and system error sources. Most neutralisation by an adversary. Also, their nature) may be the next big leap in conventional system, are therefore an essential part of advanced digital hardware is used for the signal coverage compared to satellites is more limited radar technology. These enhanced materials contemporary ISR capabilities of all modern processing and noise cancelling techniques. The since they are closer to the earth's surface. would drastically reduce the size, weight, and navies and the future will only see greater main change in the instrument hardware is the incorporation of transmit/receive modules, ultimately price of radar devices and find utilisation of space based assets, particularly in As manufacturing processes and equipment which enable advanced SAR modes and applications outside their target military the maritime domain as they offer a survivable develop, it may be possible to migrate to mass techniques, but are accompanied by a number markets, such as in cars and personal drones. means of information transmission from the production of such smaller satellites, which can of disadvantages regarding complexity, cost littorals to the high seas. be launched on high power miniature boosters In addition, over the horizon backscatter (OTHB) and calibration. thereby lowering costs and making the future However, the space environment will continue radar systems would be a central element of an space-based ISR systems more competitive. These deficiencies of the current state-of-the- to be congested, contested, and competitive as extended range air and maritime surveillance Continued research in nanotechnology and art radars must be overcome in the next few the radio frequency spectrum for space architecture. An OTH radar system could define additive manufacturing will help develop new years. The potential strategies for future radar applications continues to become more the range of maritime precision strike capability. materials for computing, propulsion and system concepts will include: crowded, and as more navies get into the space Skywave OTH radar systems emit a pulse in the sensing capabilities and miniaturisation. Future business by developing their own satellites. l Intelligent signal coding, e.g. OFDM, CDMA lower part of the frequency spectrum (330MHz) miniature satellites could be flown in formation that bounces off the ionosphere to illuminate a Resultantly, space based systems would be l MIMO Radar - multiple transmit and receive with low RF signatures and be more difficult for target-either air or surface-from the top down. subject to denial, degradation, or destruction antennas adversaries to track or target while delivering which may snip the "network of networks" As a result, detection ranges for wide area a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d r e l i a b l e l Digital beamforming for a higher angular critical to modern day warfare. However, the surveillance can extend out to 1,000 to 4,000 km. communications. resolution with wide coverage without effects of adversary actions could be mitigated The drawback is the large surface area required mechanical moving parts for transmission and reception antennae. by introducing robust and redundant systems It is foreseeable that within a few years there Potentially these can be moved seaward and for which technologies have to be developed. In will be thousands of radars at sea on ships, l Array imaging, efficient systems, reduced reduce the load on land. size and cost

20 21 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES These new system technologies will cause a revolution in many basic concepts of Transformation in Naval Aviation Sector: electronics, particularly the huge potential that Terahertz electronics, nanotechnology, materials and computational techniques on the Challenges and Opportunities for the one hand, and miniaturisation and the development of MEM- based EM sensors and Aerospace Industry IoE on the other, will revolutionise the ISR domain, making many of today's concepts obsolete. In addition to the technical features, Aircraft technology has changed enormously decisively", which is critically dependent on Over the Horizon Backscatter Radar System | Image these will also allow cost reduction of systems, over the last century from the early Wright Flyer s i t u a t i o n a l a w a r e n e s s , e x c e l l e n t Courtesy US Naval Research Laboratory and increase the efficiency of development of flown at Kitty hawk to the supersonic SR-71 communication and coordination, rapid The other area of passive surveillance is the smart radars. Blackbird that took to the skies during modern precision strike and greater employment of rapid advances in Electro Optics and Infra Red times. The main claim of the Wright brothers was unmanned aircraft. Advancement of This session would discuss the various (EO/IR) imaging systems that permit that they were first to design and build a flying avionics technology is integral to each of technologies that may transform how ISR and continuous, stealthy and staring surveillance. craft that gave the pilot adequate control while these concepts. Advances in computing communications are conducted in the future Earlier, these systems were limited by range but in the air. The unique feature of the Wright speed, memory density, wireless networks and seek discussion on some of the following modern thermal Imaging systems today can brothers' aircraft, beginning with their 1902 and distributed computing are being driven issues:-. deliver detection at 24 Kms, identification at glider, was the ability to roll the wings right or by commercial market forces. 10km and recognition at upwards of 7 Kms l Passive radars, over the horizon backscatter left, to pitch the nose up or down, and to yaw the l Multispectral Defense - Current low- following STANAG 4347 standards. Performance radar systems and Gen 4 HF/Optical/IR are nose from side to side. This development was observable (LO) technologies rely primarily of these systems require advancements in making staring surveillance feasible. perhaps the Wrights' greatest contribution to on shaping and materials. Naval aviation can spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity of the aviation. camera on the one hand for Thermal Imaging l How would advances in signal processing, expect to encounter today and in the future, sights, and films and coating technology for transducer technology, low frequency Military aviation has adapted the advances in adversarial air platforms with varying Night Vision Image Intensifiers. EO/IR systems active systems, and synthetic aperture technology in aeronautical engineering into degrees of LO signature. Shaping and are now increasingly being used as trackers and sonar (SAS) be accommodated in future modern aircraft. The requirement to seek materials can achieve significant reductions are paired with weapons or response systems. naval programs. advances in aeronautical engineering is being in signature, but they will not be sufficient driven by the futuristic requirements of military for naval aviation in the future. The next LO In addition to revolutionary metamaterials, l Where should Indian industry invest to aviation. However, in some aspects the frontier is visual signature/movement radar technology now uses standard printed provide advance technology products to advances made in commercial aircraft detection reduction. It could possibly circuit boards and copper wire tracing for its the Navy? technology are also being adapted by military involve active systems that change colour or electronic components. By using common aviation to realuse a better airborne platform. hue, reflectivity, or emittance. Active electronic parts, this radar technology can take l What kind of fundamental research should systems would require advanced high- advantage of the existing methods of electronic be promoted in India to realise these There are many studies being undertaken speed electronics with robust sensors and circuit board repair for maintenance. products? towards incorporation of future technologies detectors, high-speed networks and into naval aviation. Such studies have identified advanced processing algorithms. several functional areas as highly relevant to naval aviation: Some of those are briefly l Unmanned Air Operations - Significant discussed below: advancements in the level of autonomy will be required to improve the effectiveness of l Avionics Technology - Naval aviation's key UAVs. Operating such vehicles from a rolling requirement is to "know quickly and act ship deck as part of a mixed bag of manned

22 23 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES These new system technologies will cause a revolution in many basic concepts of Transformation in Naval Aviation Sector: electronics, particularly the huge potential that Terahertz electronics, nanotechnology, materials and computational techniques on the Challenges and Opportunities for the one hand, and miniaturisation and the development of MEM- based EM sensors and Aerospace Industry IoE on the other, will revolutionise the ISR domain, making many of today's concepts obsolete. In addition to the technical features, Aircraft technology has changed enormously decisively", which is critically dependent on Over the Horizon Backscatter Radar System | Image these will also allow cost reduction of systems, over the last century from the early Wright Flyer s i t u a t i o n a l a w a r e n e s s , e x c e l l e n t Courtesy US Naval Research Laboratory and increase the efficiency of development of flown at Kitty hawk to the supersonic SR-71 communication and coordination, rapid The other area of passive surveillance is the smart radars. Blackbird that took to the skies during modern precision strike and greater employment of rapid advances in Electro Optics and Infra Red times. The main claim of the Wright brothers was unmanned aircraft. Advancement of This session would discuss the various (EO/IR) imaging systems that permit that they were first to design and build a flying avionics technology is integral to each of technologies that may transform how ISR and continuous, stealthy and staring surveillance. craft that gave the pilot adequate control while these concepts. Advances in computing communications are conducted in the future Earlier, these systems were limited by range but in the air. The unique feature of the Wright speed, memory density, wireless networks and seek discussion on some of the following modern thermal Imaging systems today can brothers' aircraft, beginning with their 1902 and distributed computing are being driven issues:-. deliver detection at 24 Kms, identification at glider, was the ability to roll the wings right or by commercial market forces. 10km and recognition at upwards of 7 Kms l Passive radars, over the horizon backscatter left, to pitch the nose up or down, and to yaw the l Multispectral Defense - Current low- following STANAG 4347 standards. Performance radar systems and Gen 4 HF/Optical/IR are nose from side to side. This development was observable (LO) technologies rely primarily of these systems require advancements in making staring surveillance feasible. perhaps the Wrights' greatest contribution to on shaping and materials. Naval aviation can spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity of the aviation. camera on the one hand for Thermal Imaging l How would advances in signal processing, expect to encounter today and in the future, sights, and films and coating technology for transducer technology, low frequency Military aviation has adapted the advances in adversarial air platforms with varying Night Vision Image Intensifiers. EO/IR systems active systems, and synthetic aperture technology in aeronautical engineering into degrees of LO signature. Shaping and are now increasingly being used as trackers and sonar (SAS) be accommodated in future modern aircraft. The requirement to seek materials can achieve significant reductions are paired with weapons or response systems. naval programs. advances in aeronautical engineering is being in signature, but they will not be sufficient driven by the futuristic requirements of military for naval aviation in the future. The next LO In addition to revolutionary metamaterials, l Where should Indian industry invest to aviation. However, in some aspects the frontier is visual signature/movement radar technology now uses standard printed provide advance technology products to advances made in commercial aircraft detection reduction. It could possibly circuit boards and copper wire tracing for its the Navy? technology are also being adapted by military involve active systems that change colour or electronic components. By using common aviation to realuse a better airborne platform. hue, reflectivity, or emittance. Active electronic parts, this radar technology can take l What kind of fundamental research should systems would require advanced high- advantage of the existing methods of electronic be promoted in India to realise these There are many studies being undertaken speed electronics with robust sensors and circuit board repair for maintenance. products? towards incorporation of future technologies detectors, high-speed networks and into naval aviation. Such studies have identified advanced processing algorithms. several functional areas as highly relevant to naval aviation: Some of those are briefly l Unmanned Air Operations - Significant discussed below: advancements in the level of autonomy will be required to improve the effectiveness of l Avionics Technology - Naval aviation's key UAVs. Operating such vehicles from a rolling requirement is to "know quickly and act ship deck as part of a mixed bag of manned

22 23 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES and unmanned systems is unique to naval technologies under development include :- important new advances in materials embedded rings were constructed and the aviation. Constellations of self-organizing development that promise to herald a new possibility of "perfect imaging" or super- v Digital Creep - As the performance of and self-directing UAVs with human "control generation of organic matrix composites lenses was demonstrated. With the digital chip technology continues to by exception" for automatic surveillance, are:- potential to bypass the diffraction increase exponentially, the trend in reconnaissance, targeting, and attack; self- limitations of radar antennas, so-called sensor systems is to convert the signal to v Nanotubes - Carbon nanotubes offer contained automatic carrier/ship landing perfect imaging could offer major advances digital, closer and closer to the front end the opportunity for control of strength capability with very-low-probability-of- in radar sensors, particularly for MMW of the system and produce very capable and electrical conductivity in the intercept emissions from the aircraft; and imaging from small platforms. "smart" sensors. materials used as strengthening fibre for reduced need for human involvement in organic matrix composites. Single- l Propulsion and Power - Various materials UAV operations is the technological need of v Nanotechnology - Nanotechnology walled tubes remain expensive and and component technologies are being the future. has much to offer for enhanced sensor difficult to process, although that may studied so as to achieve about 20 percent capabilities. Operating at the nano- l I n t e l l i g e n t Co m b at I n fo r m at i o n change in the near future as a result of improvement in fuel consumption and 30 to level, it is becoming possible to Management - Naval aircraft need a new many research endeavours worldwide. 35 percent improvements in thrust, range, construct many artificial materials that digital high-speed intelligent combat Multiwall tubes are already available in payload, and maintenance cost in the aero do not appear in nature and that could information management and display large quantities at reasonable prices engines. Research is being undertaken have novel and unusual mechanical, system (IMDS) that prioritizes and a n d m ay b e q u i te s u i t a b l e fo r globally towards jet engine noise reduction. electrical, or optical properties. synthesizes the volumes of information composites fabrication. Towards this, active combustion control is a

generated on board the aircraft. It would l promising research area from which several Structures and Materials - Navy aircraft v automate many of the functions and lower- Self-Healing Composites - Current do everything that land-based aircraft do valuable enabling technologies may level decisions made today by the pilot to strategies for self-healing composites but in a more hostile environment and develop. Simple and inexpensive engine enhance situational awareness and avoid are based on inclusion of microscopic under more adverse conditions, demanding designs are being studied so that costs for information overload. Research and encapsulated epoxies that are activated readiness to respond in all sea states, in all weapons deliver y systems reduces development into IP-based, high- by crack propagation and polymerize to weather conditions, and from both large substantially. bandwidth, optical aircraft intranet strengthen the material ahead of the and small ships. Deck landings, catapult structures for on-board data management moving crack tip and arrest its further l Survivability - Survivability is achieved take-off and arrested landings impose high- systems is going to greatly reduce the cost motion. This proven concept needs according to a multidisciplinary approach impact structural loads that threaten either and weight of the avionics infrastructure. further development to eliminate their involving avionics, sensors, propulsion/ fracture or low-cycle fatigue failure of current composite mechanical property power, structures and materials. These areas l landing gear and other struc tural Sensors - The key to the success of network- degradation. BAE systems is currently must be worked on collectively as an components. The environment exposes all centric war-fighting concepts in naval working on a program where a integrated product to arrive at an affordable structural components to extremes aviation is the cooperation of multiple lightweight adhesive fluid inside a and survivable design. threatening both corrosion and stress- sensors and sensor platforms and the pattern of carbon nanotubes is released assisted failures. Limited storage space leads l Core Technologies - In addition to the successful implementation of multi-sensor when damaged, to quickly 'set' mid- to design options that differ markedly from aviation technologies discussed above, fusion, exploiting the information from flight and heal any damage. This those of comparable land-based aircraft, e ff o r t s a r e b e i n g m a d e t o w a r d s multiple sensors distributed throughout the advanced use of materials would create and these design differences impose advancement of fundamental core battle space to create, in real time, a highly survivable jet or helicopter materials selection options that may differ technologies of aerodynamics and dynamic continuous and complete maritime domain capable of entering even the most radically from those for their land-based modelling and simulation. awareness. Development in technology dangerous of scenarios to complete towards sensors for multispectral defense, counterparts. As with all naval aviation, vital missions. l Advanced Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics micro UAV's, hypersonic weapon delivery affordability and supportability in a would play a substantial role in hypersonic system, and omniscient intelligence is maritime environment cannot be sacrificed l Perfect Imaging - A few years ago, artificial flight technology. Computational fluid already in progress. Few sensor related in the name of higher performance. Two materials consisting of oriented wires and

24 25 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES and unmanned systems is unique to naval technologies under development include :- important new advances in materials embedded rings were constructed and the aviation. Constellations of self-organizing development that promise to herald a new possibility of "perfect imaging" or super- v Digital Creep - As the performance of and self-directing UAVs with human "control generation of organic matrix composites lenses was demonstrated. With the digital chip technology continues to by exception" for automatic surveillance, are:- potential to bypass the diffraction increase exponentially, the trend in reconnaissance, targeting, and attack; self- limitations of radar antennas, so-called sensor systems is to convert the signal to v Nanotubes - Carbon nanotubes offer contained automatic carrier/ship landing perfect imaging could offer major advances digital, closer and closer to the front end the opportunity for control of strength capability with very-low-probability-of- in radar sensors, particularly for MMW of the system and produce very capable and electrical conductivity in the intercept emissions from the aircraft; and imaging from small platforms. "smart" sensors. materials used as strengthening fibre for reduced need for human involvement in organic matrix composites. Single- l Propulsion and Power - Various materials UAV operations is the technological need of v Nanotechnology - Nanotechnology walled tubes remain expensive and and component technologies are being the future. has much to offer for enhanced sensor difficult to process, although that may studied so as to achieve about 20 percent capabilities. Operating at the nano- l I n t e l l i g e n t Co m b at I n fo r m at i o n change in the near future as a result of improvement in fuel consumption and 30 to level, it is becoming possible to Management - Naval aircraft need a new many research endeavours worldwide. 35 percent improvements in thrust, range, construct many artificial materials that digital high-speed intelligent combat Multiwall tubes are already available in payload, and maintenance cost in the aero do not appear in nature and that could information management and display large quantities at reasonable prices engines. Research is being undertaken have novel and unusual mechanical, system (IMDS) that prioritizes and a n d m ay b e q u i te s u i t a b l e fo r globally towards jet engine noise reduction. electrical, or optical properties. synthesizes the volumes of information composites fabrication. Towards this, active combustion control is a generated on board the aircraft. It would l promising research area from which several Structures and Materials - Navy aircraft v automate many of the functions and lower- Self-Healing Composites - Current do everything that land-based aircraft do valuable enabling technologies may level decisions made today by the pilot to strategies for self-healing composites but in a more hostile environment and develop. Simple and inexpensive engine enhance situational awareness and avoid are based on inclusion of microscopic under more adverse conditions, demanding designs are being studied so that costs for information overload. Research and encapsulated epoxies that are activated readiness to respond in all sea states, in all weapons deliver y systems reduces development into IP-based, high- by crack propagation and polymerize to weather conditions, and from both large substantially. bandwidth, optical aircraft intranet strengthen the material ahead of the and small ships. Deck landings, catapult structures for on-board data management moving crack tip and arrest its further l Survivability - Survivability is achieved take-off and arrested landings impose high- systems is going to greatly reduce the cost motion. This proven concept needs according to a multidisciplinary approach impact structural loads that threaten either and weight of the avionics infrastructure. further development to eliminate their involving avionics, sensors, propulsion/ fracture or low-cycle fatigue failure of current composite mechanical property power, structures and materials. These areas l landing gear and other struc tural Sensors - The key to the success of network- degradation. BAE systems is currently must be worked on collectively as an components. The environment exposes all centric war-fighting concepts in naval working on a program where a integrated product to arrive at an affordable structural components to extremes aviation is the cooperation of multiple lightweight adhesive fluid inside a and survivable design. threatening both corrosion and stress- sensors and sensor platforms and the pattern of carbon nanotubes is released assisted failures. Limited storage space leads l Core Technologies - In addition to the successful implementation of multi-sensor when damaged, to quickly 'set' mid- to design options that differ markedly from aviation technologies discussed above, fusion, exploiting the information from flight and heal any damage. This those of comparable land-based aircraft, e ff o r t s a r e b e i n g m a d e t o w a r d s multiple sensors distributed throughout the advanced use of materials would create and these design differences impose advancement of fundamental core battle space to create, in real time, a highly survivable jet or helicopter materials selection options that may differ technologies of aerodynamics and dynamic continuous and complete maritime domain capable of entering even the most radically from those for their land-based modelling and simulation. awareness. Development in technology dangerous of scenarios to complete towards sensors for multispectral defense, counterparts. As with all naval aviation, vital missions. l Advanced Aerodynamics - Aerodynamics micro UAV's, hypersonic weapon delivery affordability and supportability in a would play a substantial role in hypersonic system, and omniscient intelligence is maritime environment cannot be sacrificed l Perfect Imaging - A few years ago, artificial flight technology. Computational fluid already in progress. Few sensor related in the name of higher performance. Two materials consisting of oriented wires and

24 25 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES dynamics (CFD) capabilities are being payload (cargo or passenger) areas in the On board 3D Printing. high per formance materials, robotics, studied in detail to handle unsteady center body portion of the aircraft. miniaturisation and digitisation have transitioning flows. Noise and vibration of BAE systems is spearheading this project. transformed airborne platforms and systems. helicopters can lead to detection by an Smaller UAVs are created by super high-tech on- Deliberations during the seminar would enemy force and also to fatigue of the board 3D printers, via additive layer hopefully address some of the future helicopter crew and structure. Development manufac turing and robotic assembly technology issues relevant to Naval aviation, as process towards capability to create designs techniques. The 3D printers respond to data fed below:- with dramatically reduced noise and to them by a remote control room where a l Airborne C4ISR using AWACS is a reality. v i b r a t i o n r e q u i r e s f u n d a m e n t a l human commander decides what should be What kind of opportunities does this sector improvements in dynamic modelling and produced. After use the UAVs could render provide for industry? simulation which is already underway. themselves useless through dissolving circuit NASA's Blended Wings Design Prototype | Image boards or they might safely land in a recoverable l Courtesy NASA What technologies must be developed to Designs of the Future position if re-use was required. confront swarms of unmanned aircraft that l Transformer. NASA is exploring the have twice the on-station time and no pilot- New concepts for lightweight and fuel efficient technology of morphing or shape-changing Discussion themes fatigue limitations? aircraft are being south on priority to increase aircraft (Transformer), taking inspiration payloads, improve thrust to weight ratios and Whilst the march of technology continues, l directly from nature. How should the Navy and industry achieve balance. Major development and management of technology in a cost and time cooperate for the future fighter aircraft research work is in progress to develop efficient manner is the crucible test. Further as requirements? advanced composite materials. Significant much as technology promises, managing high research and development is being undertaken tech quality systems especially for flight critical l The helicopter requirement for the services to map out and resolve all issues related aspects and certification and regulatory are in excess of 800 helicopters. Is there a composite materials. Apart from carbon fibre necessities is where greater synergy is required case for setting up a Mega helicopter and other composites, researchers have been between private enterprise and governments. manufacturing industry in India with looking into completely redefining the shape of Further, given the march of aviation costs and common airframe but differentiated aircraft. Few such futuristic designs include :- with Augustine's 16th law serving as an eternal payloads? reminder we would need to get our act together l Blended wing concept - NASA and its l Maritime UAVs are playing an increasingly by synchronising strategic imperatives within industry partners are investigating a dominant role in distant military operations. the cost conundrum. blended wing aircraft concept for potential NASA's X48-C Transformer Aircraft | Image What would be the demand drivers for the Courtesy NASA use as a future air transport for both civilian Naval Aviation is an integral and indispensable UAV and its payloads for industry to take and military applications. The concept is l Disc Rotor Compound Helicopter - US element of Naval Operations. Rapid advances in note of? called the blended wing body (BWB). The Defense Advanced Research Projects BWB is a hybrid shape that resembles a A g e n c y ( D A R PA ) i s f u n d i n g t h i s flying wing, but also incorporates features development. This intriguing design is a from conventional transport aircraft. This cross between a helicopter and a fixed-wing combination offers several advantages over airplane, with the helicopter blades conventional tube-and wing airframes. The extending from a disc sitting atop the BWB airframe merges efficient high-lift aircraft and letting it take off and land like a wings with a wide aerofoil-shaped body, helicopter. However, once those blades are allowing the entire aircraft to generate lift retracted into the disc, drag is minimised and minimize drag. This shape helps to and the aircraft can fly like a fixed wing increase fuel economy and creates larger aircraft, powered by engines beneath each wing.

26 27 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES dynamics (CFD) capabilities are being payload (cargo or passenger) areas in the On board 3D Printing. high per formance materials, robotics, studied in detail to handle unsteady center body portion of the aircraft. miniaturisation and digitisation have transitioning flows. Noise and vibration of BAE systems is spearheading this project. transformed airborne platforms and systems. helicopters can lead to detection by an Smaller UAVs are created by super high-tech on- Deliberations during the seminar would enemy force and also to fatigue of the board 3D printers, via additive layer hopefully address some of the future helicopter crew and structure. Development manufac turing and robotic assembly technology issues relevant to Naval aviation, as process towards capability to create designs techniques. The 3D printers respond to data fed below:- with dramatically reduced noise and to them by a remote control room where a l Airborne C4ISR using AWACS is a reality. v i b r a t i o n r e q u i r e s f u n d a m e n t a l human commander decides what should be What kind of opportunities does this sector improvements in dynamic modelling and produced. After use the UAVs could render provide for industry? simulation which is already underway. themselves useless through dissolving circuit NASA's Blended Wings Design Prototype | Image boards or they might safely land in a recoverable l Courtesy NASA What technologies must be developed to Designs of the Future position if re-use was required. confront swarms of unmanned aircraft that l Transformer. NASA is exploring the have twice the on-station time and no pilot- New concepts for lightweight and fuel efficient technology of morphing or shape-changing Discussion themes fatigue limitations? aircraft are being south on priority to increase aircraft (Transformer), taking inspiration payloads, improve thrust to weight ratios and Whilst the march of technology continues, l directly from nature. How should the Navy and industry achieve balance. Major development and management of technology in a cost and time cooperate for the future fighter aircraft research work is in progress to develop efficient manner is the crucible test. Further as requirements? advanced composite materials. Significant much as technology promises, managing high research and development is being undertaken tech quality systems especially for flight critical l The helicopter requirement for the services to map out and resolve all issues related aspects and certification and regulatory are in excess of 800 helicopters. Is there a composite materials. Apart from carbon fibre necessities is where greater synergy is required case for setting up a Mega helicopter and other composites, researchers have been between private enterprise and governments. manufacturing industry in India with looking into completely redefining the shape of Further, given the march of aviation costs and common airframe but differentiated aircraft. Few such futuristic designs include :- with Augustine's 16th law serving as an eternal payloads? reminder we would need to get our act together l Blended wing concept - NASA and its l Maritime UAVs are playing an increasingly by synchronising strategic imperatives within industry partners are investigating a dominant role in distant military operations. the cost conundrum. blended wing aircraft concept for potential NASA's X48-C Transformer Aircraft | Image What would be the demand drivers for the Courtesy NASA use as a future air transport for both civilian Naval Aviation is an integral and indispensable UAV and its payloads for industry to take and military applications. The concept is l Disc Rotor Compound Helicopter - US element of Naval Operations. Rapid advances in note of? called the blended wing body (BWB). The Defense Advanced Research Projects BWB is a hybrid shape that resembles a A g e n c y ( D A R PA ) i s f u n d i n g t h i s flying wing, but also incorporates features development. This intriguing design is a from conventional transport aircraft. This cross between a helicopter and a fixed-wing combination offers several advantages over airplane, with the helicopter blades conventional tube-and wing airframes. The extending from a disc sitting atop the BWB airframe merges efficient high-lift aircraft and letting it take off and land like a wings with a wide aerofoil-shaped body, helicopter. However, once those blades are allowing the entire aircraft to generate lift retracted into the disc, drag is minimised and minimize drag. This shape helps to and the aircraft can fly like a fixed wing increase fuel economy and creates larger aircraft, powered by engines beneath each wing.

26 27 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES deployment in a region of interest or in the Mine Countermeasures (MCM), Anti-Submarine Autonomous Vehicles (AV) for Naval vicinity of a deployed force, be utilised as a joint Warfare (ASW), Maritime Security (MS), Surface reconnaissance and surveillance platform with a Warfare (SUW), Special Operations Forces (SOF) high technology autonomous mission control Support and ELINT/SIGINT missions. In the Operations system that integrates sensor and shore future Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) information into a composite operating picture, may also be feasible. and also has a plug and play option matching Unmanned platforms will no doubt improve the Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been used in mines would place severe constraints in the payloads to missions. Present day unmanned Navy's ability to not only enhance operational maritime operations for several decades with operational flexibility of forces and un- surface vehicles are operator-controlled using capability at a much greater pace but also smart missiles, torpedoes and target drones as acceptable exposure to risk. In this sector line of sight and SATCOM data-links from shore contribute to effective response in emergencies early entrants in this sector. As robotics and technology is constantly evolving to provide or afloat stations. automation technologies evolve they have also much longer endurance, greater range of and national support tasks. Combat in the found applications in the disposal of operations and more sophisticated payloads to Current trends with personnel retention and maritime domain poses a the problems of ex p l o s i ve s / m i n e s / a n d i n ra d i o a c t i ve deliver better maritime domain awareness, platform availability indicate that in the not too neutrals, islands, offshore assets and a variety of environments, for atmospheric and undersea including sea and sub-sea domains. distant future, manned missions might craft that clutter the operational picture. encounter increasing difficulty in maintaining research, and by industry in automated and Several technologies are being developed to sufficient operational tempo for continuous robotic manufacturing. address these and other operational issues. operations at sea. Combating the effects of crew These include artificial intelligence that would The high cost and time overruns during new fatigue on long endurance, mundane or enable an unmanned vehicle to perceive and surface platform acquisitions, challenges faced repetitive tasks during missions would be respond to its changing environment. during maintenance and support of existing problematic, par ticularly where high Neuromorphic chips are being designed to manned platforms along with difficulty in crew operational tempo is to be maintained for a process information by mimicking human induction, training and availability, are all prolonged period. Here, AVs offer a distinct brain's architecture resulting in massive adding up to pose new challenges to future advantage over manned platforms by their computing and processing power. Advanced Nav y requirements. I n this contex t, unique ability to loiter in an area of interest for heuristics would generate the logical algorithms Autonomous Vehicles(AV) are making a space extended periods of time. Land and ship based supported by Big Data analytics which would for themselves to meet various operational autonomous vehicles control centres offer the permit an unmanned vehicle for example, to r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d i n t r o d u c e a n e w Zycraft's Longrunner Vigilant Class Independent opportunity to rotate platform controllers and launch itself, proceed to learn acoustic, methodology of warfare. Autonomous vehicles Unmanned Surface Vessel | Image Courtesy Zycraft analysts more readily than in the case of manned Specifically, Unmanned Surface Vehicles are magnetic or electromagnetic signatures and also provide significantly lower life cycle costs platforms. and several operational advantages. now capable of conducting operations for identify the target on its own thereby reducing detection, categorisation, localisation, Technical advantages of unmanned platforms, human intervention. Arguably, the greatest advantage the AV recognition and neutralisation of ground, particularly Surface and Sub Surface Vessels, As long as AVs are tethered to a shore/afloat unit provides a battle-space commander is the moored or floating mines. It can also be include risk reduction, longer operational its operations would be 'capability bound' by ability to operate in very high-risk areas, where deployed in anti-submarine warfare (ASW), deployments, larger coverage, stealth, lower the limits of communications pathways. Hence the probability of losing manned platforms is intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance cost of acquisition and operation than existing developments for reliable communications, be considered to be too high. Unmanned Vehicles (ISR), electronic warfare (EW), maritime security manned platforms including training, it for data, voice, or command & control offer a viable means of gaining information in and hydrography missions thus optimising components and maintenance and flexible and supported by a resilient architecture that can act circumstances where both enemy action and payload and endurance with systems and reconfigurable payloads. as a redundant pathway to multi domain environmental hazards prevent forces from equipment, minimising risks to human life and communications across space, sea and subsea entering an area of interest. In particular, the AVs can undertake a multitude of missions such significantly reducing procurement and should be closely watched. Options of Optical suspected, threatened or confirmed presence of as All Weather Asset Monitoring (AWAM), operating costs. AVs could provide the Fiber, laser communication and hardening to nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) hazards or Beyond Visual Range / Hazardous Environment / capability for long- endurance sensor make the network physically resilient to deal Sub-sea Surveillance, Search & Rescue (SAR).

28 29 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES deployment in a region of interest or in the Mine Countermeasures (MCM), Anti-Submarine Autonomous Vehicles (AV) for Naval vicinity of a deployed force, be utilised as a joint Warfare (ASW), Maritime Security (MS), Surface reconnaissance and surveillance platform with a Warfare (SUW), Special Operations Forces (SOF) high technology autonomous mission control Support and ELINT/SIGINT missions. In the Operations system that integrates sensor and shore future Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) information into a composite operating picture, may also be feasible. and also has a plug and play option matching Unmanned platforms will no doubt improve the Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been used in mines would place severe constraints in the payloads to missions. Present day unmanned Navy's ability to not only enhance operational maritime operations for several decades with operational flexibility of forces and un- surface vehicles are operator-controlled using capability at a much greater pace but also smart missiles, torpedoes and target drones as acceptable exposure to risk. In this sector line of sight and SATCOM data-links from shore contribute to effective response in emergencies early entrants in this sector. As robotics and technology is constantly evolving to provide or afloat stations. automation technologies evolve they have also much longer endurance, greater range of and national support tasks. Combat in the found applications in the disposal of operations and more sophisticated payloads to Current trends with personnel retention and maritime domain poses a the problems of ex p l o s i ve s / m i n e s / a n d i n ra d i o a c t i ve deliver better maritime domain awareness, platform availability indicate that in the not too neutrals, islands, offshore assets and a variety of environments, for atmospheric and undersea including sea and sub-sea domains. distant future, manned missions might craft that clutter the operational picture. encounter increasing difficulty in maintaining research, and by industry in automated and Several technologies are being developed to sufficient operational tempo for continuous robotic manufacturing. address these and other operational issues. operations at sea. Combating the effects of crew These include artificial intelligence that would The high cost and time overruns during new fatigue on long endurance, mundane or enable an unmanned vehicle to perceive and surface platform acquisitions, challenges faced repetitive tasks during missions would be respond to its changing environment. during maintenance and support of existing problematic, par ticularly where high Neuromorphic chips are being designed to manned platforms along with difficulty in crew operational tempo is to be maintained for a process information by mimicking human induction, training and availability, are all prolonged period. Here, AVs offer a distinct brain's architecture resulting in massive adding up to pose new challenges to future advantage over manned platforms by their computing and processing power. Advanced Nav y requirements. I n this contex t, unique ability to loiter in an area of interest for heuristics would generate the logical algorithms Autonomous Vehicles(AV) are making a space extended periods of time. Land and ship based supported by Big Data analytics which would for themselves to meet various operational autonomous vehicles control centres offer the permit an unmanned vehicle for example, to r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d i n t r o d u c e a n e w Zycraft's Longrunner Vigilant Class Independent opportunity to rotate platform controllers and launch itself, proceed to learn acoustic, methodology of warfare. Autonomous vehicles Unmanned Surface Vessel | Image Courtesy Zycraft analysts more readily than in the case of manned Specifically, Unmanned Surface Vehicles are magnetic or electromagnetic signatures and also provide significantly lower life cycle costs platforms. and several operational advantages. now capable of conducting operations for identify the target on its own thereby reducing detection, categorisation, localisation, Technical advantages of unmanned platforms, human intervention. Arguably, the greatest advantage the AV recognition and neutralisation of ground, particularly Surface and Sub Surface Vessels, As long as AVs are tethered to a shore/afloat unit provides a battle-space commander is the moored or floating mines. It can also be include risk reduction, longer operational its operations would be 'capability bound' by ability to operate in very high-risk areas, where deployed in anti-submarine warfare (ASW), deployments, larger coverage, stealth, lower the limits of communications pathways. Hence the probability of losing manned platforms is intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance cost of acquisition and operation than existing developments for reliable communications, be considered to be too high. Unmanned Vehicles (ISR), electronic warfare (EW), maritime security manned platforms including training, it for data, voice, or command & control offer a viable means of gaining information in and hydrography missions thus optimising components and maintenance and flexible and supported by a resilient architecture that can act circumstances where both enemy action and payload and endurance with systems and reconfigurable payloads. as a redundant pathway to multi domain environmental hazards prevent forces from equipment, minimising risks to human life and communications across space, sea and subsea entering an area of interest. In particular, the AVs can undertake a multitude of missions such significantly reducing procurement and should be closely watched. Options of Optical suspected, threatened or confirmed presence of as All Weather Asset Monitoring (AWAM), operating costs. AVs could provide the Fiber, laser communication and hardening to nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) hazards or Beyond Visual Range / Hazardous Environment / capability for long- endurance sensor make the network physically resilient to deal Sub-sea Surveillance, Search & Rescue (SAR).

28 29 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES with High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse l What kind of roles and missions such as (HEMP) would also add to the capabilities of AVs. VBSS/amphibious operations become Disruptive Technologies and Naval feasible with unmanned FICs and Autonomous vehicles will soon introduce a autonomous larger surface craft, especially tectonic paradigm shift in maritime operations when IoE becomes a reality? Operations ranging from force structure and composition, deployments patterns and the HR base that l In the undersea domain, how would would require new skills, new designs of increasing sophistication of ROVs make weapons, new systems of controller - UV existing mine detection and mine laying “The Indian Navy will opt for 'leapfrogging technologies', to ensure that a high percentage of communications etc. platforms obsolete? assets with contemporary equipment remains capable of combating emerging threats. This will be pursued by encouraging building of partnerships with suitable organizations, both Rapid advances in robotics, automation, l Is there a case for manufacture of airborne national and foreign, and supporting focused investments in R&D of new technologies….” miniaturisation, digitisation and secure targets if computer generated simulated Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy communications combined with optronics, RF targets are able to replicate the 'real' and communications technologies have made experience? Clayton M. Christensen, erstwhile Professor at On the other hand, a disruptive technology safe autonomous vehicles a reality. Surface and l UAVs can be launched from missile type the Harvard Business School is credited with changes the dynamics of competition in ways Sub-Surface autonomous vehicles are also canisters from submarines. Would future coining the term disruptive technology. that are revolutionar y, profound and already in operation. The Seminar intends to Indian submarines include such capability? Christensen separates new technology into two unexpected. They radically alter: address the following : categories: sustaining and disruptive. l Sustaining technology relies on incremental Doctrine of warfighting and the conduct of improvements to an already established war technology. A sustaining technology's l Skills, Capabilities and Capacities of evolutionary development only reinforces Combatants existing patterns of competition/industrial capabilities. Some of the empirical principles l Impact the National Defence Industrial that govern the development of evolved Complex products rely on: l Change the strategic balance between l Moore's Law - Chip performance doubles nations every 18 months Some examples from the turbulent last hundred l Butter's Law - Data Outputs from OFC years include the advent of the railroad which doubles every 9 months made the wagon industry obsolete and steam ships which made sailmakers obsolete but l Koomey's Law - Number of computations created new applications for the steel industry, per joule of energy dissipated doubles every guns and canon which impacted the sword and 18 months (smaller batteries deliver higher shield business and more recently sensors and performance computations) communications systems which have made the visual and radio telephony companies evolve or l Zimmermann's Law - The natural flow of go out of business. As the world stands at the technology tends to move in the direction of threshold of the fourth industrial revolution, it is making surveillance easier, and the ability of a basket of disruptive technologies that will computers to track doubles every 18 impact naval operations and its requirements months

30 31 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES with High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse l What kind of roles and missions such as (HEMP) would also add to the capabilities of AVs. VBSS/amphibious operations become Disruptive Technologies and Naval feasible with unmanned FICs and Autonomous vehicles will soon introduce a autonomous larger surface craft, especially tectonic paradigm shift in maritime operations when IoE becomes a reality? Operations ranging from force structure and composition, deployments patterns and the HR base that l In the undersea domain, how would would require new skills, new designs of increasing sophistication of ROVs make weapons, new systems of controller - UV existing mine detection and mine laying “The Indian Navy will opt for 'leapfrogging technologies', to ensure that a high percentage of communications etc. platforms obsolete? assets with contemporary equipment remains capable of combating emerging threats. This will be pursued by encouraging building of partnerships with suitable organizations, both Rapid advances in robotics, automation, l Is there a case for manufacture of airborne national and foreign, and supporting focused investments in R&D of new technologies….” miniaturisation, digitisation and secure targets if computer generated simulated Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy communications combined with optronics, RF targets are able to replicate the 'real' and communications technologies have made experience? Clayton M. Christensen, erstwhile Professor at On the other hand, a disruptive technology safe autonomous vehicles a reality. Surface and l UAVs can be launched from missile type the Harvard Business School is credited with changes the dynamics of competition in ways Sub-Surface autonomous vehicles are also canisters from submarines. Would future coining the term disruptive technology. that are revolutionar y, profound and already in operation. The Seminar intends to Indian submarines include such capability? Christensen separates new technology into two unexpected. They radically alter: address the following : categories: sustaining and disruptive. l Sustaining technology relies on incremental Doctrine of warfighting and the conduct of improvements to an already established war technology. A sustaining technology's l Skills, Capabilities and Capacities of evolutionary development only reinforces Combatants existing patterns of competition/industrial capabilities. Some of the empirical principles l Impact the National Defence Industrial that govern the development of evolved Complex products rely on: l Change the strategic balance between l Moore's Law - Chip performance doubles nations every 18 months Some examples from the turbulent last hundred l Butter's Law - Data Outputs from OFC years include the advent of the railroad which doubles every 9 months made the wagon industry obsolete and steam ships which made sailmakers obsolete but l Koomey's Law - Number of computations created new applications for the steel industry, per joule of energy dissipated doubles every guns and canon which impacted the sword and 18 months (smaller batteries deliver higher shield business and more recently sensors and performance computations) communications systems which have made the visual and radio telephony companies evolve or l Zimmermann's Law - The natural flow of go out of business. As the world stands at the technology tends to move in the direction of threshold of the fourth industrial revolution, it is making surveillance easier, and the ability of a basket of disruptive technologies that will computers to track doubles every 18 impact naval operations and its requirements months

30 31 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES for machinery, weapons, equipment, sensors backed on Big Data analytics and ultra-high way navies have looked at maintenance and healing metamaterials supported with very and communications, which would not permit speed computer processing to transmission logistics to support fleets at sea. New materials large density energy storage systems, IoE and companies doing 'more of the same' to remain technologies that are driven by advances in such as carbon nano-tubes and graphene may additive manufacturing, which may together in business. materials, automation, artificial intelligence introduce concepts of an integrated hull that sustain the concept of war but will surely disrupt amongst others. has data/power cables embedded in it with its conduct. Today the era of industrial navies is over, and the infinite redundancy. time has come for a new kind of Navy. The new The introduction of Artificial Intelligence, Big During the discussions in this session the age Navy would call for a host of new disruptive Data, Robotics, and Internet of Things warfare A third basket of disruptive technologies is the following themes would be explored. capabilities combining remote sensing and systems are moving towards cognitive autonomous-vehicle space. It is probably the l What are the advances in Meta-materials stand-off capability with precision-guided computing and machine assisted decision one thing that will transfer risk from soldiers in that will impact Naval design? missiles, unmanned vehicles and networked making. These will dramatically change the hazardous operations to machines, thus systems to achieve theatre dominance. It would fundamentally redefining the art of the possible Combat Management System architecture as l How would IoE and cloud computing draw attention to technologies that shift from a in future combat operations that are not limited we know it, the sensor shooter interfaces, the transform the design of CMS? kinetic energy based ammunition and theatre- network of networks that may introduce cloud by the prospect of casualties. Commanders centric model to a directed energy weapons- computing and remote storage, the Internet of unburdened from losing their men, can l 3D printing drastically changes the required based network-centric model supported by Things and the futuristic Internet of Everything completely re-envision battle plans, logistics logistical chain for both ground and naval surveillance and detection systems. The ability into a distributive yet concentrated force and transportation models by exploiting drone- forces and disrupts logistics and the entire to use long-range sensors and precision-strike application and structure. The paradigm shift launched weapons or loitering missiles. So, it is supply system, the HR base and the navy's capabilities will rise exponentially as the maybe that there would not be a command and possible to imagine autonomous mine hunters, relationship with industry. What options maritime battle-space undergoes a veritable control system as the user interface but a surface craft, fleet of drones and underwater become available to the Fleet with on board spatial expansion and a temporal compression, 'buddy' system where the ultimate model is that vehicles sailing in harm's way in a predictable additive manufacturing facilities? imposing sharp restrictions on the freedom of the computer does complicated, analytical way and at least risk, thus opening up options of l How would energy generation and storage manoeuvre of navies in general and their problems with perfect memory and the non-contact warfare, creating war winning systems impact Naval design? support systems, whether in space or cyber in operator does the judgmental and decision asymmetries in asset risk and operational specific. rewards. All these technologies will make many making. The relationship is symbiotic where the l Do we see robotics and AI replacing existing solutions to warfighting obsolete and system makes suggestions but ultimately the personnel on platforms? Disruptive technologies can be classified in fundamental suppositions may need to be several ways. But for this seminar keeping its operator remains in charge. This transformation revisited as autonomous systems may become To build future war-fighting capabilities, the key context in focus the following classification of to a data-driven decision making process the long-term force-structure solution. for the Indian Navy will be to acquire and master disruptive technologies may be useful. combines AI with analytics and cloud disruptive technologies and for the industry to computing, and will lead away from a reactive For the discussion at hand the final basket of understand the kind of investments that would Foremost is the technology that drives diagnostic analysis to the proactive predictive disruptive technologies are in the field of need to be made for the future, such that MRO, information which is a critical element in space of real time decision-making working on Robotics, Automation and Miniaturisation and upgrades and life extension facilities continue to designing the battle space and the conduct of real time data. Energy generation and storage systems. As support legacy equipment whilst disruptive war itself. From look outs with a geospatial Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, flexible A second basket of disruptive technologies that technologies are incubated for preparing the imprint of a few miles and temporal imprint of multi-layered Printed Circuit Boards, will reconfigure future forces is materials. A new industrial base to support the future Navy. several hours, new technologies have expanded computation - big data and compression, signal the horizon to virtually the whole earth and set of ultra-powerful, ultralight, ultra- processing - noise suppression and data l Robotics, Automation and Miniaturisation conductive materials can now be manufactured compressed the temporal to a few seconds that extraction, autonomous navigation and secure at scale. These include meta materials, exotic can mean the difference between defeat and communications, artificial intelligence, multi- l Meta Materials and Nano Technology alloys and composites. With the arrival of three- victory. The entire OODA loop has transformed spectral data fusion, representation and dimensional printing (3D Printing), it could l Quantum Computing, Mobile Internet, and to a real time full feedback loop giving the intelligent cues, miniaturization and self- decision maker access to all of the world's potentially build spares to systems with new Big Data Analytics information. These disruptions have taken place materials at sea and these in turn will impact the

32 33 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES for machinery, weapons, equipment, sensors backed on Big Data analytics and ultra-high way navies have looked at maintenance and healing metamaterials supported with very and communications, which would not permit speed computer processing to transmission logistics to support fleets at sea. New materials large density energy storage systems, IoE and companies doing 'more of the same' to remain technologies that are driven by advances in such as carbon nano-tubes and graphene may additive manufacturing, which may together in business. materials, automation, artificial intelligence introduce concepts of an integrated hull that sustain the concept of war but will surely disrupt amongst others. has data/power cables embedded in it with its conduct. Today the era of industrial navies is over, and the infinite redundancy. time has come for a new kind of Navy. The new The introduction of Artificial Intelligence, Big During the discussions in this session the age Navy would call for a host of new disruptive Data, Robotics, and Internet of Things warfare A third basket of disruptive technologies is the following themes would be explored. capabilities combining remote sensing and systems are moving towards cognitive autonomous-vehicle space. It is probably the l What are the advances in Meta-materials stand-off capability with precision-guided computing and machine assisted decision one thing that will transfer risk from soldiers in that will impact Naval design? missiles, unmanned vehicles and networked making. These will dramatically change the hazardous operations to machines, thus systems to achieve theatre dominance. It would fundamentally redefining the art of the possible Combat Management System architecture as l How would IoE and cloud computing draw attention to technologies that shift from a in future combat operations that are not limited we know it, the sensor shooter interfaces, the transform the design of CMS? kinetic energy based ammunition and theatre- network of networks that may introduce cloud by the prospect of casualties. Commanders centric model to a directed energy weapons- computing and remote storage, the Internet of unburdened from losing their men, can l 3D printing drastically changes the required based network-centric model supported by Things and the futuristic Internet of Everything completely re-envision battle plans, logistics logistical chain for both ground and naval surveillance and detection systems. The ability into a distributive yet concentrated force and transportation models by exploiting drone- forces and disrupts logistics and the entire to use long-range sensors and precision-strike application and structure. The paradigm shift launched weapons or loitering missiles. So, it is supply system, the HR base and the navy's capabilities will rise exponentially as the maybe that there would not be a command and possible to imagine autonomous mine hunters, relationship with industry. What options maritime battle-space undergoes a veritable control system as the user interface but a surface craft, fleet of drones and underwater become available to the Fleet with on board spatial expansion and a temporal compression, 'buddy' system where the ultimate model is that vehicles sailing in harm's way in a predictable additive manufacturing facilities? imposing sharp restrictions on the freedom of the computer does complicated, analytical way and at least risk, thus opening up options of l How would energy generation and storage manoeuvre of navies in general and their problems with perfect memory and the non-contact warfare, creating war winning systems impact Naval design? support systems, whether in space or cyber in operator does the judgmental and decision asymmetries in asset risk and operational specific. rewards. All these technologies will make many making. The relationship is symbiotic where the l Do we see robotics and AI replacing existing solutions to warfighting obsolete and system makes suggestions but ultimately the personnel on platforms? Disruptive technologies can be classified in fundamental suppositions may need to be several ways. But for this seminar keeping its operator remains in charge. This transformation revisited as autonomous systems may become To build future war-fighting capabilities, the key context in focus the following classification of to a data-driven decision making process the long-term force-structure solution. for the Indian Navy will be to acquire and master disruptive technologies may be useful. combines AI with analytics and cloud disruptive technologies and for the industry to computing, and will lead away from a reactive For the discussion at hand the final basket of understand the kind of investments that would Foremost is the technology that drives diagnostic analysis to the proactive predictive disruptive technologies are in the field of need to be made for the future, such that MRO, information which is a critical element in space of real time decision-making working on Robotics, Automation and Miniaturisation and upgrades and life extension facilities continue to designing the battle space and the conduct of real time data. Energy generation and storage systems. As support legacy equipment whilst disruptive war itself. From look outs with a geospatial Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, flexible A second basket of disruptive technologies that technologies are incubated for preparing the imprint of a few miles and temporal imprint of multi-layered Printed Circuit Boards, will reconfigure future forces is materials. A new industrial base to support the future Navy. several hours, new technologies have expanded computation - big data and compression, signal the horizon to virtually the whole earth and set of ultra-powerful, ultralight, ultra- processing - noise suppression and data l Robotics, Automation and Miniaturisation conductive materials can now be manufactured compressed the temporal to a few seconds that extraction, autonomous navigation and secure at scale. These include meta materials, exotic can mean the difference between defeat and communications, artificial intelligence, multi- l Meta Materials and Nano Technology alloys and composites. With the arrival of three- victory. The entire OODA loop has transformed spectral data fusion, representation and dimensional printing (3D Printing), it could l Quantum Computing, Mobile Internet, and to a real time full feedback loop giving the intelligent cues, miniaturization and self- decision maker access to all of the world's potentially build spares to systems with new Big Data Analytics information. These disruptions have taken place materials at sea and these in turn will impact the

32 33 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES l I nter net of Ever ything and Cloud l Flying Wing and Disc Rotors in aviation; Computing super cavitation in subsurface applications l Energy Storage and dissemination devices l Advanced Fuzes, Propellants and Warheads: for platforms DEW l NG Nuclear Fission and Rotation Detonation l Many More, that would change the way Engines Navies equip and fight in the future l Additive Manufacturing and Distributive Production

SESSION CHAIRMAN PROFILES

34 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES l I nter net of Ever ything and Cloud l Flying Wing and Disc Rotors in aviation; Computing super cavitation in subsurface applications l Energy Storage and dissemination devices l Advanced Fuzes, Propellants and Warheads: for platforms DEW l NG Nuclear Fission and Rotation Detonation l Many More, that would change the way Engines Navies equip and fight in the future l Additive Manufacturing and Distributive Production

SESSION CHAIRMAN PROFILES

34 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Plenary 1 Chairman: VAdm NN Kumar PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd) Session 1 Chairman: VAdm Anil Chopra PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd)

Vice Admiral NN Kumar was commissioned on 1st April 1974, and did his Post Graduation from IIT Vice Admiral Anil Chopra has the unique distinction of having been the Commander-in-Chief of both Delhi in Radar & Communication and trained in Italy for CAIO. The Officer has held various the operational commands of the Navy - that is the Western Naval Command and the Eastern Naval appointments at Sea and in Repair & Training Organizations, including appointment as Deputy Command - as well as the Chief of the Indian Coast Guard for three critical years after the Mumbai General Manager (Weapons) and Commanding Officer INS Valsura. He has held the appointment of terror attacks in 2008. He has also commandedthe aircraft carrier INS Viraat, the destroyer INS Rajput, Director General Weapons and Electronics Systems Engineering Establishment (WESEE) and Admiral and the missile corvette INS Kuthar. Superintendent, Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. As Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Policy and Plans), and earlier as Principal Director Naval Plans, he was In the rank of Vice Admiral he was appointed Controller Warship Production and Acquisition and Chief extensively associated with the Navy's Long-Term Force Structure, Perspective and Financial of Material. The officer retired from service on 31 March 2014. Presently he is holding the post of Planning. As member of the apex Defence Acquisition Council for three years, he was involved with Executive Director (Production) in BrahMos Aerospace. the ongoing evolution of the Defence Procurement Procedure. Admiral Chopra retired in 2015, after forty years of distinguished service. The Admiral has been awarded Vishisht Seva Medal in 2000, AVSM in 2008 and PVSM in 2014, and is an alumnus of the National Defence College. Admiral Chopra is a Distinguished Fellow at both the Vivekananda International Foundation in New Delhi, and the Gateway House, Mumbai - two of India's leading think-tanks. He has also been recently Email: nadellan_n@rediffmail.com elected to the Governing Council of the United Services Institution, New Delhi, India's oldest think- tank. In pursuit of his strategic and geopolitical interests, Admiral Chopra has been writing and speaking extensively both in India and abroad. In May 2016, Admiral Chopra was appointed to an Expert Committee appointed by the Ministry of Defence to examine measures to enhance the combat capability of the Indian Armed Forces, and to advise on optimum utilisation of the defence budget. In February 2017, Admiral Chopra was appointed to the National Security Advisory Board to the National Security Council, Government of India.

Email: [email protected]

36 37 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Plenary 1 Chairman: VAdm NN Kumar PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd) Session 1 Chairman: VAdm Anil Chopra PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd)

Vice Admiral NN Kumar was commissioned on 1st April 1974, and did his Post Graduation from IIT Vice Admiral Anil Chopra has the unique distinction of having been the Commander-in-Chief of both Delhi in Radar & Communication and trained in Italy for CAIO. The Officer has held various the operational commands of the Navy - that is the Western Naval Command and the Eastern Naval appointments at Sea and in Repair & Training Organizations, including appointment as Deputy Command - as well as the Chief of the Indian Coast Guard for three critical years after the Mumbai General Manager (Weapons) and Commanding Officer INS Valsura. He has held the appointment of terror attacks in 2008. He has also commandedthe aircraft carrier INS Viraat, the destroyer INS Rajput, Director General Weapons and Electronics Systems Engineering Establishment (WESEE) and Admiral and the missile corvette INS Kuthar. Superintendent, Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. As Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Policy and Plans), and earlier as Principal Director Naval Plans, he was In the rank of Vice Admiral he was appointed Controller Warship Production and Acquisition and Chief extensively associated with the Navy's Long-Term Force Structure, Perspective and Financial of Material. The officer retired from service on 31 March 2014. Presently he is holding the post of Planning. As member of the apex Defence Acquisition Council for three years, he was involved with Executive Director (Production) in BrahMos Aerospace. the ongoing evolution of the Defence Procurement Procedure. Admiral Chopra retired in 2015, after forty years of distinguished service. The Admiral has been awarded Vishisht Seva Medal in 2000, AVSM in 2008 and PVSM in 2014, and is an alumnus of the National Defence College. Admiral Chopra is a Distinguished Fellow at both the Vivekananda International Foundation in New Delhi, and the Gateway House, Mumbai - two of India's leading think-tanks. He has also been recently Email: nadellan_n@rediffmail.com elected to the Governing Council of the United Services Institution, New Delhi, India's oldest think- tank. In pursuit of his strategic and geopolitical interests, Admiral Chopra has been writing and speaking extensively both in India and abroad. In May 2016, Admiral Chopra was appointed to an Expert Committee appointed by the Ministry of Defence to examine measures to enhance the combat capability of the Indian Armed Forces, and to advise on optimum utilisation of the defence budget. In February 2017, Admiral Chopra was appointed to the National Security Advisory Board to the National Security Council, Government of India.

Email: [email protected]

36 37 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Currently he is an Executive Council Member of the IDSA (Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis). He is a visiting faculty to the Indian Naval War College at Goa, and is actively involved in conducting and establishing their new PhD program in affiliation with the Mumbai University. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Geopolitics in Manipal University. The Air Marshal is a recipient of Presidential awards - AVSM (Ati Visisht Seva Medal) and VM (Vayu Sena Medal).

Email: [email protected]

Session 2 Chairman: Air Marshal M Matheswaran AVSM, VM, PhD (Retd)

Air Marshal M Matheswaran AVSM VM PhD (Indian Air Force Veteran)

Air Marshal M Matheswaran, a fighter pilot, retired after 39 years of active service in the Indian Air Force. In his last appointment, he was the Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (DCIDS - PP&FD) at HQ IDS in the Ministry of Defence from May 2012 until his retirement in March 2014. As DCIDS - PP & FD, he handled critical issues of 'Policy, Plans, and Force Structure' of the three Services and was involved in Acquisition Policies, Process, Technology Management, Defence Industry, and LTIPP (Long -Term Integrated Perspective Plans).

As an operational fighter pilot he has flown a variety of fighter aircraft in his career. He commanded a Jaguar fighter-strike squadron. Later he went on to command India's prestigious flight test centre - ASTE (Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment). He is also an alumni of the Indian Air Force's Fighter Weapons School, called TACDE (Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment), and was its Deputy Commandant. His experience in combining Flight Testing and Operational Tactics allowed him to play significant role in aerospace research and development projects, and acquisition processes for the Air Force and the MOD.

As a very experienced fighter pilot and Test Pilot, the Air Marshal has had extensive experience in dealing with Defence Strategy, Research & Development, Space Strategy, Electronic and Information Warfare. He has pursued keen interest in academics' research in National Security and Strategic Studies. He holds a PhD in 'Defence & Strategic Studies' from the University of Madras, a Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Management, and a Senior Fellowship in International and National Security from Harvard University's John F Kennedy School of Governance. He is an alumni of the National Defence College, New Delhi.

Post retirement, he advised Chairman, Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd for a year at Bangalore, before moving as President, Aerospace Business with Reliance Group at Mumbai for almost a year. He then decided to move to Chennai and function independently as Strategic Analyst and Consultant. In this format, he is currently a Senior Advisor to the Chairman, CYIENT (HQ at Hyderabad). He also advises aerospace and defence start-ups in Bangalore. Since the last two years he has continued as Senior Advisor to 'Aerospace and Defence Task Group' of FICCI (Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry). He is a life member of the Aeronautical Society of India.

38 39 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Currently he is an Executive Council Member of the IDSA (Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis). He is a visiting faculty to the Indian Naval War College at Goa, and is actively involved in conducting and establishing their new PhD program in affiliation with the Mumbai University. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Geopolitics in Manipal University. The Air Marshal is a recipient of Presidential awards - AVSM (Ati Visisht Seva Medal) and VM (Vayu Sena Medal).

Email: [email protected]

Session 2 Chairman: Air Marshal M Matheswaran AVSM, VM, PhD (Retd)

Air Marshal M Matheswaran AVSM VM PhD (Indian Air Force Veteran)

Air Marshal M Matheswaran, a fighter pilot, retired after 39 years of active service in the Indian Air Force. In his last appointment, he was the Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (DCIDS - PP&FD) at HQ IDS in the Ministry of Defence from May 2012 until his retirement in March 2014. As DCIDS - PP & FD, he handled critical issues of 'Policy, Plans, and Force Structure' of the three Services and was involved in Acquisition Policies, Process, Technology Management, Defence Industry, and LTIPP (Long -Term Integrated Perspective Plans).

As an operational fighter pilot he has flown a variety of fighter aircraft in his career. He commanded a Jaguar fighter-strike squadron. Later he went on to command India's prestigious flight test centre - ASTE (Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment). He is also an alumni of the Indian Air Force's Fighter Weapons School, called TACDE (Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment), and was its Deputy Commandant. His experience in combining Flight Testing and Operational Tactics allowed him to play significant role in aerospace research and development projects, and acquisition processes for the Air Force and the MOD.

As a very experienced fighter pilot and Test Pilot, the Air Marshal has had extensive experience in dealing with Defence Strategy, Research & Development, Space Strategy, Electronic and Information Warfare. He has pursued keen interest in academics' research in National Security and Strategic Studies. He holds a PhD in 'Defence & Strategic Studies' from the University of Madras, a Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Management, and a Senior Fellowship in International and National Security from Harvard University's John F Kennedy School of Governance. He is an alumni of the National Defence College, New Delhi.

Post retirement, he advised Chairman, Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd for a year at Bangalore, before moving as President, Aerospace Business with Reliance Group at Mumbai for almost a year. He then decided to move to Chennai and function independently as Strategic Analyst and Consultant. In this format, he is currently a Senior Advisor to the Chairman, CYIENT (HQ at Hyderabad). He also advises aerospace and defence start-ups in Bangalore. Since the last two years he has continued as Senior Advisor to 'Aerospace and Defence Task Group' of FICCI (Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry). He is a life member of the Aeronautical Society of India.

38 39 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Session 3 Chairman: VAdm BS Randhawa PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd) Session 4 Chairman: RAdm Sudarshan Y. Shrikhande AVSM (Retd)

Vice Admiral BS Randhawa retired in Dec 2008 from the post of the Chief of Materiel after 40 years of RAdm Sudarshan Shrikhande, commissioned July 1980; served in several ships before specialising in service in the Indian Navy. He is a marine engineer by specialisation, with post graduate qualifications ASW & Sonar Weapon Engineering from the Soviet Naval War College (1985-88). Thereupon, he was from the UK, and also holds an MBA from Delhi University. He is an alumnus of the National Defence ASWO & Ops officer in INS Ranvir for four years. He has been EXO INS Delhi, commanded IN ships Academy, College of Naval Warfare and the National Defence College. His other senior appointments Nishank, Kora and Rajput. Appointments ashore include ASW School, War Room Delhi, Director included Controller Warship Production and Acquisition, Project Director in the indigenous nuclear INTEG (Navy's tactical evaluation group) and as Defence Adviser (2005-08) in Australia, Fiji, Papua submarine programme, Admiral Superintendent of Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam and Director, New Guinea, NZ and Tonga. Defence Machinery Design Establishment, Secunderabad. A 1995 graduate of the Staff College, winning the Scudder Medal; Naval Higher Command Course in He is currently the Principal Defence Advisor to the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS) which is the Mumbai (2002); the US Naval War College (2003) graduating with highest distinction while winning 'national' ship classification society of India. He has been at the forefront of several initiatives aimed at the Robert Bateman & Jerome E Levy individual first prizes and James Forrestal seminar prize. As a flag increasing the range and quality of services provided by IRS to the Indian Navy and Indian Coast officer, he has been ACNS (Intel & Foreign Cooperation (2009-10); Chief of Staff/ SNC (2010-2012); Guard. He is a long standing Fellow of professional institutions and writes on various aspects of Naval ACIDS (Fin Plg)/HQIDS2012-14); CSO/ Strategic Forces Command (2014-15). As Flag Officer Doctrines technology in professional journals. & Concepts for the IN since Nov 2015, he requested and retired early on 10 July 2016. He has an MSC (Weapon & Sonar Engineering); Msc (Defence Studies); MPhil (Mumbai University) and is currently Email : [email protected] pursuing a PhD (Mumbai University). Throughout his career, he has contributed service papers, articles and has taken modules on Strategy, Op Art, Ethics, RMA at the Naval War College, Staff College, CAW, INA, etc.

Email : [email protected]

40 41 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Session 3 Chairman: VAdm BS Randhawa PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd) Session 4 Chairman: RAdm Sudarshan Y. Shrikhande AVSM (Retd)

Vice Admiral BS Randhawa retired in Dec 2008 from the post of the Chief of Materiel after 40 years of RAdm Sudarshan Shrikhande, commissioned July 1980; served in several ships before specialising in service in the Indian Navy. He is a marine engineer by specialisation, with post graduate qualifications ASW & Sonar Weapon Engineering from the Soviet Naval War College (1985-88). Thereupon, he was from the UK, and also holds an MBA from Delhi University. He is an alumnus of the National Defence ASWO & Ops officer in INS Ranvir for four years. He has been EXO INS Delhi, commanded IN ships Academy, College of Naval Warfare and the National Defence College. His other senior appointments Nishank, Kora and Rajput. Appointments ashore include ASW School, War Room Delhi, Director included Controller Warship Production and Acquisition, Project Director in the indigenous nuclear INTEG (Navy's tactical evaluation group) and as Defence Adviser (2005-08) in Australia, Fiji, Papua submarine programme, Admiral Superintendent of Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam and Director, New Guinea, NZ and Tonga. Defence Machinery Design Establishment, Secunderabad. A 1995 graduate of the Staff College, winning the Scudder Medal; Naval Higher Command Course in He is currently the Principal Defence Advisor to the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS) which is the Mumbai (2002); the US Naval War College (2003) graduating with highest distinction while winning 'national' ship classification society of India. He has been at the forefront of several initiatives aimed at the Robert Bateman & Jerome E Levy individual first prizes and James Forrestal seminar prize. As a flag increasing the range and quality of services provided by IRS to the Indian Navy and Indian Coast officer, he has been ACNS (Intel & Foreign Cooperation (2009-10); Chief of Staff/ SNC (2010-2012); Guard. He is a long standing Fellow of professional institutions and writes on various aspects of Naval ACIDS (Fin Plg)/HQIDS2012-14); CSO/ Strategic Forces Command (2014-15). As Flag Officer Doctrines technology in professional journals. & Concepts for the IN since Nov 2015, he requested and retired early on 10 July 2016. He has an MSC (Weapon & Sonar Engineering); Msc (Defence Studies); MPhil (Mumbai University) and is currently Email : [email protected] pursuing a PhD (Mumbai University). Throughout his career, he has contributed service papers, articles and has taken modules on Strategy, Op Art, Ethics, RMA at the Naval War College, Staff College, CAW, INA, etc.

Email : [email protected]

40 41 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Session 5 Chairman: VAdm Ramakant Pattanaik PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd) Session 6 Chairman : RAdm Sudhir Pillai, NM Chief Instructor, DSSC Wellington, Indian Navy Having graduated from the National Defence Academy, he was commissioned into the Indian Navy as A Graduate of the National Defence Academy, Rear Admiral Sudhir Pillai was commissioned into the an Executive Officer on 1st January1978. He retired in October 2015 as the Deputy Chief of the Naval Indian Navy's Executive Branch in Jul 1980. Having specialised as a Naval Aviator, he would gain fully Staff . Has been awarded with the prestigious Yudh Seva Medal, Ati Vishist Seva Medal and Param operational status on the Sea-king and Chetak helicopters operating from Indian Naval aircraft Vishist Seva Medal by the Hon'ble President of India and also twiv e received the Chief of the Naval carriers and smaller decks. His aviation assignments include the command of the Marine Commando Staff Commendations. Flight, Commander Air and Commanding Officer of the Naval Air Station INS Garuda, Director Naval Air Staff at Naval Headquarters and Chief Staff Officer (Air) at HQ Naval Aviation at Goa. Specialising in Missiles and Gunnery, he has carried out the extended duties of SAM Control Officer and Gunnery Officer of a Ranvir class destroyer, Fleet Gunnery Officer of the Eastern Fleet and He has held various key appointments at sea including the Commands of the Destroyers Mysore and Command Gunnery Officer of the Western Naval Command. These were hands on experiences on Ranjit, the Frigate Udaygiri, as Executive Officer of Ganga, and, in Command of the Coast Guard Patrol sophisticated equipment-exploitation and handling of explosives. His major contribution as a Vessel Ganga Devi. Having been promoted to Flag rank in January 2009, he was the Flag Officer Naval specialist include trials of most of the missiles and fire control systems inducted into the Indian Navy Aviation from January 2009 to May 2012. He then served as Chief of Staff at the unique joint HQ in the late 1990s. He was the president of the audit team which cleared INS Rajput to carry out the first Andaman and Nicobar Command. ever Brahmos missile firing in Indian waters. He was also involved in Dhanush trials. His sea command He is a graduate of the Naval Higher Command Course, the National Defence College and is a Fellow include an ASW Corvette, two Frigates, two Destroyers, the Missile Vessel (Killers) Squadron and the of the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, USA. He holds an MPhil in Defence and Strategic Studies. Western Fleet, the sword arm of the Indian Navy. Post promotion to Flag Rank, he was the Flag Officer He is currently the Chief Instructor (Navy) at the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington. Sea Training, the Chief of Staff at Western Naval Command, Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet, Flag Officer Doctrines and Concepts, Controller of Personnel Services, Deputy Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff (Doctrine, Organisation and Training) and Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff at Naval Headquarters.

His academic qualification include graduation in Science at National Defence Academy, Post Graduation in Defence and Strategic Studies from Madras University and MPhil in Global Security. He is pursuing a Phd in Defence and Security Studies at Madras University since 2013. Other professional qualifications include Specialisation in Missile and Gunnery, Staff Course at DSSC, Wellington; Army Higher Command Course at Army War College, Mhow and Strategic Security Studies at National Defence College, New Delhi. Fond of outdoor activities, the retired Flag Officer also teaches Yoga, Pranayama, Meditation and Sudarshan Kriya during his spare time.

Email: [email protected]

42 43 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Session 5 Chairman: VAdm Ramakant Pattanaik PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd) Session 6 Chairman : RAdm Sudhir Pillai, NM Chief Instructor, DSSC Wellington, Indian Navy Having graduated from the National Defence Academy, he was commissioned into the Indian Navy as A Graduate of the National Defence Academy, Rear Admiral Sudhir Pillai was commissioned into the an Executive Officer on 1st January1978. He retired in October 2015 as the Deputy Chief of the Naval Indian Navy's Executive Branch in Jul 1980. Having specialised as a Naval Aviator, he would gain fully Staff . Has been awarded with the prestigious Yudh Seva Medal, Ati Vishist Seva Medal and Param operational status on the Sea-king and Chetak helicopters operating from Indian Naval aircraft Vishist Seva Medal by the Hon'ble President of India and also twiv e received the Chief of the Naval carriers and smaller decks. His aviation assignments include the command of the Marine Commando Staff Commendations. Flight, Commander Air and Commanding Officer of the Naval Air Station INS Garuda, Director Naval Air Staff at Naval Headquarters and Chief Staff Officer (Air) at HQ Naval Aviation at Goa. Specialising in Missiles and Gunnery, he has carried out the extended duties of SAM Control Officer and Gunnery Officer of a Ranvir class destroyer, Fleet Gunnery Officer of the Eastern Fleet and He has held various key appointments at sea including the Commands of the Destroyers Mysore and Command Gunnery Officer of the Western Naval Command. These were hands on experiences on Ranjit, the Frigate Udaygiri, as Executive Officer of Ganga, and, in Command of the Coast Guard Patrol sophisticated equipment-exploitation and handling of explosives. His major contribution as a Vessel Ganga Devi. Having been promoted to Flag rank in January 2009, he was the Flag Officer Naval specialist include trials of most of the missiles and fire control systems inducted into the Indian Navy Aviation from January 2009 to May 2012. He then served as Chief of Staff at the unique joint HQ in the late 1990s. He was the president of the audit team which cleared INS Rajput to carry out the first Andaman and Nicobar Command. ever Brahmos missile firing in Indian waters. He was also involved in Dhanush trials. His sea command He is a graduate of the Naval Higher Command Course, the National Defence College and is a Fellow include an ASW Corvette, two Frigates, two Destroyers, the Missile Vessel (Killers) Squadron and the of the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, USA. He holds an MPhil in Defence and Strategic Studies. Western Fleet, the sword arm of the Indian Navy. Post promotion to Flag Rank, he was the Flag Officer He is currently the Chief Instructor (Navy) at the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington. Sea Training, the Chief of Staff at Western Naval Command, Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet, Flag Officer Doctrines and Concepts, Controller of Personnel Services, Deputy Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff (Doctrine, Organisation and Training) and Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff at Naval Headquarters.

His academic qualification include graduation in Science at National Defence Academy, Post Graduation in Defence and Strategic Studies from Madras University and MPhil in Global Security. He is pursuing a Phd in Defence and Security Studies at Madras University since 2013. Other professional qualifications include Specialisation in Missile and Gunnery, Staff Course at DSSC, Wellington; Army Higher Command Course at Army War College, Mhow and Strategic Security Studies at National Defence College, New Delhi. Fond of outdoor activities, the retired Flag Officer also teaches Yoga, Pranayama, Meditation and Sudarshan Kriya during his spare time.

Email: [email protected]

42 43 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Session 7 Chairman: VAdm Satish Soni PVSM, AVSM, NM (Retd) Session 8 Chairman: Cmde Sujeet Samaddar NM (Retd)

Vice Admiral Satish Soni retired from the Indian Navy on 29 Feb 2016 after 40 years of service. Commodore Samaddar graduated from IIT Roorkee in 1978 and holds First Class MSc and MPhil degree in Defence and Strategic Studies from the University of Madras, as well as a PGDIM from He has held the appointments of Flag Officer Commanding in Chief Eastern Naval Command, Flag IGNOU. He has been a Visiting Fellow at the Japan Institute of International Affairs, Tokyo and at the Officer Commanding in Chief Southern Naval Command, Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Commandant United Services Institution of India, New Delhi. He is an alumnus of the prestigious United Nations National Defence Academy and Chief of Staff Eastern Naval Command in the rank of Vice Admiral. His University, Tokyo, College of Air Warfare, Secunderabad, Defence Services Staff College, Wellington sea appointments in junior ranks include commands of the Eastern Fleet, INS Delhi, INS Talwar and INS and the National Institute for Defence Studies, Tokyo, and has been on the faculty of College of Naval Kakinada. His staff appointments include appointments in the Directorates of Personnel and Plans. Warfare and the Defence Services Staff College. He has published widely in the USA, UK, Japan and He has been a visiting speaker in the College of Combat Mhow, Naval War College Goa, College of India and delivered talks in various think tanks in India, UK, USA and Japan. Defence Management, College of Air Warfare, Defence Services Staff College and other service training institutions. He has also participated in various seminars organised by NMF and USI. A sword Cmde Samaddar is the author of "Defence Development and National Security" and "Minerals of honour of his batch, he has been commended by the Chief of Naval Staff and is a recipient of PVSM, Markets and Maritime Strategy". Post retirement from the Indian Navy, Cmde Samaddar served as Vice AVSM and NM. President Operations, NOVA Integrated Systems, a TATA Enterprise, and later as Director and CEO of ShinMaywa Industries India Private Limited. Presently, Samaddar is a Senior Consultant at NITI Aayog, Email: [email protected] Hony Advisor (Aero and Defence), FICCI and Hony Distinguished Fellow at Center for Air Power Studies.

Email: [email protected]

44 45 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Session 7 Chairman: VAdm Satish Soni PVSM, AVSM, NM (Retd) Session 8 Chairman: Cmde Sujeet Samaddar NM (Retd)

Vice Admiral Satish Soni retired from the Indian Navy on 29 Feb 2016 after 40 years of service. Commodore Samaddar graduated from IIT Roorkee in 1978 and holds First Class MSc and MPhil degree in Defence and Strategic Studies from the University of Madras, as well as a PGDIM from He has held the appointments of Flag Officer Commanding in Chief Eastern Naval Command, Flag IGNOU. He has been a Visiting Fellow at the Japan Institute of International Affairs, Tokyo and at the Officer Commanding in Chief Southern Naval Command, Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Commandant United Services Institution of India, New Delhi. He is an alumnus of the prestigious United Nations National Defence Academy and Chief of Staff Eastern Naval Command in the rank of Vice Admiral. His University, Tokyo, College of Air Warfare, Secunderabad, Defence Services Staff College, Wellington sea appointments in junior ranks include commands of the Eastern Fleet, INS Delhi, INS Talwar and INS and the National Institute for Defence Studies, Tokyo, and has been on the faculty of College of Naval Kakinada. His staff appointments include appointments in the Directorates of Personnel and Plans. Warfare and the Defence Services Staff College. He has published widely in the USA, UK, Japan and He has been a visiting speaker in the College of Combat Mhow, Naval War College Goa, College of India and delivered talks in various think tanks in India, UK, USA and Japan. Defence Management, College of Air Warfare, Defence Services Staff College and other service training institutions. He has also participated in various seminars organised by NMF and USI. A sword Cmde Samaddar is the author of "Defence Development and National Security" and "Minerals of honour of his batch, he has been commended by the Chief of Naval Staff and is a recipient of PVSM, Markets and Maritime Strategy". Post retirement from the Indian Navy, Cmde Samaddar served as Vice AVSM and NM. President Operations, NOVA Integrated Systems, a TATA Enterprise, and later as Director and CEO of ShinMaywa Industries India Private Limited. Presently, Samaddar is a Senior Consultant at NITI Aayog, Email: [email protected] Hony Advisor (Aero and Defence), FICCI and Hony Distinguished Fellow at Center for Air Power Studies.

Email: [email protected]

44 45 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Panel Discussion Chairman : VAdm DM Deshpande AVSM, VSM Valedictory Session Chairman: Admiral RK Dhowan PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd) Controller of Warship Production and Acquisition (CWP&A), Indian Navy Vice Admiral Dinesh Mukund Deshpande is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy and was Admiral RK Dhowan is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy, the Defence Services Staff commissioned in the Indian Navy in 1980. During his illustrious career, the Admiral has served College and the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, USA. onboard IN ships Nilgiri, Vindhyagiri, Godavari and Ganga in various capacities and has also done a His illustrious career began with being adjudged the 'Best Cadet' and winning of the coveted tenure as the Fleet Engineer Officer of the Western Fleet. He has served in the Eastern Naval 'Telescope' during his sea training on-board INS Delhi. He was commissioned in the Navy on 1st Command at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam and at Naval Headquarters, New Delhi, where January 1975 and went on to bag the 'Sword of Honour' for his course. Consequent to earning his he has handled production and acquisition functions of capital ships and submarines. He served as Watchkeeping Certificate on the erstwhile Delhi (the legendary Cruiser of the Indian Navy), his first the Director General of the Scorpene Submarine Project, wherein the first submarine is scheduled tryst with navigation came when he was appointed the commissioning navigator of the for induction shortly. The Admiral also commanded INS Shivaji at Lonavla, subsequent to which he minesweeper, Bhavnagar. He was baptised in the art of navigation when, as a young Lieutenant underwent the prestigious National Defence College course for senior ranking military officers and armed with a sextant and the keen eyes of an enthusiastic watchkeeper , he sailed the Bhavnagar from the port of Riga in the Baltic Sea to the shores of Mumbai. His passion for working in the bridge of bureaucrats. The Admiral headed the prestigious Naval Dockyard in Mumbai and was also the a ship culminated in his specialising in Navigation and Direction. Post-specialization, he went on to Director General of Naval Projects at Visakhapatnam. navigate Talwar and Ganga, two frontline ships of the Indian Navy's Western Fleet. With the induction The Admiral has been awarded commendation by the Chief of Naval Staff and the Vice Chief of Naval of the Sea Harrier jump-jets into the Navy, he was selected to undergo the Sea Harrier Direction Staff on two occasions each, and is a recipient of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal and Vishisht Seva Medal. Course at Yeovilton, UK. His tenures at Indian Naval Air Squadron 300 and the aircraft carrier Vikrant shaped the future of direction specialisation in the Navy. He has participated in various naval operations on both the East and West Coasts. Important staff assignments held by him at Naval Headquarters during his illustrious career include The Admiral is a keen sportsman and has represented Indian Navy in Tennis and Squash and has also Deputy Director Naval Operations, Joint Director Naval Plans, Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy participated in adventure sports representing the country in Hang gliding competitions. He is also an and Plans) and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy). The avid golfer. Admiral has commanded three frontline warships of the Western Fleet - the missile corvette Khukri, the guided missile destroyer Ranjit and the indigenous guided missile destroyer Delhi. He also had The Admiral is presently serving as the Controller Warship Production & Acquisition, Integrated the proud privilege of commanding the Eastern Fleet as Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet. Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (Navy), New Delhi. Besides serving as Indian Naval Advisor at the High Commission of India, London, he has also served as Chief Staff Officer (Operations) of the Western Naval Command (based at Mumbai) and the Chief of Staff at Headquarters Eastern Naval Command (based at Visakhapatnam), and subsequently had the distinction of commanding his alma mater, the National Defence Academy, as the Commandant. The Admiral assumed charge as the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff in August 2011, and was promoted as the 22nd Chief of the Naval Staff on 17th April 2014. He retired on 31st May 2016. On 25th November 2016, he took over as the fifth Chairman of the National Maritime Foundation (NMF), New Delhi, which is India's premier maritime think tank. Email: [email protected]

46 47 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Panel Discussion Chairman : VAdm DM Deshpande AVSM, VSM Valedictory Session Chairman: Admiral RK Dhowan PVSM, AVSM, YSM (Retd) Controller of Warship Production and Acquisition (CWP&A), Indian Navy Vice Admiral Dinesh Mukund Deshpande is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy and was Admiral RK Dhowan is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy, the Defence Services Staff commissioned in the Indian Navy in 1980. During his illustrious career, the Admiral has served College and the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, USA. onboard IN ships Nilgiri, Vindhyagiri, Godavari and Ganga in various capacities and has also done a His illustrious career began with being adjudged the 'Best Cadet' and winning of the coveted tenure as the Fleet Engineer Officer of the Western Fleet. He has served in the Eastern Naval 'Telescope' during his sea training on-board INS Delhi. He was commissioned in the Navy on 1st Command at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam and at Naval Headquarters, New Delhi, where January 1975 and went on to bag the 'Sword of Honour' for his course. Consequent to earning his he has handled production and acquisition functions of capital ships and submarines. He served as Watchkeeping Certificate on the erstwhile Delhi (the legendary Cruiser of the Indian Navy), his first the Director General of the Scorpene Submarine Project, wherein the first submarine is scheduled tryst with navigation came when he was appointed the commissioning navigator of the for induction shortly. The Admiral also commanded INS Shivaji at Lonavla, subsequent to which he minesweeper, Bhavnagar. He was baptised in the art of navigation when, as a young Lieutenant underwent the prestigious National Defence College course for senior ranking military officers and armed with a sextant and the keen eyes of an enthusiastic watchkeeper , he sailed the Bhavnagar from the port of Riga in the Baltic Sea to the shores of Mumbai. His passion for working in the bridge of bureaucrats. The Admiral headed the prestigious Naval Dockyard in Mumbai and was also the a ship culminated in his specialising in Navigation and Direction. Post-specialization, he went on to Director General of Naval Projects at Visakhapatnam. navigate Talwar and Ganga, two frontline ships of the Indian Navy's Western Fleet. With the induction The Admiral has been awarded commendation by the Chief of Naval Staff and the Vice Chief of Naval of the Sea Harrier jump-jets into the Navy, he was selected to undergo the Sea Harrier Direction Staff on two occasions each, and is a recipient of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal and Vishisht Seva Medal. Course at Yeovilton, UK. His tenures at Indian Naval Air Squadron 300 and the aircraft carrier Vikrant shaped the future of direction specialisation in the Navy. He has participated in various naval operations on both the East and West Coasts. Important staff assignments held by him at Naval Headquarters during his illustrious career include The Admiral is a keen sportsman and has represented Indian Navy in Tennis and Squash and has also Deputy Director Naval Operations, Joint Director Naval Plans, Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy participated in adventure sports representing the country in Hang gliding competitions. He is also an and Plans) and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy). The avid golfer. Admiral has commanded three frontline warships of the Western Fleet - the missile corvette Khukri, the guided missile destroyer Ranjit and the indigenous guided missile destroyer Delhi. He also had The Admiral is presently serving as the Controller Warship Production & Acquisition, Integrated the proud privilege of commanding the Eastern Fleet as Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet. Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (Navy), New Delhi. Besides serving as Indian Naval Advisor at the High Commission of India, London, he has also served as Chief Staff Officer (Operations) of the Western Naval Command (based at Mumbai) and the Chief of Staff at Headquarters Eastern Naval Command (based at Visakhapatnam), and subsequently had the distinction of commanding his alma mater, the National Defence Academy, as the Commandant. The Admiral assumed charge as the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff in August 2011, and was promoted as the 22nd Chief of the Naval Staff on 17th April 2014. He retired on 31st May 2016. On 25th November 2016, he took over as the fifth Chairman of the National Maritime Foundation (NMF), New Delhi, which is India's premier maritime think tank. Email: [email protected]

46 47 BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES BUILDING INDIA'S FUTURE NAVY : TECHNOLOGY IMPERATIVES Notes Notes About FICCI Established in 1927, FICCI is the largest and oldest apex business organisation in India. Its history is closely interwoven with India's struggle for independence, its industrialization, and its emergence as one of the most rapidly growing global economies. A non-government, not-for-profit organisation, FICCI is the voice of India's business and industry. From influencing policy to encouraging debate, engaging with policy makers and civil society, FICCI articulates the views and concerns of industry. It serves its members from the Indian private and public corporate sectors and multinational companies, drawing its strength from diverse regional chambers of commerce and industry across states, reaching out to over 2,50,000 companies. FICCI provides a platform for networking and consensus building within and across sectors and is the first port of call for Indian industry, policy makers and the international business community.

Contact us FICCI Defence Division FEDERATION OF INDIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Federation House, Tansen Marg, New Delhi - 110001 T:+91-11-23487531, +91-11-23487276 F:+91-11-23765333 E: [email protected]

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Contact us Raghav Priyadarshi Vivan Sharan Partner Partner T: +91-11-41834471 T: +91-11-41834471 E: [email protected] E: [email protected] W: www.koanadvisory.com W: www.koanadvisory.com