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Forest Fire Mitigation Measures

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Table of Contents S.No Topic Page No 1 Introduction 2 2 Comparison Table 10 3 Almora Forest Division 14 4 Almora Forest Division(Civil Soyam) 18 5 Badrinath Forest Division 20 6 Bageshwar Forest Division 24 7 Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary 27 8 Chakrata Forest Division 29 9 Champawat Forest Division 31 10 Corbett Tiger Reserve 34 11 Dehradun Forest Division 37 12 Garhwal Forest Division 40 13 Govind Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park 45 14 Haldwani Forest Division 46 15 Haridwar Forest Division 51 16 Soil Conservation Kalsi Forest Division 53 17 Kedarnath Forest Division 55 18 Kalagarh Tiger Reserve 58 19 Lansdowne Forest Division 63 20 Mussoorie Forest Division 67 21 Nainital Forest Division 69 22 Nanda Devi Forest Division 73 23 Narendranagar Forest Division 74 24 Pithoragarh Forest Division 79 25 Rajaji Tiger Reserve 81 26 Ramnagar Forest Division 86 27 Rudraprayag Forest Division 89 28 Tarai Central Forest Division 92 29 Tarai East Forest Division 95 30 Tarai West Forest Division 98 31 Tehri Forest Division 100 32 Tons Forest Division 104 33 Upper Yamuna Badkot Forest Division 107 34 Uttarkashi Forest Division 109 UKFD-ITGC 1 1. Introduction Uttarakhand often referred to as the Devbhumi (literally: "Land of the Gods") is known for its natural beauty of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai regions. It borders the Tibet on the north, Nepal on the east, the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south, Himachal Pradesh to the west and Haryana to its south-western corner. Major portion of the state is mountainous and these mountains (Himalayas) are one of the youngest mountain systems of the world (40 million years in age compared to peninsular mountains of 1500-2500 million years old) and hence ecologically very fragile and relatively much more susceptible to earthquakes and landslides. There are four major river systems viz. Ganga, Yamuna, Ramganga & Sharda originating from the state along with their tributaries are major source of water for drinking, irrigation and hydropower. The major wealth of the state is its forests with very rich biodiversity. So any let up in land management, of which forest management is the core, will have a telling effect on state’s downstream with regard to water supply, soil erosion and consequent floods and impoverishment of agricultural land. Uttarakhand has a great diversity of flora and fauna. As per the FSI’s State of Forest Report 2015, Uttarakhand has a recorded forest area of 38,000 sq. km which approximately constitutes 71% of the total geographical area of the state. Uttarakhand is home to rare species of flora and fauna, many of which are protected by national parks, sanctuaries and bio-sphere reserves. As per FSI Uttarakhand forest is classified under the following different forest types: Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest Tropical Dry deciduous Forest Subtropical Pine Forest Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest Plantation/Trees Outside Forest Due to the diverse nature of forest in Uttarakhand these forests are prone to forest fires. The state is richly forested and typically exhibits forest fire activity from February to June, with a peak in fire incidence in May and June. Forest fire is one of the major disasters in the forests of Uttarakhand. These are many indigenous and endangered floral and faunal species which are adversely affected due to forest fires. The forest fires have been categorized into three types: Ground fires Surface fire Crown fires Ground fires are not easily predictable as it spread within rather than top of organic matter. It consumes organic matter like duff, musk or peat present beneath the surface litter of the forest floor. Surface fire is characterized by the fast moving fire which consumes small vegetation and surface litter along with loss debris and the Crown fire burns the top trees or shrubs without any close link with the surface fire. Uttarakhand forest is prone to all the above mentioned fire types. Uttarakhand forest department is the custodian of the forest and is responsible for protection of the rich and diverse flora and fauna of Uttarakhand. Every year various activities are performed by the department relating to forest protection and conservation. With reference to fire protection the department performs various pre- fire season activities like: Maintenance of an elaborate network of existing fire lines, block lines and their early clearing and burning. Control Burning in fire prone areas. Training of staff and local residents relating to fire fighting methods and handling of fire UKFD-ITGC 2 fighting tools. Use of remote sensing for regular forest fire monitoring by Uttarakhand Forest Department’s Information Technology and Geo-informatics Centre (UKFD-ITGC) throughout the year. Creating a quick response teams by the forest divisions and assigning them roles and responsibilities. Clearing of dry forest matter along the roads and railway lines. Some of the fire season activities of the forest department include: Sending SMS alerts to the concerned divisions in case of fire detected by the remote sensing satellites by UKFD-ITGC. Engaging the locals and officials from other department for fire fighting. Sending daily reports by the divisions related to fire incidences and its current status. Launching a helpline number for reporting fire incidences. Engaging the services of fire watchers. UKFD-ITGC 3 Role of Information Technology and Geo-informatics Centre in Forest Fire Mitigation Activities Information Technology and Geo-informatics Centre (ITGC) of Uttarakhand Forest Department provide training and support in ICT and GIS applications across the department. Its fire related activities include preparatory planning in the pre-fire season, real time active fire detection, monitoring and mitigation in the fire season and damage assessment and investigation in the post- fire season. The fire detection is done using remote sensing data and GIS, while IT services are used to deliver the fire related information to the ground level staff in a timely manner. Some of the forest fire management strategy or the SOP used by ITGC is as follows: Mapping of fire sensitive areas – For planning purpose identification of fire prone areas is done using the previous 10 years forest fire locations data all over the state. The past forest fire locations were loaded into GIS layer and highly sensitive fire prone areas were identified District and Tehsils wise. Fire Prone Tehsils (District wise) Chart Figure 2.1 Fire Prone Tehsils of Uttarakhand Further, as per the Working Plan many forest compartments were classified as sensitive, moderately sensitive and most sensitive based on the parameters such as Aspect, Forest type, forest cover, Proximity from the habitation and road etc. A composite map of the identified forest areas sensitive to forest fire was prepared and released to the respective divisions for the planning purpose. Figure 2.2 shows the forest fire sensitive map of Uttarakhand. UKFD-ITGC 4 Figure 2.2 Map showing fire sensitive area of the state Use of Public Portal BHUVAN during fire season - BHUVAN is a Geo-portal of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) showcasing Indian Imaging Capabilities in Multi- sensor, Multi-platform and Multi-temporal domain. The Portal gives a gateway to explore and discover virtual earth in 3D space with specific emphasis on Indian Region. Apart from visualization BHUVAN provides timely disaster support services (domestic and international, free satellite data and products download facility and rich thematic datasets to enrich its maps and collect point of interest data. Bhuvan plays an important role during the process of forest fire mitigation. Uttarakhand is the third state having forestry portal over Bhuvan. The BHUVAN portal gives exact location of fire on ground with respect to boundary of Uttarakhand. NRSC has initiated refine resolutions for fire monitoring using, 750m and 375m for Suomi National Polar- Orbiting Partnership (SNPP), Visible Infrared, Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite data from 2016 which detects fire in its initial stages. SNPP VIIRS 375m product is experimental but detects the small fires efficiently as compared to the MODIS whose resolution is 1 km. The satellite data helps to identify whether the fire is in forest or in a non-forest area. All the fire locations are filtered and the information is sent to concerned forest division through SMS and WhatsApp application. Same is also uploaded on the website of forest department. The Uttarakhand Bhuvan Portal can be accessed by the public and has proved as a very useful tool in forest fire mitigation services. UKFD-ITGC 5 Figure 2.3 Bhuvan Portal Pre- Fire Alerts by FSI - In 2016 during the fire season Forest Survey of India (FSI ) initiated a pre fire alerts/pre-warning alert system for forest fires based on several parameters including Forest Cover, Forest Type, Temperature, Recent Fires signals etc. Based on a suitable algorithm developed for the purpose and tested for specific areas, a pre fire alerts/pre-warning alert system has been put in place which alerts the states with high fire risk forest areas based on ground and climatic factors. FSI sends pre forest fire alerts through email to ITGC, for processing and further disseminating the information to the concern divisions during the fire season. The data sent by FSI is downloaded and processed further to find the areas (forest divisions wise) having high risk of forest fire. The same data is then uploaded in the official website in a report format and a copy is send to the concerned forest divisions. UKFD-ITGC 6 Dissemination of Active/Post Fire Alerts by ITGC- Information Technology and Geo- informatics Centre (ITGC) is also getting daily post fire alerts directly from National Aeronautics Space Administration, Fire Information for Resource Management System (NASA-FIRMS), through email that includes near real-time active fire data.
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