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Wetland Conservation in Sri Lanka

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Wetland Conservation in Sri Lanka Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetland Conservation and Management June 19th and 20th, 2003 IUCN - The World Conservation Union Sri Lanka Country Office 53, Horton Place, Colombo 7 This publication has been prepared by IUCN Sri Lanka with financial assistance from the Royal Netherlands Government i Published by: IUCN, Sri Lanka Copyright: © 2004, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN Sri Lanka. 2004. Wetland Conservation in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetland Conservation and Management: Sri Lanka; iii+75pp. ISBN: 955-8177-33-4 Cover photographs: Clockwise from top left; 1. Anawilundawa Wildlife Sanctuary - Roshan Rodrigo 2. Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) - Sanjiv De Silva 3. Gillnet fishing in Anawilundawa Wildlife Sanctuary - Roshan Rodrigo 4. ‘Nil Manel’ (Nymphaea nouchali) - Daniel Chirpich Produced by: IUCN Sri Lanka Printed by: Karunaratne & Sons 67, UDA Industrial Estate Katuwana Road Homagama Available from: IUCN Sri Lanka 53, Horton Place. Colombo 7, Sri Lanka. ii Contents Introduction 1 Wetland Conservation and Management in Sri Lanka : A Status Paper 2 J. C. J. Van Zon Freshwater Wetlands in Sri Lanka : Their Conservation Significance and Current Status 19 C. N. B. Bambaradeniya The Status of Reef Habitats in Sri Lanka and Management Issues 25 A. Rajasuriya, E. N. R. Perera Current Status of Mangrove and Other Coastal Wetlands in Sri Lanka 32 M. D. Amarasinghe Application of Economic Tools for Policy Developments in Wetland Management (Abstract) 37 H. M. Gunathilake Special Area Management (SAM) Process in the Management of Wetlands (Abstract) 39 H. J. M. Wickremeratne The Significance of Biodiversity Assessments for Conservation and 41 Management of Wetlands (Abstract) C. N. B. Bambaradeniya Socio-Economic and Policy Issues Influencing the Sustainability of Livelihoods in 44 Rural Coastal Wetland Areas in Sri Lanka S. Senaratna Sellamuttu, A. Clemett Valuing Asia’s Wetlands 58 L. A. Emerton Counting the Costs of Urban Wetland Reclamation : The Case of Muthurajawela (Abstract) 67 L. A. Emerton Recommendations 74 iii PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON WETLAND CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT Introduction Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. They play an important role serving as flood retention areas; as filters for sediments, nutrients and pollutants released to the environment; as refuges for many species of vertebrates and invertebrates; and as sources of raw material for various industries. In addition, wetlands have played an important role in the culture of many communities and countries. Wetlands are an integral part of Sri Lanka’s unique ecological and biological diversity, and are vital habitats for a large variety of fauna and flora. However, many wetland ecosystems in Sri Lanka are being indiscriminately exploited at an alarming rate, for commercial, agricultural, residential and industrial purposes, and for dumping garbage and waste. Although the proper management of these ecosystems is vital and urgent, it is a difficult task due largely to the lack of specific legislation and a single responsible agency. ‘Caring for the Environment’ path to sustainable development - the National Environmental Action Plan 2003-2007 developed recently has recognized these as severe constraints in wetland conservation and management. The first-ever national level dialogue on Wetland Conservation and Management in Sri Lanka was organized jointly by IUCN - The World Conservation Union and the Integrated Resource Management Project (IRMP) of the Central Environmenteal Authority. The symposium was held on the 19th and 20th of June 2003 at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH). The participants included researchers and high-level decision-makers from state agencies and NGO’s, the donor community and multilateral financial agencies. The event provided an opportunity to share lessons learnt, over the past years, in wetland conservation and management at the national level. It also brought together stakeholders working on wetland related issues in the country in order to examine the current trends in wetland management and to devise more effective measures for the future. As a result, greater attention has been directed, at the policy level, towards the conservation of wetlands. The National Wetlands Steering Committee was reviewed in 2003 by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and a national policy on wetlands has since been drafted and approved to strengthen the institutional and legal framework for wetland conservation in the country. Abstracts of some of the presentations made at the symposium, and the symposium’s recommendations for the conservation and management of wetlands in Sri Lanka, are presented in this report. These are preceded by several papers, which provide a concise, yet informative overview of the status of wetland ecosystems and wetland habitats in Sri Lanka, and policy issues relating to their conservation and management. It is hoped that this report will be an informative, and practically applicable resource document for everyone interested in the conservation and management of Sri Lanka’s wetlands. 1 WETLAND CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT IN SRI LANKA : A STATUS PAPER Prepared for IUCN - The World Conservation Union by J. C. J. Van Zon1 Photo: Roshan Rodrigo 1. Introduction and Purpose Wetlands, both natural and man-made, were the centers of Sri Lanka’s ancient hydraulic civilization, which thrived in the island for over 2000 years and formed the hub of its cultural, economic and social evolution. Many of the wetland sites in Sri Lanka are today being recognized as important, both regionally and globally and two have been declared as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. The wide array of natural and man-made wetlands in the island has contributed to a rich aquatic biodiversity. Furthermore, wetlands play a significant role in the economy of Sri Lanka: ● Some of the coastal wetlands are important flood detention areas, preventing flooding of domestic or commercial centres; ● The inland fishery in tanks and reservoirs accounts for about 15% of Sri Lanka’s total fish production and provides food for the rural people; ● Several of the larger reservoirs provide hydropower that constitutes a significant component of the national electricity supply; ● A notable number of the national parks are wetland areas; together they form a significant source of foreign income through eco-tourism. 1. Project Director, Integrated Resource Management Project, CEA. 2 At present, a majority of the wetlands in Sri Lanka are adversely affected by human activities, including reclamation, waste disposal, pollution due to effluent discharge, clearing of natural vegetation in and around wetlands and the spread of invasive exotic species. The threats faced by the wetlands has been reviewed in various recent publications, such as “Wetlands are no wastelands” (CEA, 1995) and “Wetlands: Water, Life and Culture” (IUCN, 2002). During the last 15 years, Sri Lankan authorities have increasingly recognized the importance of wetlands and their management. The present paper has been prepared by IUCN at the request of the National Wetlands Steering Committee, a Cabinet appointed body with a mandate to oversee and co-ordinate all wetland conservation and management efforts undertaken in the country. This paper summarizes the worldwide significance of wetlands, the Sri Lankan situation with respect to wetlands, steps taken for wetland conservation and management in the country and the difficulties experienced. It also describes the current status of wetland conservation and management and identifies challenges for the future. 2. Worldwide Significance of Wetlands Wetlands, as defined by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, 1971) include a wide range of freshwater, brackish and saline ecosystems, according to the following definition: “Wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tides does not exceed six meters” Wetlands are amongst the most productive ecosystems in the world, which have for thousands of years supplied human communities with food, drinking water, building materials and countless other benefits. They also play a critical role in maintaining global biodiversity; partly through their rich productivity, which helps to support food chains, and partly through provision of habitats for specially adapted plant and animal species. It is estimated that about 25% of species threatened with extinction are associated with freshwater ecosystems. Managing wetlands in a sustainable manner and avoiding the loss of wetland area, or - even more importantly - the loss of wetland functions, is increasingly being recognized worldwide as an essential component of strategies to tackle three of the major environmental challenges of the 21st century: ● The global freshwater crisis; ● Global climate change; and ● Loss
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