Index

NOTE: When a page range next to an author’s name appears in bold (eg. Bush, M. B. 113–40), then this indicates the chapter in this Handbook that the author has written. NOTE: All lakes, mountains and rivers are fi led under their names – eg. Alexandrina (Lake).

Abbott, M. B. 121 Amazonia 115–19, 128–32, 288, 342, 344 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 220 Ambrose, S. H. 316 acidifi cation 48, 53–6, 72, 84–6, 89, 104–7, 200, ammonia 48 251–2, 269, 428, 440 Amudarya River 439 acid rain debate 53–4, 104–5, 406 Anasazi civilization 356 see also pH levels Anatolia 164, 361 acquired immune defi ciency syndrome 387, 437 ancient DNA (aDNA) 329 Adger, W. N. 380, 433 Anderies, J. M. 381 Adriatic Sea 82, 164 Anderson, A. 339, 348 Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer Anderson, L. 206 (AATSR) 8, 10, 19 Andes 113–14, 117–22, 124, 127, 131, 236, 264, 266, Aegean Sea 164, 170, 287–8 276, 342–4, 364 aerosols 101–8, 269, 328, 388, 390 Angola 122 Africa 10, 14, 16–17, 19, 25, 29, 56, 58–9, 105, Antarctic 78, 98–101, 142, 153, 155, 245–61, 442 114–15, 117–19, 122–32, 154, 164–5, 170, 179, geographic defi nitions 246–8 215, 248, 430 polar environmental change 248–56 agriculture and domestication 335, 339 Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment arid and semi-arid regions 142–8, 156 (ACCE) 246 disease in 388, 392, 394–6 anthrax 388, 390 hominid evolution and migration 301–9, 311–18 Anthropocene 65, 74, 82, 88, 95, 97, 99, 108, 245–6 mountain regions 263, 270, 276 ants 31–2 see also individual countries Appalachian Mountains 206 African horse sickness (AHS) 389 Arabian 171 agriculture 25, 34–5, 50, 209, 271, 292, 328–9, Arabian Sea 126–7 344–50, 380, 432–3, 437 Aral Sea 59, 154 AIDS 387, 437 245–61, 291, 442 air pollution geographic defi nitions 246 history of 95–7 polar environmental change 248–56 human impacts on the atmosphere 97–106 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) 246, 256 see also carbon dioxide; greenhouse gases Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Akkadian Empire 356, 361 (AMAP) 252, 254 Alaska 247, 253, 255 Arctic Ocean 84, 86, 125, 246–7, 251 Albania 164 Argentina 155, 163 Alboran Sea 164, 166 arid and semi-arid regions 141–62 Alexandrina (Lake) 60 environmental change in 143–53 Allen, J. A. 310 global impacts of environmental changes in 155–6 Alps 141, 266, 270, 274, 307 land-use and desertifi cation 153–5 Alvarez-Filip, L. 88 present-day distribution of 142–3

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Arizona 37, 368 Belgium 400 Asia 14, 17, 29, 103–7, 113–14, 116, 119, 123, 125–7, Beniston, M. 262–81 131–2, 165, 239, 285, 366, 430–1 Bennion, H. 47–70, 52, 59 agriculture and domestication 331, 333, 335, Bergmann, C. 310 339–40, 349 Bering Sea 247 arid and semi-arid regions 142, 148–50, 155, 157 Bettinger, R. L. 336 disease in 389, 396 Beug, H.-J. 233 grasslands 218–21, 224–5, 229–38 Beyer, L. 245 hominid evolution and migration 303, 306, 309 biomass 4, 11, 18–19, 48–9, 188, 195, 200–1, 203, mountain regions 263, 267, 270 208, 270, 328, 331, 421 temperate forested regions 190, 192, 195, 199, see also forests; vegetation 201, 205 BIOME models 4, 223, 325–9 see also individual countries BIOPRESS project 16 Asian Development Bank 428 Biosphere–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) 4 Association for Small Island States (AOSIS) 431 Blaber, S. J. M. 79–80 152, 163 Black Sea 82, 164, 219, 229–31, 234, 238 Atahan, P. 337 Blaut, J. 356 Athens, J. S. 121 Blockley, S. M. 301–27 Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Blockley, S. P. E. 301–27, 321 (AMOC) 115, 118, 124–5 Blue Mountains 275 Atlantic Ocean 81, 86–7, 103, 113, 115, 117–18, bluetongue 396–8, 400 126–7, 148, 164–5, 167, 169, 171–3, 176, 179, Bobe, R. 304–5 188, 247–8, 285, 308, 317, 365 Böcher, J. 245 North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) 166 bogs 266 Australia 10, 19, 29–33, 58, 75, 77, 80–1, 86–7, 123, Bolivia 364 128–30, 132, 163, 248, 338, 396 Bølling/Allerød warm event 114, 116, 173 arid and semi-arid regions 142, 152–4, 156 Bolter, M. 245 coastal regions 286, 289 Bond, G. 125–6 mountain regions 264, 267, 275 Bond Cycles 125–6, 177, 308 temperate forested regions 190–2, 194–5, Bonneville (Lake) 151 200–3, 206 Born, E. W. 245 Austria 264 Borneo 32 avalanches 264 Boserup, E. 347, 357 avian infl uenza 387, 390 Bosnia and Herzogovina 164 Ayalon, A. 176–7 Botswana 145, 147 Azov Sea 229 Bradley, R. S. 355, 360 Brahmaputra River 286 Badain Jaran Desert 149 Braune, B. M. 253 Bahamas 156 Brazil 10, 18, 124–5, 380 Baikal (Lake) 219 Brimblecombe, P. 96 Balearic Islands 164 Britain see Great Britain Balearic Sea 164 British Antarctic Survey 99–100 Baltic Sea 82 Bronze Age 49, 65, 178–9, 205 Bangladesh 270, 286, 440 Brooke, B. 289 Barbados 156 Brooks, N. 366, 368–9 Barber, K. 356 Brunk, G. G. 359 Barents Sea 247 Budain Jaran Desert 144 Bargagli, R. 245, 254 Burdekin River 81 Bar-Matthews, M. 163–87, 169, 173, 176–7 burning see fi re Barnes, D. K. A. 252 Bush, M. B. 113–40, 121 Barnosky, C. W. 203, 207 Butzer, K. 357, 368 Barrow, C. J. 426–46 Bartlein, P. J. 188–214, 331 Caddy, J. F. 79 Barton, R. N. E. 313–14 Cadée, G. C. 84 Bar-Yosef, O. 178 cadmium (Cd) 61 Battarbee, R. W. 47–70, 55, 59 Cairns Historical Society 80 Baylis, M. 387–405 Calaway, M. J. 364–5 Behrensmeyer, K. 305 California 150–1, 163, 218, 275, 435

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Callaway, R. M. R. W. 274 Clovis period 129–30, 205 Cambodia 123 Clow, D. W. 269

Canada 52–3, 199, 234, 236, 245–7, 250, 253–5, 267, CO2 see carbon dioxide (CO2) 286, 291 coal 53, 95, 421, 432 Canary Islands 286 coastal regions 71–94, 282–97, 380 Candy, I. 301–27 changes in coastlines 73, 88–9 cane toads 31 effect of climate change on ecosystems 84–8 Cara (Lake) 123 environmental histories of 288–91

carbon dioxide (CO2) 3–4, 19, 53, 86, 97–103, 106, exploitation of ecosystems 73–81 108, 148, 156, 180, 191–3, 195, 208–9, 216, human impacts on 291–2 222–3, 227, 236, 246, 251, 257, 270, 328, 338, non-human causes of environmental change in 406, 419, 422, 428 283–8 Caribbean 88 pollution of ecosystems 81–4 Carpenter, K. E. 87–8 prospects for 292–3 Carpenter, S. R. 36 Cocklin, C. 406–25 Carrington Events 430 Cohen, A. J. 107 Carson, R. 406 Colinvaux, P. A. 121 Caspian Sea 229 collapse scenarios 355–73 Catto, G. 360 lessons from the past 367–9 Catto, N. 360 trajectories of vulnerability 357–67 causality see collapse scenarios Colombia 343 Cavallari, B. J. 178 Colorado 152 caves 124, 128, 174, 176–9, 232, 305, 311, 320–1, Columbus, C. 132 331, 343 complexity see collapse scenarios Cenozoic 148 computers 5 CENTURY model 4 Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 252

CH4 see methane Conseuelo (Lake) 120 Chad Basin 147 Constantinople 96 Chalcolithic 178–9 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 34 Chapin, F. S. 378, 380 Cook, E. J. 206 Chappell, J. 284 Coombes, P. 356 charcoal 127, 129, 131–2, 227, 229, 233, 321, 342 Cooper, J. A. G. 289 Charles, A. T. 79 Coordination of Information on the Environment Charlson, R. J. 105 (CORINE) 15–16 Chepstow-Lusty, A. J. 121 copper (Cu) 61 Chesapeake Bay 78, 81–2 corals 72, 74, 79–80, 84–8, 106, 289–90, 319 Chichancanab (Lake) 127 Corcoran, P. L. 84 Chikungunya 387 Corsica 164 Childe, V. G. 345 Costa Rica 270 Chile 152, 163, 191, 193, 200, 204, 206 Costanza, R. 366 Chin, M. 104 crabs 32, 252 30, 52, 61–2, 102, 124–6, 128, 141–2, 144, Crete 335 148–50, 156–7, 188, 190–1, 193, 195, 200, 205, Croatia 164 219–22, 231–4, 236, 238, 268, 269, 287, 293, 305, crocodiles 77 317, 335–8, 349, 366 Cronon, W. 359 Loess Plateau 148–9 Crutzen, P. 97, 154, 246, 255 chlorofl uorocarbons (CFCs) 101, 255 Cuba 432, 437 cholera 388 cyclones 151, 165, 219 Chorreras (Lake) 341 Cyprus 168, 172, 335, 396 Christmas Island 32 Clarke, A. 251 δ13C 176–7, 227, 305 Clean Water Act (US) 47 δ18O 120, 124–7, 155, 164–71, 173–4, 176–9, 228, CLIMAP 116 265–6, 302, 305 climate models 118, 123, 271–2, 379 Daley, B. 71–94 see also general circulation models (GCMs) Dang, H. H. 410 clouds 9, 86, 100 Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events 125, 151, 168, 172, Asian Brown Cloud 269 308, 317 polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) 101–2 Davies, M. 334–5

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δD 124–5, 165 Egypt 144, 179, 316, 335, 356, 361–2, 366 Dead Sea 173–5 El Niño 19, 123, 387 dead zones 79, 81, 83 see also La Niña Defence Meteorological Satellite Program El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) 10, 115, 118, (DMSP) 18 201, 206, 283, 286, 339, 341, 343, 389, 394, deforestation 4, 17, 29, 205, 208, 229, 270, 276, 328, 435, 441 339, 348, 367, 395, 440 Ellesmere Island 250–1 deMenocal, P. B. 303–4 Endfi eld, G. 355–73 dendrochronology see tree-ring dating Engelman, R. 78 dengue fever 389 England see Great Britain Denmark 49 Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) 27 Dennell, R. 306 Environmental Protection Agency (US) 269 Derraik, J. G. B. 84 Enzel, Y. 174 D’Errico, F. 320, 321 epidemics see diseases desertifi cation 17, 29–30, 153–6, 328 Erickson, C. 364 7–9, 155, 165, 189, 192, 195, 345 Ethiopia 311 see also arid and semi-arid regions; individual Europe 16, 53–5, 61–2, 64, 102–3, 105, 108, 164, deserts 173–4, 335, 355, 406, 430, 442 detergents 50 disease in 388, 392, 396–7, 399–400, 433 Devils Lake 61 grasslands 218–21, 224–5, 229–39 Diamond, J. 130, 331, 355–6, 433 hominid evolution and migration 301, 303, 305–11, diaries 222 317–20, 322 diatoms 115, 251 mountain regions 264, 269, 272, 274 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 83–4 temperate forested regions 190–202, 204–5, 207–8 Dickinson, W. R. 291 see also individual countries dimethyl suphide (DMS) 86 European Union 47, 52, 59, 61, 432 dischlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 252–4 eutrophication 48–50, 52, 56, 72, 82, 292, 328 diseases 33, 85, 87, 107, 128, 202, 209, 268, 380, Evelyn, J. 96–7 387–405, 426, 433–4, 437–8 evolution see human evolution climate and disease 388–9 extinction 27–8, 35, 37, 72, 79–81, 87–8, 207–8, 252 climate change and disease 389–99 of archaic hominid species 301, 310–11, 320–2 prospects for the future 399–400 of megafauna 113, 129–32, 189, 202–5, 208–9 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 54, 64 Eyre (Lake) 56, 152 DNA analysis 311–12, 318 Ezzati, M. 107 ancient DNA (aDNA) 329 mitrochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 312, 335 Fagan, B. M. 433 Dnepr River 229, 231 Farman, J. C. 99–100, 255 dodos 80–1 fasciolosis 389 Doebley, J. F. 330 Feary, D. A. 87 dolphins 86 Fecke, J. 333, 336, 340 domestication 328–44, 346–8, 350 fertilizers 34, 50, 81–2, 328–9, 347, 406 Don River 231 Finland 255 Douglas, M. S. V. 245–61 fi re 128–9, 131–2, 189, 201–4, 227, 229, 255, 275, droughts 17–18, 59, 126, 131, 219, 361–3, 380, 388, 328, 334, 339–40, 342, 348 394–5, 409, 428 fi shing 72, 74–5, 77–80, 233, 251, 380, 439 Drysdale, R. 179 Flannery, K. V. 346 dugongs 74, 76–7 Flannery, T. F. 203 fi elds 150, 201 fl ooding 116, 201, 264, 362, 388–9, 409, 435 Durden, L. 393 Florida 156 dust 155–6, 265 fl u see infl uenza Dynesius, M. 207 Fluin, J. 60 fl uvial sediments 145, 148–9 E. coli 387 Foley, J. A. 16–17 early warning systems 8 Foley, R. 306, 315–17 earthquakes 201, 286–7, 435 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 16 Easter Island 74, 356 Foody, G. M. 12 ecotourism 36 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 388, 390 Ecuador 343–4 foraminifera see microfossils

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forests 17, 27–9, 32–3, 49, 130–1, 174–5, 188–214, Gosling, W. D. 113–40, 121 229, 233, 246, 255, 270, 274–5, 333–5, 337, 340, governments 80, 254, 428, 436 342, 380 see also mitigation anthropogenic impacts 205–7 grasslands 7, 13–14, 215–44, 328, 333–4, 338, climatic and geomorphic change in temperate 340, 377 forested regions 192–5 environmental archives 219–22 disease and insect attack 202 grassland modelling 222–3, 235–7 distribution and environment of temperate forested during the Last Glacial Maximum 223–5 regions 189–91 during the Late Glacial and Holocene 225–34 fi re 201–2 regional setting 218–19 loss of the megafauna 202–5 temperate grasslands during the last soil changes and vegetation 200–1 millennium 234–5 tertiary legacy 191–2 Gravina, B. 320 vegetation responses to change 195–200 Great Barrier Reef 80–2 see also deforestation Great Britain 31, 49–50, 53, 63, 88, 96–7, 293, 306–8, Forrester, J. W. 36 310, 346, 395–6, 399–400, 428, 432–3, 435 Forster, P. 315 Great Oxidation Event 26 fossil fuels 47, 53–4, 269, 328, 406, 409–10, Great Plains 218, 224, 226–7, 237–8 412–13, 429 Great Salt Lake 56 fossils 28, 49, 127, 130, 152, 189, 199, 215, 239, Greece 96, 164, 173, 178, 225, 229, 287, 289, 335, 361 302–3, 306, 309, 311, 320 greenhouse gases 72, 96, 99, 102, 105–6, 108, 154, macrofossils 122, 215, 267 156, 209, 245, 249, 256, 272, 277, 407–9, 411–13, microfossils 266, 339 416, 419–23 Foster, D. R. 202 see also carbon dioxide; methane fraction of photosynthetically active radiation Greenland 126, 148, 150, 155, 166–7, 245, 247, 253, (fAPAR) 4–5, 11–12 308, 316–17, 320–1, 341, 361, 365–6 France 275, 319–20, 396, 400 Grötzbach, E. F. 264 French, H. M. 245 groundwater 57, 60, 88, 380 Frenzel, B. 224 Guatemala 127, 130, 341–2, 363 Fritz, S. C. 61 Guinotte, J. M. 106 Furgal, C. 246 Gulf of Mexico 82–3 Füssel, H.-M. 434 Gupta, A. K. 127

Galloway, J. N. 104 Hadley cells 118, 126 Ganges River 263, 270, 286 Hadley Centre 223 Gardiner, B. G. 99, 100 haemonchosis 389 Garfi nkel, Y. 178 Hanselman, J. A. 121 Gell, P. 47–70 Hansen, B. C. 121 general circulation models (GCMs) 6, 222, 245, 249, Hansen, M. C. 15 251, 271 Hansom, J. D. 245 genetically modifi ed organisms (GMOs) 436, 439 Harlan, J. R. 329 geoengineering 422–3 Harris, C. M. 251 Germany 306 Haug, G. H. 363 Gibraltar 320–1 Hawaii 31, 98–9, 114–15, 287–8, 290 Giddens, A. 438 Hayes, A. 166 Gill, J. L. 130, 204 health see diseases Giorgi, F. 271 Heinrich Events 127, 151, 168, 172, 176, 308, 320–2 glacial–interglacial cycles 148, 153, 157, 175–6, Helldèn, U. 154 192–3, 201, 206–7, 265, 302–4, 306, 308–9, Henderson-Sellers, A. 5–7 314, 323 Henry, D. O. 345 glaciers 113–15, 192, 223, 245–6, 249, 252–3, 265–6, herbicides 34 269–70, 272–3 hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) 252–4 global climate models see general circulation models Hg see mercury Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) 222 Higham, T. 321 Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS) 6 Hillman, G. 334–5 Gogol, N. V. 215 Hillyer, R. 121 Gordon, I. 25–46 Himalayas 107, 114, 263, 269–70, 276, 440 Gordon, J. E. 245 Hippocrates 96–7

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historical documents 221–2 India 52, 107, 117, 126–7, 150, 215, 219, 268–70, 317, HIV 437 338–9, 377 Hodell, D. A. 127, 341 Indian Ocean 107, 117, 119, 126–7, 148, 248, 286–7, Hodgson, D. A. 251 290, 317 Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 85 Indiana 130 Holdaway, R. N. 203 Indonesia 292, 305–6, 430 Holmgren, K. 147 industrial pollution 32, 50, 75, 82 Holocene 28, 55, 58, 74, 169, 171, 173–4, 176–9, 250, Industrial Revolution 25–6, 62 265–7, 302, 314, 323, 359 infl uenza 388, 391 agriculture and domestication 328–31, 333–46, insects 31–2, 189, 202, 389 348–50 see also vector-borne diseases arid and semi-arid regions 146–51, 153, 156–7 Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) model 4 coastal regions 282–3, 285–6, 289, 291 Integrated History and Future of the People on Earth grasslands 218–19, 223, 225–34, 236–8 (IHOPE) 368 temperate zone 192, 194–200, 205–6, 208 Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 114–15, tropical palaeoclimates 114–15, 117–28, 123–32 117–19, 122, 124, 126–8, 143, 341–2 Hong Kong 88, 102 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Hori, K. 286 (IPCC) 33, 35, 108, 245, 272, 275, 377, 379, 418, housing 409 427–8, 430, 436 Hövermann, J. 147 International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) 256 Hudson Bay 247 International Institute for Sustainable Development 429 Hughes, T. P. 87 International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology human evolution and climate change 301–27 Project (ISLSCP) 8 anatomically modern humans 311–22 International Union for Conservation of Nature 77, 87 early hominid evolution and migration 301–8 Ionian Sea 164 hominid evolution during the middle and late Iran 225, 229, 335 Pleistocene 308–11 Iraq 268, 333, 335 human–environment interactions 25–46, 50 Iron Age 6, 49 agriculture see agriculture irrigation 47, 154, 274, 328, 347, 366, 411 on coastal regions and islands 282, 290–2 islands domestication 328–44 environmental histories of 288–91 effects on health see diseases human impacts on 291–2 in grasslands 221–2, 232–3, 238 non-human causes of environmental change in human impacts on coastal and marine geo- 283–8 ecosystems 71–94 prospects for 292–3 human impacts on the atmosphere 95–110 Isreal 96, 175–6 human impacts on tropical palaeoclimates 128–32 Italy 164, 173, 175, 179, 195, 225, 321–2 human-induced pressures on terrestrial IUCN Red Data Book 27 ecosystems 29–33 Iverson, J. 200 mitigation see mitigation in mountain regions 267–71 Jackson, J. B. C. 87 in polar environments 246 Jacquet, J. L. 80 social discontinuity 355–73 Jäkel, D. 149 a social–ecological systems lens 26–7 Jankaew, K. 286 solutions 35–8 Jansson, R. 207 in temperate forested regions 205–7 Janzen, D. 203–4 Hummel, J. 6 Japan 75, 103, 188, 190–1, 193, 195, 199–200, hunting 72, 74–7, 129, 233–4, 333, 337, 344, 358 264, 287 Huntington, E. 363 Java 131 Hurricane Katrina 432, 435 Jennings, S. 79 HYDE data 17 Jensen, A. 77 Jeppesen, E. 52 ice ages 130, 153, 209, 345 Jimenez-Espejo, F. J. 321 Little Ice Age see Little Ice Age Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) 4 ice cores 115, 126, 148, 150, 155, 166, 179, 265, 302, Jones, G. 365 308–9, 316–17, 320–2, 341, 345, 361, 364 Jones, M. D. 173 ice sheets 116, 124, 128, 192–5, 208, 223–4, 228 Jordan 165 Iceland 365 Jordan, P. 49

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Joris, O. 320, 321, 322 landslides 287–8, 409 Judean Mountains 174 Last Glacial Maximum 113–17, 144–5, 147, 150, 152, 154–5, 157, 171–4, 176, 192–3, 195–201, 216, Kaiser, M. J. 79 218, 220, 223–5, 235–9, 266–7, 283–5, 310, 323, 145–7, 154 333, 338, 342 Kansas 224 Late Glacial Kaplan, J. O. 190, 215–44 agriculture and domestication 331, 337–8, 340, 350 Karlèn, W. 266 in grasslands 218, 225, 231 Kasperson, J. X. 358 in temperate forested regions 192, 194, 197, Kasperson, R. E. 358 199, 204 Kazakhstan 231–2 Lau, K. M. 107 Keeling, C. 98 Laybourn-Parry, J. 250 Keller, F. 275 lead (Pb) 61, 63, 81, 254 Kenya 264, 389 leaf area index (LAI) 4–5, 11, 223 Kettle Lake 227 Lebanon 174–5 Khentey Mountains 233 Lejeusne, C. 85 Kilimanjaro 266 Leroy, S. A. G. 367 Kim, K. M. 107 Levant 164–5, 169–70, 172–5, 308, 311, 315, 331, 333 Kinabalu 274 Li, Y. F. 252 Klein, R. J. T. 434 Liao, H. 104 Klein Goldewijk, K. 16 Libya 313–14, 316 Kolata, A. L. 364 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) 11–12, 19 Korea 205 Ligurian Sea 164 Kremenetski, K. V. 229 Lisan (Lake) 173–5 Kröpelin, S. 123 Lisker, S. 174 Kuznets, S. 27 Little Ice Age 58, 127–8, 266, 433 see also Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Liu, Z. 121 Kuznetsova, T. V. 215–44 Loess Plateau 148–9 Kyoto Protocol 410, 440 Los, S. O. 3–24 Lovelock, J. 439 La Niña 58, 123, 152, 339 Lukes, S. 408 see also El Niño luminescence dating 141, 145, 153, 289, 311–13, La Yeguada (Lake) 342 315, 317 Labrador Sea 247 Lund–Potsdam–Jena (LPJ) model 4 lacustrine ecosystems 47–70, 149, 151, 245 Lyme disease 33 acidity 53–6 Lynas, M. 438 nutrients 48–53 Lyons, W. B. 245 salinity 56–61 toxic substances 61–4 Macdonald, R. W. 252–3 Lahr, M. M. 315–17 MacNaghten, P. 358 Lake 227 52 macrofossils 122, 215, 267 lakes 50–2, 56, 60, 119–20, 122–5, 127, 130, 141, 145, Madagascar 270 147, 149, 151–2, 157, 178–9, 189, 200, 218–21, Madsen, D. B. 336 229, 266, 314, 341–2, 364–5 malaria 389, 392, 398–9, 433, 437 ecosystems see lacustrine ecosystems Malawi (Lake) 122, 124–5 Mediterranean lakes 172–5 Malay Peninsula 116 polar lakes 250–1 Mallory, M. L. 84 Lancaster, N. 145 Malthus, T. 346–7 land cover 3–24 manatees 74 biomass estimation from satellite data 11–12 marine geo-ecosystems 71–94 global land cover classifi cations 5–7, 12–16 effect of climate change on 84–8 land-cover change 16–19 exploitation of 73–81 monitoring from satellite 7–11 polar marine ecosystems 251–2 land use 221–2 pollution of 81–4 in arid and semi-arid regions 153–5 Markgraf, V. 206 land-use change 13, 16, 33, 53, 72, 270–1, 276 Marsh, H. 77 see also agriculture marshes 88 Landsat data 15–17 Martin, P. S. 203

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mass extinction 27, 28 mitrochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 312, 335 Matthews, E. 5–7, 14–16 Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Matthews, J. 369 (MODIS) 8, 10, 15, 17–19 Mauna Loa observatory 98–9 151, 157 Maunder Minimum 128 Moldova 229–30 Mauritania 144 Molina, M. J. 101, 255 Mauritius 32 molluscs 83 Maxwell, A. L. 123 Mongolia 150, 157, 219, 222, 231–4, 236, 238 Maya civilization 356, 362–3 Mono Lake 151 Mayewski, P. A. 177, 178 monsoons 60, 107, 114, 117–19, 122, 124, 126–8, Mayle, F. E. 342 147–8, 169–70, 179, 190, 193–5, 201, 208, 219, McCarthy, J. J. 427 232, 238, 336–7 McGlone, M. 188–214 Montana 152 McLaughlin, C. J. 81 Montenegro 164 McNeill, J. R. 368 Moon, K. 406–25 Meadow, R. H. 329 Moore, C. J. 84 Meadows, D. H. 35 Moreton Island 75 Mearns, L. O. 271 Morocco 164, 173, 264, 293, 313, 316, 431 Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) 58, 127 Morrill, C. 126 Mediterranean region 163–87 Morse, A. P. 387–405 as bridge between Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean mosquitoes 389, 394–5, 398 Sea 164–5 see also vector-borne diseases Mediterranean lakes 172–5 Mount St Helens 435 palaeoclimate of the Mediterranean Sea 165–72 mountain regions 262–81 present-day distribution of 163 anthropogenic environmental change in 267–71 speleotherm record 175–80 future environmental change in 271–7 Mediterranean Sea 82, 85, 164–72, 275, 314, 321 importance of 262–4 Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) 8, past environmental change in 265–7 10, 15, 17, 19 see also individual mountain ranges Mega-Chad (Lake) 147, 157 Moy, C. M. 121 megafauna 113, 129–32, 189, 202–5, 208–9, 236 Mueller, D. R. 251 Meghna River 286 Muir, D. C. G. 63, 254 Meinardus, W. 147 Mullen, G. 393 Mellars, P. 312, 314, 320 Muller, R. A. 28 Menteith (Lake) 50–1 Murray, S. N. 80 mercury (Hg) 61, 63–4, 81, 253 Murray River 59–60 Mesolithic 25, 74, 205 Myanmar 338 Mesopotamia 29, 58, 178–9, 361, 366 Messerli, B. 358 Desert 163 Met Offi ce (UK) 4 Namibia 122, 145, 147

methane (CH4) 97, 99, 102, 106, 154, 406 NASA 18 Mexico 115, 130, 151, 342, 344, 346, 363–4 National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 6 Meyer, W. B. 361–2 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association mice 30–1 (NOAA) 7, 9, 99, 100, 101 microfossils 266, 339 National Water Initiative (Australia) 47 migration 207, 268, 301–8, 365–6, 436, 441–2 Neanderthals 309–11, 315–22 Milankovitch theory 302 Nebraska 151, 224 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 437 Desert 165, 170, 176 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) 26–8, 33, Nelson, D. R. 374–86 35, 437 Neogene 207 Miller, C. 25–46 Neolithic 49, 205, 230, 334–7, 340 Minnesota 224, 228 Neotropics 117–22, 124, 130, 341–2, 350 Miocene 148, 252, 301 Nepal 270 Mississippi River 287 New Guinea 114, 123, 130, 270, 335, 338–9, 350 mitigation 406–25, 427–9, 433, 441 New Zealand 31, 74, 123, 190–5, 199–204, 206–7, plans 421–3 248, 264, 266, 290 policy 407–17 Newman, P. A. 255 programmes 417–21 Nichol, S. L. 290

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nickel (Ni) 61 Pashennoe Lake 231–2 Nile 29, 144, 168–9, 170, 172, 314, 362 Patagonia 200, 204, 206 nitrogen 48, 50, 52–5, 81–3, 101, 102 Pauly, D. 78, 80 Noone, K. J. 95–110 Pavlopoulos, K. 289 Norin, E. 149 Pb see lead North America 19, 32, 53–4, 62, 85, 103, 105, 108, Pearsall, D. M. 328–54, 332 115, 126, 127, 129–32, 155, 216, 254, 290, 406, Pedoja, K. 289 430, 432–3 penguins 251 agriculture and domestication 340–4 perfl uorinated acids (PFAs) 64 arid and semi-arid regions 142, 143, 150–2, 156–7 permafrost 193, 245–6, 249–50, 252–3 disease in 396, 399 Pershing, A. J. 76 grasslands 218, 220–2, 224–9, 234–9 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 61–4, 252–3 hominid evolution and migration 308, 323 Peru 124, 127, 152, 157, 264–5, 343–4, 366 mountain regions 264, 267, 269, 275 peste des petits ruminants (PPR) 388, 390 temperate forested regions 190–208 pesticides 34, 83 see also individual countries/US states Petén-Itzà (Lake) 130, 341 North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) 166 Petraglia, M. 317 North Dakota 61 pH levels 53–6, 58, 104–6, 269 North Sea 82 see also acidifi cation Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) 254 Phanerozoic 28 Norton, D. A. 34 Philippines 29 Norway 53, 255, 366 phosphorus 48–52, 81–3 Norwegian Sea 232 photosynthesis 3–4, 223 nuclear power 439 Pienitz, R. 251 Nunn, P. D. 282–97 Piperno, D. R. 338 plague 389 O’Brien, K. L. 377 Pleistocene 117–18, 128, 130, 166, 173, 175, 191, Ocean Drilling Programme (ODP) 302, 304, 314 204, 206 Oceania 17 agriculture and domestication 331, 334, 337, Ogden, J. 290 342–6, 349 oil 53, 83, 88, 95, 422 arid and semi-arid regions 142–53, 156 Okhotsk Sea 247 grasslands 216, 221, 236 Oldfi eld, F. 85, 89 hominid evolution and migration 302–4, 306–11, Olson, J. S. 5–6, 14–16 322–3 Oman 126–7, 179 Pliocene 128, 130, 148, 191, 301, 303–4, 306 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) 141, 289, polar bears 252 313, 315, 317 polar environments see Antarctic; Arctic; orang-utans 32 Greenland Oregon 12, 81 pollen analysis 114–15, 119–20, 122, 127, 150–2, O’Riordan, T. 413 170, 173–5, 189, 206, 215, 219–20, 227, 229–33, Orr, J. C. 106 237–8, 341–2, 361 Österle, H. 215–44 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 252–4 Owens Lake 150 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 252–3 oxygen 26, 49 Pongratz, J. 222, 234 see also δ18O population change 27–8, 34, 74, 95, 128–9, 154, 268, ozone depletion 101–2, 246, 254–6, 269, 328, 406, 282, 292, 313, 315–18, 329, 339, 346–7, 358, 413, 426, 428 363–4, 367, 417–18, 434 Portugal 171, 285, 318, 396 Pacifi c Ocean 86, 88, 115, 190, 218, 247–8, 285, 288, poverty 27, 429, 435–6, 438 339, 341 Power, M. J. 342 Paduano, G. M. 121 Poyang Lake 337 Pakistan 264, 339 precautionary principle (PP) 431 Palaeolithic 301, 320–2, 322, 347 precipitation 32, 131, 147, 154, 163–4, 173–4, 178, Palaeotropics 122–3 193, 216, 233–5, 249, 268, 272, 275, 328, 341–2, Pallcachoca (Lake) 341 349, 390, 441 Panama 344 Prober, S. M. 32 Pandis, S. N. 255 Prowse, T. D. 246, 251 Pandolfi , J. M. 87 Psenner, R. 55

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Quaternary 116, 130, 141, 144–7, 149–50, 153, 155–6, runoff 48, 81, 153, 164, 262, 270, 273, 276 188, 191–2, 202–3, 207, 218–21, 233, 282–5, Russell, J. M. 122 289–90, 302, 311, 317, 323 Russia 247, 250, 321 see also Holocene; Pleistocene 17, 105, 122, 126, 132, 142–7, 156, 163, 165, Rabalais, N. N. 82 170–2, 176, 311, 313–14, 316–17 rabies 390 salinity 29–30, 34, 48, 56–61, 73, 88, 154, 172, 328 radiocarbon dating 220, 231, 266–7, 318–19, 321 sea surface salinity (SSS) 72–3, 84, 89, 164, radiometric dating 303 170, 172 rainfall 17–18, 28, 57, 59, 61, 64, 107, 117, 150, 155, salmonellosis 388, 390 163, 165, 177, 179, 189, 191, 333, 341, 346, Sanchez-Goni, M. F. 320–1 378–80, 388–9, 394, 409 Sandweiss, D. H. 341 rainforests 6, 14, 31, 86, 131, 338 SARS 387 Ramanathan, V. 104 Satellite Pour l’Obersvation de la Terre (SPOT) Ramankutty, N. 16–17 8, 10, 15 Ramsar 59–60 satellites 4, 19, 100, 102, 249, 257 Rapa Nui 74, 356 biomass estimation from 11–12 Rassamakin, J. J. 230–1 land cover monitoring from 7–11 rats 30–1 land-cover change detection from 17–19 Raupach, M. R. 108 land-cover classifi cations from 12–13 Reck, R. 6 Sauer, C. O. 344 Red Data Book 27 Scarborough, V. L. 363 Red Sea 87, 176, 179, 311, 316 Scavia, D. 85 Reed, B. 15 Schindler, D. W. 250 regional climate models 271–2 Schmidt, R. 55 Ren, G. 233 Scientifi c Committee on Antarctic Research resilience studies 374–83, 427–9 (SCAR) 256 evolution of the concept 375–9 Scotland see Great Britain key challenges 381–3 Screen, J. A. 249 overlap with vulnerability studies 379–81 Scripps Institute of Oceanography 98 sustainability science 383–4 sea levels 72–3, 89, 115–16, 176, 246, 249, 257, Richardson, J. B. 341 282–6, 289–93, 316, 337, 379, 412, 431–2 Richter, A. 102 Sea of Marmara 164 Richthofen, F. 148 sea surface temperature 72–3, 84–9, 118, 164, 166, Ricklefs, R. E. 192 171–2, 175, 249, 302, 304 Rift Valley Fever (RVF) 389 seals 72, 74, 76, 251 River Euphrates 154 Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) 8, rivers 64, 115–16, 154, 164, 273–4, 349 10, 19 see also individual rivers Second World War 26–7, 62 Roberts, N. 71, 173 sedimentology 48–9, 52, 57–8, 62, 64–5, 72, 81–2, Rocky Mountains 151, 218, 271 88, 144–5, 151, 167–8, 215, 218, 224, 245, 251, Rodhe, H. 104–5 265–6, 276, 289, 302, 305, 337, 341 Rodó, X. 341 see also fl uvial sediments Rodriguez-Arias, M.-A. 341 Seinfeld, J. H. 255 Roebroeks, W. 306 Seltzer, G. O. 121 Rohde, R. A. 28 semi-arid regions see arid regions Romania 30 Senegal 144 Rose, N. 47–70, 63 Serreze, M. C. 249 Rosen, A. M. 331, 333–4 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 387 Rosenmeier, M. F. 178 sewage see wastewater Rothkin, K. 414 Shanklin, J. D. 99, 100 Rothman, H. 359–60 sharks 76, 253 Round Loch of Glenhead 53–5 shells 58, 74, 80, 251 Rouse, W. R. 250 Shi, N. 147 Rowland, F. S. 101 Shuman, B. 152 Rowland, S. 255 Siberia 106, 129, 219, 224–5, 231 Rub Al Khali 150, 157 Signy Island 250 Ruddiman, W. 97, 107 Simmonds, I. 249

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Simple Biosphere (SiB) model 4 Sumatra 32 Singapore 88 sustainable development 426–46 Slaymaker, O. 156, 245 future of 437–42 Slovenia 164 response to threats and opportunities 434–7 Sluyter, A. 356 sustainability science 383–4 Smale, D. A. 252 Svenning, J. C. 204 Smart, K. 332 Sweden 53 Smith, C. R. 83 swine fl u 387 Smith, V. H. 83 Switzerland 264, 267, 273 Smol, J. P. 250–1 Syrdaria River 439 social–ecological systems (SESs) 375, 378–82 Syria 165, 361 societies 374–86 systems dynamics 36 social discontinuity 355–73 sustainability science 383–4 Tahiti 287 vulnerability and resilience studies 374–83 Tainter, J. 362 soils 5, 7, 31–2, 47, 53, 81, 104, 117, 154, 156, 189, 149 193, 199–203, 208–9, 218, 223, 268–70, 275, 328, Tanganyika (Lake) 122, 124–5 348, 364, 390, 409, 431–3 Tans, P. 98 soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) 48 Tarasov, P. 205, 215–44 Somalia 389 Tasmania 130, 190–1, 195, 206, 338 Sommaruga-Wögrath, S. 55 terrestrial biota and ecosystems 25–46 Sonak, S. 84 agriculture and the future 34–5 163 ecosystem services 33–4 South Africa 31, 145, 147–8, 163, 190, 216, 305, 389 human-induced pressures on terrestrial South America 14, 17, 19, 114–19, 126, 129–30, 132, ecosystems 29–33 247–8, 254, 270, 323, 396 outlook 39 agriculture and domestication 340–4 status, conditions and trends 27–9 arid and semi-arid regions 142–3, 150–2, 156 Tertiary 144, 191 grasslands 215–16, 235–6 Thailand 123, 338, 340 social discontinuity 363–4 thermoluminescence (TL) dating 141, 311, 313 temperate forested regions 190–4, 199, 201, 204–7 Thompson, L. G. 114 see also individual countries Tibesti Mountains 145 Southern Ocean 251, 254 Tibetan Plateau 61, 107, 114, 148, 236, 263 Spain 164, 173, 396 Tierney, J. E. 122 speleotherms 115, 170, 175–80, 317 Tigris River 154 Spörer Minimum 128 Tirari Desert 153 Sri Lanka 131 Titicaca (Lake) 120, 364 Srivastava, P. 145 Tiwanaku State 356 Stahl, P. W. 328–54 toads 31 stalagmites 141, 147 Torres Strait 77 Staubwasser, M. 178–9 total nitrogen (TN) 48 Steel Lake 228 total phosphorus (TP) 48–50, 52 Sterken, M. 121 Tottrup, C. 154 Sterman, J. D. 25, 36 tourism 36, 50, 86, 252, 264, 271, 276 Stern Review 428, 430 toxic substances 47–8, 61–4 Stiros, S. C. 289 tree-ring dating 151, 265, 267, 318–19, 363 stock-and-fl ow models 36–7 tributyl tin (TBT) 61, 84 Stockholm Convention 61 tropical palaeoclimates 113–40 Stoermer, E. F. 246 the Holocene 118–28 Stohl, A. 103 human impacts 128–32 Stone Age 312, 316–17 the last deglaciation 113–18 Stonehouse, B. 245, 247–8 tsetse fl ies 389, 393 storms 151, 155, 193, 246, 274, 287, 432 Tsigaridis, K. 104 Street, M. 320–2 Tsodilo (Lake) 145 Strezlecki Desert 153 tsunamis 286–7, 290, 292, 426, 430 Sudan 144, 335 tuberculosis 387, 390 Sugden, D. 245 tuna 76 sulphur 53–5 tundra 6–7, 28, 189, 195, 199, 235, 237, 246, 249, 267

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Tunisia 316 Wagner, M. 215–44 Turkey 164, 174, 335 Wake Island 81 Turner, B. L. 376–7 Wales see Great Britain turtles 74, 76–7 Walker, B. 33 Tuttle, N. C. 31 Wanner, H. 194 Tzedakis, P. C. 321 Ward, J. V. 121 Washington (Lake) 50 Ukraine 229 wastewater 48, 50, 52, 81–2 ultraviolet radiation 73, 101, 246, 250, 254, 391 Water Framework Directive (EU) 47, 52, 59, 61 UNESCO 5–6 Watt-Cloutier, S. 256 United Arab Emirates 311 Weiss, E. 334 United Kingdom see Great Britain Weiss, H. 178–9, 355, 360–1 United Nations Conference on Environment and Weng, C. 121 Development (UNCED) 153 Weninger, B. 178 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertifi cation West Nile fever 387, 389 (UNCCD) 153–4 West Olaf Lake 228 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 144 (UNECE) 108 wetlands 29 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 270, whales 72, 74–6, 86 436, 440 Willcox, G. 334 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Williams, J. 206, 215–44, 228 Change (UNFCCC) 108, 412, 427, 436–7, Williams, M. A. J. 316–17 439, 441 Wilson, H. 333, 336, 340 University of Maryland 14 Wilson, M. F. 5–7, 14 urbanization 34 Windermere (Lake) 50 Urrego, D. H. 121 Wolfe, B. B. R. A. 121 Urry, J. 358 Wood, J. 188–214 World Development Report 432 Vaks, A. 174 World War II 26–7, 62 Valencia, B. G. 121 Worthy, T. H. 203 Van der Leeuw, S. 359, 360 Vandenberghe, J. 148 Yang, X. 141–62, 149 variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) 387 Yangtze River 205, 263, 335, 337–8 vector-borne diseases 388–90, 391, 393–6, 399, 401 Yellow River 149, 335–8 bluetongue 396–8, 400 Yellow Sea 219 malaria 389, 392, 398–9 Yellowstone National Park 275 Venezuela 127, 341 Yohe, G. 430 Verheyden, S. 178 Younger Dryas (YD) cold event 114–16, 127, 131, 172, Verstraete, M. 154–5 175, 199, 333–4, 337, 339 Vietnam 131, 433 Vincent, W. 250 Zagros mountains 335, 361 Vogel, C. 358 Zanchetta, G. 179 volcanic activity 56, 117, 201, 204, 288, 290, 302, 306, Zazari (Lake) 178 311, 316–18, 321, 361, 426 Zeribar (Lake) 229 Vrba, E. S. 304 zero-carbon see mitigation vulnerability studies 374–83, 427–9, 434–5 Zhao, Z. 338 evolution of the concept 375–7 Zhou, W. 337 key challenges 381–3 Zhu, Z. 149 overlap with resilience studies 379–81 Zilhao, J. 320 sustainability science 383–4 zinc (Zn) 61, 254

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