1P1 AlClKlElTI I I sitiaitiuTsTT RTE[G11 ISITlElRl Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation A Non-Profit Research and Development Corporation______

Winter 1997 President’s Corner Issue # 65 What an interesting year 1996 has been and it looks like 1997 is going to be as or more interesting! TAPR met many of it goals for 1996. That of Published by: 1) moving Spread Spectrum issues forward, 2) getting the joint ARRL and Tucson Amateur Packet Radio TAPR DCC off the ground, 3) increasing membership activity, 4) and lots 8987-309 E. Tanque Verde Rd.#337 of other neat projects and concepts. I hope we can keep up with the pace of Tucson. AZ 85749-9399 what is happening. Phone: 817-383-OOCO FAX: 817-566-2544 The big news since last November was that the FCC granted TAPR's New Area Code After May I81 Is 940 request for a Spread Spectrum $TA. This was really great news and we [email protected] already have a number of folks operating under the STA ______www.tapr.org (http://www.tapr.org/ss/tapr_sta.html). If you want to participate in the Office Hours: STA, just use the on-line application or request one from the office. Tuesday - Friday 9:(X5am-12:00. 3:00-5:00pm Central The sad news 1 have to report is that FreeWave Technologies, Inc. o f Boulder, CO (www.freewave.com), after deciding to sell us their DGR-115 radios at board level for S250 each, decided to cancel the agreement several In This Issue... days after it was announced on the TAPR web page and to the membership Caff for Papers; AMSA T Space Symposkir*n..3 Message from the Editor...... 3 via the Internet list. The units were first mentioned in the last PSR. We TAPR Board of Directors Elections...... 4 discussed the issue with FreeWave for three weeks, but were forced to New TAPR Software Librarian...... 5 finally give up once it was apparent that no solution was possible. This is F6FBBWeb Pages...... 5 too bad, since 1 felt that it was an excellent opportunity for both FreeWave New Modem for DSP-93...... 5 and TAPR. TAPR would have gotten a radio in the hands of the membership TAC-2 Questions and Answers...... 6 Multi-Casting...... 7 WfMk. APRS: An Overview and Introduction...... 11 Look for TAPR at these Upcoming Events APRS Tracks ...... 12 m May 1§r%;!897 ... , Dayton HamVention' ‘w 'M m DGPS Tests in Baftmore/WashSngton Area.... 12 %;Sept/Cct" 'ARRL Bsitimwe Area Wf'vm METCON-2 Status Report...... U ■ ;',v ' Messages IDs: BID. MID and LID...... U Packet SLulus Register New V/IN95 & NT Packet Programs...... IS Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corp. SECOND CLASS North American Digital Systems Directory.... 16 PO Box 51114 POSTAGE PAID AT Packet Radio in Education: Denton,'I X 762116-0114 DENTON. TX. Integration into K-12 Gifted Programs...... 17 FACTOR Mode Demodulator Test Results..... 13 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED S3 PACSATXMTR mod to TAPR-2 TNC$...... 20 Wireless Digital Communications: Design a id Theory...... 21 Amateur Ratio Invalidates interne! Patents.... 22 Application o f the DAS...... 22 Organizational News...... 23 TAPR Software library Update...... 27 rteg.wia' Digital Organizations List..—.... 28 Software Library...... 30

Winter 1997 - Issue #65 Page i . Presidents Comer, continued...______Entire contents Copyright 3? 1997 Tucvin Amateur Packet Radio and FreeWave would have received high quality technical Corp. Unless otherwise indicated, explicit percussion is glinted to feedback for future implementation. I know there was a r e p la c e any materials appearing herein for non-commercial Amateur publications provided that credit is given to both the author and TAPR, lot of interest in this radio and 1 hope that all those who along with UtcTAPR phono number (940-3S3-UUIXJ). Other reproduction showed excitement will not let this setback affect their is prohibited without written permission from TAPR. thinking and plans about doing new technology. Opinions expressed aie those of the authors and r.ot necessarily those o f TAPR, the Board of Directors, Officers, or the Editor. Acceptance of It is becoming apparent that Part 15 manufacturers are advertising docs not constitute endorsement, by TAPR, of the products seeing amateur radio operations in our bands, using their advertised. Spread Spectrum technology, as a threat. I don’t believe Postmaster Send address cbacees to TAPR. P.O. Box Si 114. Demon, that getting equipment from these sources in any type of TX. 76206-0114. Packet Staras Register (ISSN 1052-3626, USPS 005- 419) is published quarterly by iheTucv.m Am2tear Packet Radio Corpora­ recognized group purchase is going to be possible in the tion, 1418 Ridgecrest, Denton. TX 76205. Membership in Tucson future. The Part 15 coalition, which Proxim, Metricom, Amateur Packet Radio, including a subscription to Packet Statu.\ Register, and others arc involved with, have stated that they plan to is $20.00 per year in the U.S. and possessions, of which S12.C0 is allocated to Parke: Status Register. Membership is S20.CO Ir. Canada and Mexico, fight the rules changes as set forth under RM-8737. They and S25.00 elsewhere, payable in U.S. fund*. Membership and Packet want Part 97 operations on bands where they arc selling Staats Register cat toot be separated. Sccond-clzsx postage paid nt Dentco. equipment to be limited to the same technical TX requirements they currently have to operate under: low PSR Editor power, almost no antennas, etc. While the engineers and Bob Hansen. N2GDE P.O. Box 1902, Elmira. N.Y. 14502-1902 others at various companies that we have been discussing Internet: psri&lapr.org group purchases with are enthusiastic about the Advertising: possibility of getting equipment to us, by the lime the Contact the TAPR office. decision reaches higher levels, resistance begins to build. TAPR Officers: In addition, now that the FreeWave purchase has fallen President C-reg Jones. WD5IVD '/ice President T through, is it a good thing for amateur radio that we work John Aikermann, AG9V Secretary Sieve Stron, N8C\'J A on purchases like this? Some at the FCC already see Treasurer Jim N&aly.WASLHS P amateur radio as an obsolete entity. Tin's could lie one TAPR Board of Directors: R reason for the suggested Part 5 rule changes. They sec Bo£td.M;!mei Ism Interns; amateur radio not providing the necessary technology Greg Jone3, W05IVD 1997 \[email protected] development, so the answer is to change the Part 5 rules John Koster, Y.SDOD 1997 \s9([email protected]»rg MeJWhhten, KOPFX 1S97 so more commercial entities can test their RF devices. [email protected] John Ack&rmann. AG9V1998 [email protected] Would we be walking into a pit if we go out and get lots Garry McLsrncfi, V53JF 1993 [email protected] of Part 15 equipment operational on our bands. The easy Jim Neely. WA5LHS 1598 [email protected] answer on the part of the FCC would be to collapse Part Sieve Bide, N7h?R 1939 [email protected] 97 into Part 15. If all wc do is make part 15 equipment Ecb Hansen, N2GDE 1939 n2gde©tapr.o'g operational, why allow part 97 operations? I think it is Gary Hacge, N4CHV 1959 [email protected] Date Is exp-ration of term cn 3oard of Directors. even more important now to stress the experimental and Thu Tucv.m Amatsui Packet Radio Corporation is a non-profit »cien- developmental nature of our hobby and to press the point tilic research and development corporation [Section 5Ul{c)(.>) of the U.S. on several fronts. While getting Part 15 equipment tax code]. Contributions arc deductible ut the extent allowed by U.S. tax laws. TAPR i% chartered in the Slate o: Arizona for the purpose of operational was a solution to several short term issues, 1 designing and developing new systems for digital radio communication don’t believe (now) that it would have been a good iD the Amateur Radio Service, and turdivseminating information required direction in, say, two years. Would have getting the during, and obtained from, such research. FreeWave radios into the amateur market via TAPR set a Article submission deadlines Fur upcoming issues: trend that we could not recover from? I don’t know, but Spring 1997 March 15,1997 it might be fortunate that FreeWave decided that they Summer 1997 June 15,1997 didn’t want to sell u$ radios without additional Fall 1997 September 15,1997 stipulations. Something serious to think about. TAPR can Winter 1998 December 15,1997 now focus on getting amateur technology into the amateur Submission Guidelines: hobby and to that extent, several projects have been TAPR is always interested in receiving information and articles for publication. If you have an idea for an article you would like to see. or started and will be pushed to completion. you. or someone you know, is doing something that would interest digital Communicators, please conlact the editor so tliat your work can he shared On another topic— I have not mentioned the following with the Amateur community. yet in the FSK, because it was still very tenuous and The preferred format for articles a plain ASCII text; the preferred considered to be in the wait and see stage for several graphic formal-; are I IPOLor PCX. However, weean accept many popiilnr months. Now that it looks like we might gel funded, let wind processor and graphic formais. All submissions on diskeite should me outline what has happened. This last August I Hew to be formatted for MS-DOS. Freemont, CA and spent several days at Dewaync

P a ge 2 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue 065 President's Comer, continued... candidates running for the three positions available. Hendricks’ home. During that period we wrote and Please take the time to vote, cither by mailing in your submitted a grant to the National Science Foundation ballot or via the electronic means we are making available (NSF) concerning a proposal for TAPR to design and for the first time. This is your opportunity to select who build a Spread Spectrum radio to meet some of their sits on the board and determines the future of TAPR. educational networking needs, which happens to be just Until next quarter and lots more fun! like what we need on the amateur radio bands. Anyway, Cheers - Greg, WD5IVD the NSF grant has been progressing through channels for the last several months and we should be hearing about Call for Papers: AMSAT-NA Annual the outcome before Dayton. If the grant is accepted and funded, which I think we have a very good chance of now, Meeting & Space Symposium wc will have some money to invest in research and The 1997 AMSAT-NA annual meeting and space development of aTAPR Spread Spectrum radio design or symposium will be held on Oct. 17-19,1997 at the Airport designs that could be a significant contribution to the Delta Hotel in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This is the first amateur radio hobby. I’ll write a lot more when wc know call for papers to authors who wish to present papers at the final status of the proposal and how it will positively this event. Topics for all amateur satellite disciplines are affect TAPR. sought from the AMSAT community. Authors and titles The Texas Packet Radio Society held its Fall Digital are requested by March 1st with abstracts by June 1st. Symposium this past December in Austin, Texas. TPRS Final versions are due by August 1st. We also encourage was kind enough to allow me to take up a considerable those not able to attend, to consider submitting a paper for amount of presentation time discussing what TAPR was publication in the Proceedings o f the symposium. doing and the future of Spread Spectrum communications Submissions and enquiries should be made to: in regards to networking and other interests. I was very Wayne Chandler, VE3WHC pleased to see many members of both TPRS and TAPR By inter net :ve3w'[email protected] present at the meeting. My presentation was done by pulling up my overheads over a wireless link at 256Kbps By mail:W.H.Chandler 6 at my laptop from the Linux server sitting on the other Box. ,Carlisle,Ont..LORlHO. side of the room. Very impressive way to demonstrate the Canada. potential for future access. We just need access to the technology at a price we can all afford. It was very- Message from the Editor positive to see the good turnout at this meeting and showed to me that the future for regional groups is not as My apologies for the tardiness of the last several issues. Hopefully things wall be back on track starting with the bleak as manv* think it is. next issue. The schedule w e’re shooting for looks like this: Issue QeacLne De very By fin the U.S.i Sprlrvg 1997 March 15,1997 May 5,1997 Summer 1997 June 15,1997 August 5,1997 Fa'11997 September 15,1997 November 5,1997 Wnt©r1998 December 15,1997 February 5,1997 This schedule will get each issue to you in plenty of time before each of the annual events (HamVention, DCC, Elections). There have also been some printing problems with the last two issues (blank pages, mis-cuc, etc.). If you have Thr group a:U:ruling lie 1996 T i’XS Kali DlfUcaJ Svtnj>»'l‘£."n, Austin, Texat received a defective copy, please contact the office for a replacement. Dayton ’97 is scheduled lor May 17-19th. John W e’re also looking for two or three people to help with Ackcrmann, AG9V, has informed us that wc will be able the production of the PSR. If you are willing to spend a to use the NCR facility again this year for the Friday few hours each month., we have some opportunities for evening event. If you didn’t make it last year, you really you to help TAPR provide a better publication. If you should think about attending this year. think you might be interested, [email protected], 607-735-4266 (day), or 607-733-3218 (evening). Please You will find in this issue of the PSR a ballot for this include your phone number in any messages. year’s board of directors election. Wc have lour excellent 73, Bob! N2GDE

Winter 1997 - Issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 3 TAPR Board of Directors Elections so that I may use that knowledge and experience tn help TAPR meet ils objectives of improving the speed and performance of the digital modes. The following four members have agreed to run for the three available positions on the hoard of directors. You Mel Whitten, KOPFX (Board Member) may vote for these individuals and/or any write-in 3219 Haas Ave candidates using the ballot printed on the next to last page Bridgeton, MO 63044 o f the PSR or using the on-line election web page (details Telephone: (314)739-1108 below). Internet: [email protected] My amateur radio career began at age 12 with continued interest Deadline for balloting is March u?th, 1997. Board in all the digital modes from high Speed CW and Teletype tn Packet members elected will serve a three year term. Radio. I Lave served as an officer in various radio clubs and 1 am currently vice-president of the Missouri Amateur Packet Sociely. The following TAPR members have been nominated Working with Mo.Am PS and other packet groups. I was instrumental for election this year to the TAPR Board of Directors: in developing the high speed backbone o f eastern Illinois and Mis­ • Greg Jones, WD5IVD, [email protected] souri. As a sysop for the MS YS BBS in Sf I /mis and a node operator • John Koster, W9DDD, [email protected] fnr a Gracilis switch and the MO-CALIF worm hole, I remain aclive • Mel Whitten, KOPFX. [email protected] in day-to-day packet activities. My interest in Packet Radio began when St Louis was chosen as • Steve Stroh, NSGNJ, [email protected] one of Ihe beta sites for TAPR’s TNC. This was the beginning of a long time association with TAPR and engineering support in the Greg Jones, WD5IVD (Board Member, President) development of the TNC 1 andTNC2andcurrcntly supporting user’s 7201 Wood Hollow #458 questions on TAPR’s 9600 baud modem. As a board member, I woul d Austin, TX 78731 utilize my past experience and knowledge in making those decisions Telephone: (512) 794-0578 that will help TAPR meet its goals and vision for the coming years. Internet: [email protected] Professionally, I have worked for a large telecommunications A bam Since 1977,1 originally got involved in packet radio due (0 company for the past 26 years and I am Currently a senior develop­ TAPR’s efforts during the great TAPR TNC IT development in 1985 ment engineer. It is because of these qualifications that I ask for your and have been active ever since. My primary interest in amateur radio support toward my election to TAPR’s board of directors. is digital communications. I have served as an officer or a board member of TAPR since 1989. This last year has seen a lot of personal Steve Stroh. N8GNJ (Secretary) time put into TAPR in the area of Spread Spectrum technology 14919 NE 163rd St acceptance in amateur radio. I hope to get rcclccicd in order to Woodlnvllle, WA 98702 continue the various initiatives that were started the past several Telephone: (206) 481-5735 years. Internet: [email protected] If you have any questions, my phone is always answered by me I'm 37 and employed hy The Boeing Company in Seattle, or my machine. 1 am _stil!_ working on my PhD ad the University of Washi ngton as a Network and System Administrator. I’m seif taught Texas, Austin, but at least 1 am now ABD (all but dissertation). I on PCs and Networking, and active on the Inlernel since 1992.1 am check my Internet mail daily, so that is the host way to contact me. married 10 Tina Stroh who is a Registered Nurse, and Father of Call me or write me if you have input - we are always looking for Mcridcth, age four. folks to gel involved or help Out with problems. My two primary I got into Packet and first joined TAPR in the mid 1980s in the amateur goals are to See TAPR improve and grow as an organization Cleveland, Ohio area shortly after becoming licensed. Advanced andscc more educational items disseminated, like Tom McDermott’s Packei is my preferred mode (960U baud and faster. TCP/1P, Internet recent TAPR publication. connectivity), und 1 hope to get more involved in Amateur Digital Satellite and HF Digital communications in Ihe next few years. I’m John Koster, W9DDD (Board Member) one of the coordinators of the Puget Sound Amateur Radio TCP/IP 1821 Blake Drive Group, an informal group that has constructed a network of 1200 and Richardson, TX 75081 9600 baud repeaters that run primarily TCP/IP in Western Telephone: (972) 644-1748 Washington. Internet: jkoster@tenetedu My initial involvement with TAPR was assistant chairperson of A ham since 1959, l‘ve always been intcresled in digital forms of TAPR’s Networking Special Interest Group (NetSIC) Several years communications starling with RTTY in 1960. The past 11 years I ago. then Chairperson. 1 was the local coordinator for the 1996 ARRL have been very active in packet, and was deeply involved with the and TAPR Digital Communication Conference in Seattle. 1 became TexNet Support Croup until elected to the TAPR board. I was the TAPR Secretary in laic 1996 at the request of the Board of Directors head of the Software Group and supported the TexNet code from after I apparently took minutes too well at the 1996 Fall TAPR Board 1989 to 1992. I am interested in the development o f radios and of D&ectors meeting. I was asked, and accepted the job of documen­ modems for high speed opeislion. I now bundle printed circuit board tation for TAPR's Spread-Spectrum STA as well us being one of the production issues with the local board houses TAPR uses. initial STA participants. I was active in the formation of ihe TAPR I’d like to thank everyone fnr the opportunity I was given to serve North American Digital System Directory. I’m currently working on as a board member. During my first term as a board member of TAPR. a proposal to the TAPR BoD for local (US) and International groups I feel that I have received more than I was able to give the organiza­ to formally affiliate with TAPR. tion. Getting the opportunity to work with a number of dedicated and I am not running "against” any of the current BoD members whose experienced people at the national level has been a learning and terms expire in 1997. My motivation for running for Board of rewarding experience. 1 am asking you to elect me to a second term Directors is partially to bring some representation to the BoD from

P a g e 4 Packet Status Register Winter 1997-Issue #65 the Pacific Northwest. I hope that my experience us u user of TCP/IP will he a useful addition to the BoD. I’m extremely proud of being F6FBB Web Pages: FBB BBS Development heavily involved with TAPR ill this critical lime for Amateur Radio, when Amateur Radio is fighting harder than ever to prove its Richard Saue. LA+SGA relevance and importance in comparison to other users of spectrum. Richard$aueC<£jur.uib.no I’m especially proud of TAPR's direct involvement with the PCC. I feel strongly that digital modes should be the preferred Hi! Be advised that F6FBB has his own web page "transport” in Amateur Radio, just as digital modes have become the dedicated to F6FBB development: preferred "transport" in all types of commercial RF communications I’m particularly looking forward to effective digital video and voice! http:/,\vww.f6fbb.org I also feel sliuiigly that Amateurs are their own worst enemy when it comes to accommodating new modes Such as Spread Spectrum, und There you will find information about the development that TAPR will have to work very' hard to “make the case" lo status ol FBB DOS.AVin/Linux versions, expected release Amateurs thar it is truly in Amateur Radio's best long term interest time, information about FBB forward protocols etc. to accommodate new digital modes on all Amateur frequencies. Other thoughts and opinions about Amateur Rudio's future were The new release (7.01) for all three operating systems detailed in my article "One Person’s view of DCC ’96 ", published in is due to be released soon. the Fall 199(1 PSR. If you agree with those viewpoints, 1 would appreciate your vote to elect me to the TAPR Board of Directors. New Modem for DSP-93

M oc Wheatley, AF.4JY Voting for the TAPR BoD Candidates mwheailet&lrsyslems.com Please find the mail-in ballot on page 31. At the Fall Board of Directors meeting, the board voted lo accept I uploaded a new modem program for the DSP-93. It’s ballots by electronic means. This year, you can vote using named KS12V10.ZIP and is on the tapr.org/dsp93/upload die ballot printed in this PSR or by electronic means using directory. The modem itself is not that interesting but the World Wide Web. some may find it useful as another example of programming techniques. It is fairly well documented and To vote, either send in the paper ballot or access could be used as a template for a more exciting modem hltp://w\vw.tapr.org/elec. You will be asked to give your or other DSP-93 applications. membership number and check number which can be found to the right o f your membership number on the Features: mailing label of this issue. If you have problems using the • Bell 202, 1200 Baud AFSK tone detection and web page, contact Dorothy at the office and we can generation. investigate. • Performs HDLC Frame assembly and disassembly. We look forward to your comments on this new way • Implements open squelch carrier detection. o f collecting votes in both traditional paper and newer • Communication with modem uses KISS protocol electronic form. over the DSP-93 UART link. The KS12V10.ZIP file should contain the following Paper Ballot is on Page 31 of this Issue. files: RF.ADME.TXT — 'this text file Welcome to the new TAPR Software KS12M A1N.OBJ — Object code that is downloaded to DSP-93 KS12USER.PDF — User Manual in Adobe Acrobat format Librarian KS12TECH.PDF— Technical Description in Adobe Acrobat format KS12MA1N.AS.M — DSP-93 Source code file #1 TAPR would like to welcome Greg Eubank, KS12AIN.ASM — DSP-93 Source code file #2 KL7EV, as the new TAPR software librarian. Greg will KSl 2AOIIT. ASM — DSP-93 Source code file #3 be taking over for Allan Finne, KB5SQK. Allan had lo KS12111N.ASM — DSP-93 Source code file »4 step down because of his new work commitments. KS121I0UT.ASM — DSP-93 Source code file #5 KS12KIN.ASM DSP-93 Source code file #6 Greg brings a fresh approach to what the software KS12K0UT.ASM — DSP-93 Source code file #7 library could be providing and has a lot of new plans KSl 2DATA.TDL — DSP-93 Source code data Glc f>8 he has been discussing. We look forward to Greg’s tenure in this position and Greg is already doing some major work on the library. Greg can be reached at [email protected] for anyone who has information regarding upgrades or comments on the software library area. Welcome aboard Greg!

Winter 1997 • Issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 5 TAC-2 Questions and Answers range from a few seconds to-1/2 hour. All of these effects arc minimized by making the real measurement span be Tom Clark, W3IWI averaged over the longest possible time interval. The -20 w3iwi(g'amsas.org nscc refers to a few hours of averaging, while a shorter interval yields more like -50 nsec RMS. The plots on Question: aleph/bootes serve to illustrate this point. See in particular You mentioned that the Motorola ONCORRhas timing the plots name oso*.gif — the two plots show a 2 day and performance on the order of 20 - 30 ns, and the Garmin/ then 6 week comparison against the Hydrogen Maser at Trimble on the order of 300 nsec. How docs Selective the Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden. The ftp server Availability (SA) affect all o f this? If 1 understand you also shows similar results at other observatories around correctly, then SA should limit the on time mark (OTM) the world. in an absolute sense to approximately +-1 GO meters. The lower cost Garmin is not as good. In addition to a Thus, assuming a propagation of about 1 ns per foot, -2 usee systematic bias it shows discontinuities at the and assuming 3 feet per meter, I would expect a -500 nsec peak-to-peak level (my ftp server, as well as propagation error on the order of +- 300 ns. This agTccs the article in the recent TAPR Packet Status Register with the Garmin / Trimble number. How docs the Shows the Garmin performance). The Garmin is a Motorola improve this number by an order of magnitude? sequential receiver that does strange things sometimes Also, can one assume that SA causes an error that has a (witness the abrupt timing discontinuities), and it cannot mean error o f zero in the long run? If so, maybe the be constrained in position (except that the height can be Motorola somehow averages over a period of time to fixed in a “2-D:’ mode. Hence the Garmin produces timing lower the absolute error. at levels comparable to those you indicated, but DEFINITELY not as good as you can do with a “proper” Answer: receiver! No — you can do much better than 100M = 300 nsec! First — take a look at some of the plots on my ftp site. Question: Although alcph is still down, I ’ve had the disk mirrored Concerning the accuracy of adding a GPS stabilized onto another host, so it is available there: xtal oscillator... What limits the absolute error to le-9 or le-10? Is it basically a tradeoff in the loop filter time ftp://booles.gsfc.nasa.gov/GPS/totally.accuratc.clock/ constant that one needs to pick to keep the oscillator in The performance figures I give are RMS values, and lock? It seems likely that if one picks a longer time they refer to operation with the existing GPS constant, then the jitter due to SA (and other things) would constellation, SA and all. The “100M” SA spec is a average out closer towards zero. However, the longer the 3-sigma (essential peak-to-peak) value, and the average time constant one picks, the more jittery the oscillator will is smaller. The value refers to recovered positions, and are get due to its own instablity. Is my thinking correct on essentially the definition of the performance o f each of this? the GPS satellites. Answer: The reason that the ONCORE is so good is that it can Basically, your explanation is correct. But let me give he operated in a mode where the user can constrain the a bit more insight into the issues, and then discuss what I position to be known, and then all pscudorange data is plan to do: used in a least-squares sense to solve for the clock. In this If you look at a crystal oscillator, it is EXTREMELY case we have only one unknown (the local receiver’s clean on short period stability (lens to hundreds of psec clock) but are observing N satellites, so we can achieve at 1 second), MUCH better than any of the GPS receivers. an improvement of sqrt(N-1). This works l>ecau$e the SA Just how good depends on the quality o f the crystal dithering is not coherent between the different GPS oscillator. satellites. I call this "zero-D” operation (as opposed to the more normal 2-D and 3-D operation of the GPS revr). Where GPS shines is that the long-term performance mirrors the aggregate stability of all the Cesium standards Then we achieve additional improvement by onboard the satellites, and then in turn, the ground-based time-domain filtering. Any isolated 1PPS pulse derived comparisons of the aggregate constellation clock with from GPS has the noise of SA, plus the instrumental noise respect to the ensemble o f standards at -the US Naval of the receiver, plus other errors. Part of the ONCORE’s Observatory that constitute the national master clock. instrumental “noise” is a -6 second, 104 nsec p-p sawtooth due to the fact that the fPPS pulse is derived My measurements on the ONCORE show that at any from zero-crossings o f a -9.5 MHz internal oscillator. lime longer than a few hours. GPS yields the -30 nsec Observations of SA show that it is a band-limited process performance (or -300 nscc RMS with the less capable with a zero value long-term mean; the relevant periods Garmins).

Page 6 Packet Status Register Winter 1997- Issue #65 To put in some numbers, 36 nsec at one hour (3600 see) Multi-Casting = 1:10el 1. Perhaps your HP106 is good enough to yield this performance with a ~1 hour loop time constant, [Recent discussions on RBS-SIG have been about how to perhaps not. But it should easily make I:l0el0. Since the improve network efficiency by multi-casting. (Multicast­ Garminis not as good by an order of magnitude, and since ing is when messages are received by multiple stations it might be used with a cheaper & more mortal crystal simultaneously.) Here are some excerpts from that dis­ oscillator, it can probably be used at the l:10e9 level. cussion.} Clearly, the properties of the optimum filler depend on both the GPS and crystal oscillator characteristics. P ACS AT Broadcast Protocol The TAC Oscillator Controller (TOC) we arc working Tim Cunningham, N8DEU on as the next phase of the project is designed to allow the [email protected] the user to “close the loop.” We want to average (perhaps I have used the PACSAT Broadcast Protocol for some in a somewhat fancy filler) a large number of time interval time as a SaiGale BBS station and from what \ have been measurements. From this we derive an analog correction hearing in the group, it is applicable in many ways to fit voltage that can he used to steer the crystal. into the current terrestrial system using existing equipment Hundreds o f stations can simultaneously We have worked out a clever circuit using BCD rate receive data in parallel without being connected to the multipliers that can handle both a high resolution (1:10e6) server. In many cases, 1 can receive files without ever D/A conversion and the necessary division of die xtal connecting to the PACSAT server, because somebody reference to 1PPS. The original plan was to do this in else requested the same fi les and my station captured them off-the-shelf CMOS logic but the critical chip (4527) was before it had to send a request. It certainly reduces the a bit loo slow and the board real estate too much, so we congestion dramatically, while increasing the efficiency have done an initial cut at implementing the design in a of transferring data to the masses. In some eases, you may- 1" square programmable ASIC. have received a portion of a file from somebody else’s Clearly the time-interval averaging and filtering request, thus, the software will only request the portion algorithms are best done in a small computer. Right now, that is missing since it keeps track of the missing holes. we arc considering the Parallax BASIC STAMP 2 for this Rather than requesting the entire file, your station will task. In addition to having enough CPU power only request the holes needed to fill what you have already self-contained in a small 24-pin DIP package., it has an captured. 1 can say that 1 have requested 1 Megabyte files internal time- interval counter (albeit with only 2 usee and received them in a few seconds, because I captured resolution) that makes for a simple design usable at the all the data from other requests, hut I was only missing a -l:10c9 level. This meets most amateur needs (1 Hz of small hole out of the entire file. In this way, the software frequency control at 1 GHz). For a higher resolution is venr* efficient. version, the same ASIC would be used with a better In addition, you can selectively request files for time-interval counter. download on a very selective basis with the equation file. The current idea (after we get the TAC out the door) is The equation file is used to mg a file for a download that there will be a 2nd PCB, also 3"x4.5" in size and request action. plugging into the TAC, that will constitute the TOC. It For those wishing to read more about the PACSAT will include a (relatively) cheap xtal oscil lator, but a belter protocol please investigate the following sites: oscillator (like your HP106) could be mounted off-board. The TOC will have the ASIC, STAMP CPU, and some www.amsat.org other support circuitry on it. flp.amsat.org The initial TAPR TAC offering will be for the TAC-2 The following file gives very' descriptive details about circuit board only. It will l>e offered in 2 flavors — the PACSAT Broadcast protocol: PRO/AM. The AMatcur version will have only those ftp. amsat.org/amsat/sati n fo/pacsat/pacdoc.zip parts needed lor minimalist support of lhc GPS20 (or the older ONCORE BASIC). The PRO option will add the PACSAT Protocol Spec. parts that support the Motorola or Trimble receivers and Karl F. Larsen, K5L)I possibly a more efficient switching power supply. The [email protected] PRO version has additional low-impedance, lab quality This is from the AMSAT file pacdoc.zip which buffered outputs also. The basic TAC-2 circuit board contains a wealth of information on how PACSAT works. supports all the options and it is pretty trivial to upgrade from AM to PRO at a later date (adding parts and A spacecraft is inherently a broadcast device. It transmits from on high, and many users can hear it at the same time. changing a few jumpers from their default positions). T o optimize the available downlink time, we arc rccom-

Wint$rl997- Issue *65 Packet Status Register Page 7 mending the use o f a broadcast protocol. This protocol Karl, the only difference between a plain AX.25 UI adds information to the basic AX.25 data frame to permit frame and an AX.25 PACSAT frame is the PID. OxR) for many stations to make simultaneous use o f a single file plain AX.25 and OxBB for PACSAT. Anything else download session. When one station in Maryland re­ quests the current orbital element sets, there is no need related to the PACSAT protocol is in the PACSAT frame for stations in Toronto and Miami to do the same, they header which is part o f the DATA field of the AX.25 should be able to make use of the information as it is frame. This method is the same encapsulation method downlinked to Maryland if they are all in view o f the used by other protocols running over AX.25 such as satellite at the same time. T o make use of a broadcasted NET/ROM, TCP/IP, etc. frame o f data, each frame must be tagged with the file it helongs to and the position within that file that the data The original PACSAT broadcast protocol does have belongs in. most o f the characteristics we are looking for. If it is implemented over AX.25, it inherits som e o f the There should also be enough information for a station to determine if it has all o f the data belonging to a file, and deficiencies o f the AX.25 protocol; however, it is still if not, to request that just the m issing parts of the file be much more efficient than AX.25 connected mode. I know retransmitted. The specification titled "PACSAT Broad­ AX.25, even in UI mode, is not very efficient, hut w-e cast Protocol” describes a method of providing this addi­ already have the tools to use it as it is and test the multicast tional information. concept in HF, and higher bands. There arc several With a broadcast protocol, a groundstatiou can simply implementations for user software: DOS, Windows, Mac, monitor the downlink and accumulate files of data. Since and Linux. It uses a normal TNC- in KISS mode. Initially, files gathered in this way will have been unsolicited, the reusability o f the current software should be strongly format of the contents may not be known to the user. For considered in my point of view. example, if one asked for a file o f NASA format orbital elements, one can make a good guess that the resulting The PACSAT protocol also works very well in file contains NASA format orbital elements. However, if half-duplex. It depends on how the server is implemented. a “random” file is captured, its contents may not be If no manual requests arc done by the client, all understandable simply from inspection. Some additional transmissions from the client to the server will happen information, such as a file name, data type, description, right after a PB: frame or an OPEN: 12a frame. The key creation date, etc., may be required, fcach broadcasted file, therefore, needs a header in a standard format with here in this ease is how the request windows are this information. scheduled. If the server goes to RX mode right after the “invitiation for request” frames are sent, there is no The specification titled “PACSAT File Header Defini­ problem. I have tested this. tion” describes a method of providing this information. I am planning to test the PACSAT multicast engine on We hope that the broadcast protocol promotes efficient HF in a few weeks. At this poi nt, I have it working at 9600 use o f the downlink. It should reduce the number of bps on UHF without any serious problems. If anyone is req u estsforfilcsof general interest. It should also reduce the uplink loading, since a broadcasted file does not interested in participating, please let me know. You will receive an ack for each frame or group of frames. In the need a 300 bps packet TNC with KISS, and WiSP, or PB. best ease, only one “ack” is sent for an entire file, and that or SatLink. These software packages were originally would be the request to stop broadcasting it. designed for the PACSATs and can be found on the AMSAT FTP server. Once the basic stuff is working, I Even though the sky-to-ground link is broadcast in nature, the ground-to-sky link is not. PACSAT "sees" many plan to implement server-to-server communication and ground stations at one time. For this reason, a connected­ add support for other TOR modes. mode, non broadcast file transfer method is also defined, The way it works is more or less like this: and is described in the paper on “PACSAT File Transfer T.eveJ 0". The BBS exports the messages to be multicasted to a From this it's clear that what 1 see as necessary file. The file is then broken into several smaller files with elements are present. I noticed the fact that the basic PACSAT headers, each one containing one message. AX.25 packet is modified to contain data necessary for a Information about the message will be contained in the broadcast mode. Can Clover and the other “made for HF headers. Things like from, to, subject, BID or MID, BBS, forwarding” hardware/sofcwarc work with a modified etc. will all lie in the headers. The receiving station AX.25 packet? It’s clear it works fine with plain AX.25 periodically requests an updated directory (list of headers) but I don’t know a thing about CLOVER or PACTOR. from the server. Then the receiving station parses the directory and compares it to a local equation file. This will Using the PACSAT Protocol allow selection of what messages or bulletins to receive. F-dson W. R. Pereira, N1VTN After the selections are made, the receiving station may [email protected] neLorg request messages or bulletins from the server.

Paged Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue #65 The important thing is: all transmissions arc framed is nearly endless. None of these is remotely file-based and following the PACSAT broadcast protocol. No thus the PACSAT model is not, directly, applicable. succcsfully received frames arc wasted. Frames may be Your comments about holes being filled is exactly the received out of sequence, one today and one tomorrow, point about a GC protocol, this is part of what it is about. but it doesn’t matter. But we should not get bogged down in looking at file The server will periodically transmit a list with all the transfer. The PACSAT implementation is capable of stations on the broadcast (multicast) queue. This will being modified easily so that it works on top of a generic i nform all receiving stations when it is time to request hole GC protocol. Oils, directory, or new files. If you would like further criticisms, they center on After a message or bulletin is received, an import file some of the assumptions of the protocol about filenames. will be built and the BBS can import it. As you are obviously aware, the filename, or handle by which a file is distinguished onboard a satellite, is What do you think about this procedure? Any ideas or essentially a number. This number works fine in the suggestions arc welcome. context of a very few originating stations or BBSs (or Disadvantages of the PACSAT Protocol satellites), but doesn’t scale well on the ground — who, what, or how arc filenames issued, how does this filename Dirk, C1TLH (however generated) correspond with a message, is a If you have a message that is to be sent to more than message a file? one place AND each of those places can work the sender, then it has been shown by many people, in many studies In the days 0IG 8UFQ (the first person that 1 know who that it is MUCH more efficient to multicast. This is was doing experiments on GC a couple of years before particularly true if you get the protocol correct. In essence PACSAT) tried to solve this problem by passing the BID you can show that, for a reasonable network, you can thru a one way function (actually a CRC-32) to try to get multicast to N stations with an average of just over two a lairly unique identifier, but this didn’t prove to be messages (total), i.e. it takes just over two messages to adequate. Even Tancnbaum (Modem Operating Systems, reliably distribute a message to any number of stations on etc.) is finding that a 56-bil ’capability’ as he calls it, isn’t a reasonable network. There is a fair amount of enough if the network is big enough (and ours is BIG by experimentation likely to be required to actually achieve his standards). this rale for HF (or other frequencies) as the figures refer In conclusion, yes we need Group Communications. In to ethernet. But don’t use that as an excuse not to try. the meantime, I recommend some o f the papers on GC A number o f people have come up with suitable which you will find on: protocols, including me, hut the only one in daily use http://www.am.es. vu.nl/ today is the PACSAT protocol. FBB doesn’t count because it only multicasts the headers, not the whole You won’t get any source unless you are really an packet itself. There is a rumour that the DPBOX people educational establishment. But the papers themselves are have some son of protocol as well, but I have never seen compelling evidence of the effectiveness of properly it in use. implemented GC- I personally don’t think that the PACSAT protocol fits Multicasting with DPTNT in very well with ground based communications although Dave Ewaldz, N9HKM I know it has been successfully used in that role. dnKfttngerioll.com One of the complaints that is frequently voiced is that DPTNT docs indeed implement a PACSAT style the only thing people ihink of (on packet) is BBSs. If all broadcast mode server (and also a client). Find it at (with that you want to do is shift files around then the PACSAT source code for ham use): protocol, while over the top in implementation, is a http://\vww. snafu.de/~wahlm/ perfectly adequate model. The problem is that there are several good applications which tend to get ignored which DPTNT is a nice BBS too lor Linux, I might add. Very are not file transfer oriented such as DX cluster powerful. notification, chat servers, etc. — all these things are better Multicasting with DPBOX served using what I shall call Group Communication (GC) (rather than Multicast which is really just one Karl F. Larsen, K51JI k5diftacca.nmxn.edu mechanism lor doing GC). For those following the multitask discussion, I set up There are other things which could be done with GC DPBOX, a very good looking BBS software package for such as distributed databases, process migration, the list Linux and then read the manual. It is well written and

Winter 1997 ■ Issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 9 gives details and examples of how to do things, in English. More on DPBOX Here is what the DPBOX manual says about the DPBOX Joachim, DL8HKS PACSAT mode: jxchurin^zeda tiu-bcrllD.dc The up-to-date most advanced feature of DPBOX is the I am the author of DPBOX for linux. built-in PACSAT Broadcast Server and the Broadcast With interest 1 read the thread about multicasting (nice Receiver. word, who invented it?). The PACSAT Broadcast Mode was developed for satel­ Wc have been using it at DBOGR in Berlin for several lites. but it works well terrestrial, too. The theory is that usually many users read out the same files o f a BBS. It months now to push out the new files of the BBS to the would be much more efficient if the BB S ’broadcasts’ the users. In my opinion, the PACSAT protocol definition is files simultaneously to all interested users, so HP channel one of the best (beside AX.25 itself) we have in amateur load will be lowered dramatically. In practice, this means radio. It is really flexible, one can extend il and it has very that a local BBS offers a second channel, 9600 baud data low overhead. speed recommended, where 24 hours a day all incoming mails are ’broadcasted* in a special protocol. The files are U docs NOT need a full duplex channel. I am not sure repeated, of course, depending on their age. New files arc ifl would propose to use it on shortwave frequencies, but often retransmitted, older ones less often. With today's a perfect application could be to maintain one BBS at a German mail count, a cycle time of about 30 minutes for prominent hillside to broadcast on VHF or UHF to fill up the files o f the last 24 hours is reasonable. This means, the BBSs in a wide area around the central BBS. This is that a user starts reception, for example when coming home, and about half an hour later, he has all new files of fine for flood distributed bulletins, but not for private the day on his own system. If he stays tuned for longer, mails. he has the chance to catch older files, too, but usually, they were received by him the day before and therefore My primary intention when implement ng the protocol defened. Note that the user doesn’t need a transmitter for in the BBS software some years ago however, was to this mode, so this is fine for SWI s too. W ien the user minimize local digi|>eatcr load from user readouts. At that wants to write mail, he has to leave the broadcast frequen­ time, we had 700 local users on the BBS, but only 1200 cy and connect to the BB S on another channel in the usual bps radio ports. I did not want to invent a proprietory way. protocol because you need user clients to make it a Take 5 minutes to think about this feature and its implica­ success, and I didn’t want to write client programs for tions for the packet radio network. Assuming that about each existing operating system. The PACSAT protocol 90 percent of all traffic is the readout of BBS files, the was used by A MS AT for some years at that time, so user Uigipcatcrs will get a lot of free time and bandwidth with clients existed. After studying the complete this technique. documentation, it was obvious that one could not write a DPBOX includes both Sides of this amazing mode: The ‘•smarter” protocol. PACSA T broadcast protocol is really Server and the Receiver. NEVER USE TH K SERVER IT excellent! NOT ACTING AS A LOCAL BBS, it will create an incredible amount of QRM! Normally, you only should Implementation might look a bit difficult at first, but it use the Receiver. isn’t really that hard. It is no simple “lets implement it this Sunday” - protocol, but it offers wonderful flexibility and Received files arc sorted in your own BBS, according to a clear design, unlike many that we see in amateur radio. the selection mechanisms with REJECT.BOX. RUBRIKHN.BOX etc. Please write me if you need assistance setting up DPBOX/TNT, my email has changed, it is One word about satellites ami DPBOX: In general, the [email protected]. protocol used on UO-22and KO-23 is the same as within DPBOX. Bui note: due to small sized antennas I never Complete archives of dptnt_221096 arc in ftp.uipr.org Caught a whole file from those satellites. 1 cannot promise (still in linux upload folder), ftp.ucsd.edu (still in it works all right. A main problem is the ’request m ode’, incoming) and ftp.funet.fi. Current version number of a feature that is not used terrestrial (here, distorted data blocks arc resent automatically in the cyclic lime slices DPBOX is v5.03.01, of TNT vO.lte. o f the BBS). So better don’t use DPB O X interactively on Project homepage is: hltp://www.snafu.de/-wahlm/ the satellites. Bui il should be OK for monitoring. newest sources are first released here. So like he says, take some time to think about Ihc application of the PACSAT protocol to BBS use. It’s sure interesting. I haven’t got DPBOX running yet. I need to see if I can run both DPBOX and TNOS in the same computer under Linux and share the 3 TNCs now- connected to TNOS. GOD!

P a ge 10 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue #65 The Automatic Position Reporting System Not only does this direct your message via the shortest An Overview and Introduction possible route, but it also reduces QRM. The program also interfaces with popular weather Arte Bcotea. N2ZRC stations such as those made by Davis and Pcct Brothers, thus allowing for real-time weather data which is Many o f you have heard discussions about a packet available at the touch o f a key. The potential for this radio program called The Automatic Position Reporting during a SKYWARN situation is obvious. You’ll get System, (also called APRS.) It’s a system which, unlike wind speed and direction, temperature, rainfall amounts PBBSs. nodes and DX clusters, uses an unconnected by the hour and 24-hour period and, in some cases, protocol to transmit your exact position, a symbol barometric readings. Such weather data can also be denoting the type o f station you’re running and a brief entered manually if a station has the information but not comment about it. It also uses direct the hardware. keyboard-to-keyboard “chatting,” has direction-finding capabilities, and much more. There is also a Direction-Finding mode which can be used by stations with either a beam or omni antenna! How does it work? In a simplistic form you transmit a When the “fox” transmits, stations can call, by voice (on packet which contains your callsign, exact latitude and another frequency!) or keyboard their beam headings longitude, information on your transmitter’s power, your and/or signal strength. Using the antenna gain figures for antenna’s height, gain and pattern as well as a brief these stations, circles arc drawn on the map. The “fox” comment o f your choosing along with some symbols will usually be located where these circles converge. If necessary to make the system work. With this in­ you have one of the many “dopplcr” antenna systems it formation your station appears graphically on a map can also be used. (actually, one in a series o f many maps) on the monitor as would other stations that are on frequency. Since this If DX-ing is your thing, there’s also a “DX-mode” is an UNCONNECTED protocol, on-air packets can be which also uses the UI protocol by simply monitoring the kept to a minimum. DX cluster frequency. As new spots are posted, they appear on the map with their callsign. Their location is Consider this: When you connect to a local station based on the callsign prefix of the spot. Obviously, since using standard AX.25, you send a connect request to that you’re not connected to the cluster, this isn’t meant as a station, they acknowledge that packet, send you a replacement to your normal AX.25 program, and you connected packet which you must then acknowledge. The can’t SEND messages, you can receive them (theprogram same thing happens with EVERY packet you. or the other will flag yours and display them when asked.) It’s just station, sends. With APRS you only send ONE packet to another tool for your county- or country-hunting efforts. convey your information. If it’s not received on the first transmission, APRS retransmits it using a decaying time If, like me, you have a Globa! Positioning System delay (that is, the second packet is sent twenty seconds (GPS) receiver with NMEA-0183 output, this too, can be after the first, the third fort}' seconds later, the fourth a utilized with amazing results! Your mobile or portable minute later, the fifth two minutes later etc. until, after a position can be regularly updated. Using such a day, you’re only sending six packets a day!) This makes "stand-alone tracker” you don’t even need a computer. more efficient use of the frequency'. All you’d need is an H-T, TNC and GPS! Think about the possi bil iti es for such a setup i n som eth i ng I i ke a marathon, APRS uses four different kinds of digipealcis, which walkalhon or even for someone shadowing an important use the aliases RELAY, WIDE, ECHO and GATE. official. RELAY stations (the default setting) are base stations used to digipeat low-power portable and mobile stations. APRSDos was written to be able to run on just about WIDE stations will digipeat packets addressed either to any PC compatible computer from the latest Pentium Pro their specific callsign or the generic WIDE to other VHF down to a lowly 8086. Heck, 1 know' several people that stations and WIDEs. An ECHO performs a similar use it with a Hewlett-Packard HP-200 palmtop! Maps are function on HF and a GATE digipcals cither from VHF available from a large-scale map of the whole world to to HF, HF to VHF or HF to HF. When setting up APRS extremely detailed street-level maps. There's even a for your location you’ll set your digipeater path based on mail-reflector about it to which vou can subscribe. It’s lots the situation at that QTH and where you want your of fun, has many potential ARES/RACES / SKYWARN information to go. When using APRSDos (and soon uses and I’m sure you’ll enjoy playing with it! WinAPRS and MacAPRS) for keyboard-to-keyboard communications, which arc the only comms in which ACKs are used, you can also set alternate di gi peater paths.

Winter 1997 - Issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 11 APRS Tracks arrives (as opposed to the first day o f spring), I plan to raise the digipeater’s antenna to about 1000-feet Stan Hoizcpa, WAHjOIJ ASI./50i-fect HAAT and replace its coax for better [email protected] coverage of the Quad-Slate Area. Send me a packet and www,tapr.org'-wallou say hello. Good-bye, until then (or see you at Dayton).

An Apology DGPS Tests In Baltimore/Washlngton Area [ apologize for the brevity of this column. Hectic Tom Clark. W31W1 holidays, the flu, and a major computer problem (some of [email protected] it occurring simultaneously) is to blame.

Current APRS Software This message is to inform the APRS users in the Baltimore,'Washington area that I’ve re-institulcd the There was a fluny or programming activity at the end W3IWI-13 high accuracy DGPS beacon on 145.79. of 1996 resulting in the following versions of APRS software: APRSdos7.7f, MacAPRS 2.7.3, and WinAPRS First, let’s define DGPS (Differential GPS). Your small 1.2.3. At the rate that the APRS authors update their GPS receiver works by obtaining the lime (for position) software, these version numbers arc likely to change by and frequency (for velocity) data on several (at least 4 for the time this sees print, hut as a public service, I mention a 3-D position) GPS satellites. The timing is measured the current version numbers here for those who may be with a precision of ahout 100 nsec and the frequency with playing with oldcT versions. By the way, you can fetch a precision of about 0.1 Hz relative to the clock oscillator copies of the current versions of .APRS from ftp.tapr.org in your GPS receiver. To get a 3-D position/velodty you by following the path of/tapr/SIG/aprssig/files. need to observe a 4th satellite to “set" the receiver’s clock and determine its frequency offset. The timing WAlLOUWeb Page measurements arc usually expressed in distance units and The WA1L0U web page (www.tapr.org/~wallou) is are called pseudo ranges (PR); the frequency data is often up and running. It contains FAQs on various topics called pscudorangc rate (PRR) or apparent dopplcr offset. including APRS and GPS. The FAQs arc Your receiver munches on the PR/PRR data based on works-in-progress because they are being continually data transmitted by the GPS satellites (at 50bits/s, in 1500 updated to reflect the current state o f the art. See you bit messages sent once every 30 seconds, which include there! high accuracy Kcplcrian elements, time lags, information on the offset and rate of the GPS satellite’s atomic clock, Getting On Track With APRS etc.) to produce the position/velocity estimate. The Getting On Track With APRS is the title o f my new- accuracy of the estimate is limited by several factors: book that was published by the ARRL earlier this year. a. Inaccuracies in the broadcast Keplerian elements All the APRS software authors (Bob Bruninga, b. Inaccuracies in the broadcast clock models WB4APR, Keith Sproul, WU2Z, and Mark Sproul, c. Delays that the signals experience passing thru the KB2ICI) checked what I wrote, so what you read are just ionosphere and troposphere the facts, man. d. RF Multipath at the receiver The Table o f Contents of the book is (1) What Is e. Inaccuracies & noise within your receiver APRS? (2) History Of APRS, (3) Hardware, (4) Software, f. Dilution of precision because the spacecraft to ob­ (5) Getting Around In APRS Maps, (6) Picking A Path, server geometry' is imperfect and changes with time. (7) Tracking, (8) Adding Objects To Maps, (9) Keyboard Items (a) and (b) arise in part because they depend on Communications, (10) Displaying Other Data, (11) measurements made on the ground with instruments that Direction Finding. (12) Monitoring Telemetry, (13) have all the cnors, in part because the physical models Monitoring DX Clusters, (Appendix A) Map Making. don’t account for everything (like the Keplerian elements (Appendix. B) Glossary Of Terms, (Appendix C) not fully accounting for all the Relativistic corrections, Commands. Also, check out page 153 for my 11-year-old solar radiation pressure on the satellite, inaccuracies in the daughter’s interpretation o f APRS using Kid Pix on her gravity model, etc). Such cnors can amount to a few Macintosh Ilci. meters in position. The most serious (a)+(b) error is that the DoD May Your Paths Be Efficient intentionally degrades the spacecraft’s atomic clock If you are in southern New England, anywhere east of performance and may not send the “world’s best” downtown Wolcott, you can find my .APRS digipcater Keplerian elements under the policy known as Selective station (WA1LOU-15) on 145.79 running some flavor of Availability (SA). The most significant SA cnor is the APRS 24 hours per day. As soon as the spring weather

P a ge 12 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue t/65 dithering of the clocks, which results in users seeing their operates the GODE permanent GPS site for the 1 nter- position wandering around by up to 100 meters and speed national GPS Service for Gcodynamics (IGS). The errors of 1-2 km/sec, even when fixed. GODE antenna position is know at the mm-level with respect to the ITRF (International Terrestrial Refer­ The concept of DGPS attempts to fix several of these ence Frame), and the antenna has a multi-port RF errors by doing the following: power splitter. 1. A high-quality receiver is set up at a permanent site • GPS: The RTCM SC-104 signals are generated by a and its position is established accurate to a few cm. Trimble 4000SSE Geodetic receiver operating from 2. This receiver only uses the visible GPS satellites to the GODE antenna. The receiver's clock is derived solve for clock enors and assumes its position is know from an external Hydrogen Maser atomic standard, perfectly. accurate and stable at levels of 1:10c! 4. The 4000SSE generates RTCM SC-104 bits at 4800 bps and is set 3. The PR and PRR errors resulting from these to a message rate of 20 seconds. assumptions are then broadcast on a separate radio link a The above widgets and facilities are clearly few times per minute. non-amateur! The amateur interface is an RS-232 The accepted formal for the DGPS data is specified in connector at 4800 bps). documentation published by the Radio Technical • Amateur: Conventional packet station (TNC-2, IC-27 Committee, Maritime (RTCM) and R'lCA (A=aircraft). radio, 8db gain collinear antenna on 30’ tower). The common format is officially named RTCM SC-104, but is usually just called RTCM. The data bits are a binary' When I had W3IWI-13 on last time, I sent DGPS data String encoded similarly to the GPS30 bps downlink with once every 30 seconds, digipeaiing thru WB4APR-1. The 30-bit words (24 data bits, 6 error correction bits). 30 second rate proved a bit too slow and the APR-1 link RTCM SC-104 data is now routinely transmitted as was too marginal, so my plans are to use a 20 second rate G.V1SK data (usually 10O or 200 bits per second) by the with no digipeaters this lime (also, APR-1 is off the air Coast Guard in the 280-320 kHz range from sites every now). The coverage aTca should be 30-50 km radius, few hundred km along the U.S. coast and inland including Baltimore, Washington & Annapolis. The waterways. DGPS data also is commercially available on DGPS data are U! frames addressed W3IWI-13>DGPS- subcarriers of FM broadcast stations. The RTCM SC-104 station ID is 0073 (decimal). These DGPS signals do more than just remove the As you monitor the UNPROTO frames, the RTCM effects of SA. Since the receiver that generates the data will appear as a random string o f text characters. correction data is using the same algorithms and data as When the 30-bit words arc transmitted in pseudo-ASCII, the user to perform the orbital dynamics calculations, 6-bit nibbles arc padded to 8 bits and all the resulting small enors in the ephemeris cancel out, as do errors in characters are non-uscr-hostile (I hesitate to say user the clock models. friendly since they are gibberish hieroglyphics!) in that they arc all printable (your screen won’t clear at random If the DGPS site is within about 50 km of you, the atmospheric corrections are similar at both ends, lienee times and there should be no bells!). the effects of the errors (a)+(b)+(c) arc to a large extent You can use the W3IW1-13 DGPS data by just canceled. In controlled zero-baseline tests (botlt the plugging your TNC into your GPS receiver and enabling DGPS generator receiver and the test receiver operating RTCM (most GPS receivers expect 4800 baud data). In from the same antenna, hopefully producing a known my earlier tests, I was able to gel performance o f a few answer), I have seen sub-meter performance from the meters at my home QTH about 25 km from the Motorola ONCORE receivers and at levels of a few GGAO/GODE site. When DGPS is running, you will find meters from a Garmin GPS-45 with PR,PRR correction that your “I’m stopped but the $*%S#(6>& GPS still says messages arriving every 20 seconds. I ’m moving 2.3 MPH” problems will disappear. \Ve haven’t tested it for a long time, but .APRS software used About 2 years ago, 1 put the W3IWI-13 DGPS beacon to support DGPS data just fine, passing Ui frames on the air on 145.79 and it operated for several months. The commercial receiver 1 was using to generate DGPS addressed to DGPS on to the GPS receiver. You’ll know bits was needed elsewhere, the radio blew up and the its alive when you see W3IW1-13 beacons. Please send me reports, especially if you are able to make use ol the antenna came down in an ice storm. I've recently re-instituted the service. Here is the setup: DGPS data. • Site: The Goddard Geophysical & Astronomical Ob­ servatory (GGAO) near the intersection o f Powder Mill Rd & The B-W Parkway. At GGAO, my group

Winter 1997 - Issue if65 Packet Status Register Page 13 METCON-2 Status Report drive capability of METCON-2, METCON or any signal source that provides at least 4 volts and 100 u A of current Paul Newland, AD7[ drive. [email protected] We plan to have the M ETCON-2 system ready to demo at the Dayton HamVcntion in May of 1997. Several years ago TAPR introduced METCON, a lelcmelry and control system. Unfortunately, that system In addition to the modules described above, we have is no longer available for new applications. This paper two other modules on the design table. describes the METCON-2 system, a replacement for and One module is a serial expansion I/O module that an improvement to the original METCON system. provides an additional 16 bits of binary input and 16 bits The METCON-2 system, is functionally similar to the o f binary output. These modules can be cascaded to original METCON system, however there arc some provide an almost unlimited number of binary' I/Os. The differences. First, instead of using a single-chip 8751 as module can connect to METCON-2 or perhaps a PC with the microcomputer system, METCON-2 uses the new proper software. Again, this concept is just on paper at TAPR Universal Controller 8052 (TUC52). This is a this time and has no scheduled completion date. small single board computer that is capable of running The other module is a 3-1/2 digit VOM-like module BASIC with a rudimentary file system (as well as that can report measurement values to METCON-2 or a assembly coded applications programs). TUC52 has been PC. Again, this concept is just on paper at this lime and described in previous TAPR documents. has no scheduled completion date. The METCON-2 system consists o f several boards, If you have questions about any o f these devices or some of which arc optional. In its most basic form, would like to help with the design process by means of METCON-2 consists of a TUC52 controller board and a developing software, laying out boards, testing or other METCON-2 personality board. These two boards activities, please let me know by email. My address is recreate the original METCON functionality, which is 8 “ad7i(qi tapr.org” bits o f binary ovcr-voltage-protcctcd inputs, frequency' counter for each of the binary inputs, and 8 bits of control M essages IDs: BID, MID and LID output. Additionally, METCON-2 will provide the ability to program the system in BASIC for advanced control and Arthur J Martin measurement functions. amaitin@worM2u. com One item missing from METCON-2 is ihc isolated Hank Oredson. WORU form A (SPS'l’) relay contacts. To save money and space METCON-2 provides open collector current sink outputs The following questions and answers may be useful to instead of dry relay contacts. However, for those anyone who would like a relatively clear explanation of applications that require dry relay contacts, a new message IDs. MULTI-RELAY module has been designed. This module is designed to connect directly to the METCON-2 1 asked the questions and Hank, WORU, provided personality board and provide 8 relays with Conn C answers in clear detail. There may be disagreement, but (SPOT) dry contact outputs. An additional change then the world isn't perfect, anymore. provided by METCON-2 versus the original METCON, Question: as requested by many users, is that all connections to the I admit to confusion on my part as to what the “real outside world arc by means of screw terminals rather than BID" is or why there is both a MID and a BID if only one the lever wire-compression terminals. This should unique ID is really needed per message. improve interconnections in those environments where vibration is a problem. Answer: The BID is unique to the BODY of the message (thus METCON-2 will lie fully compatible with the original the same BODY may be entered by different people at METCON VTF (Voltagc/Temperature to Frequency different BBS systems, but only one copy will ever appear converter) Module as well as the A/D (analog to digital at a given BBS.) The MID is unique to ANY message. converter) Module. An example: In addition to the modules described above, we will have a new module available soon which is called the wOqrm enters a message with BID ORBS-297.M at “Heavy Duty Relay Module.” As the name implies this is wOrli, it is msg# 2 l a relay module that can control a large current circuit (up BID: ORBS-297.M to 20A at 15 VDC). This module is compatible with the MID: “Message 21 at WORLI”

Page 14 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - issue #65 n7qsy enters a message with BID ORBS-297.M at New WIN95 & NT Packet Programs wa7sjn, it is msg # 39 BID: ORBS-297.M Saki, SV2RO [email protected] MID: “Message 39 at WA7SJN” Note that the display format of a MID is undefined, hut SV2AGW’s New Packet Radio Program the display formal of a BID is just the BID texL A new era in packet radio programs is here! The AGW So let’s say that the first message forwards to n2qae Windows packet program written by George before the second onedoes. It then becomes (for example) Rossopoulos, SV2AGW, is here. This program does message 397 at N2QAE. Is that it’s BID? No. Is that it’s anything a packet user would probably want and runs only- MID? No. So we also have a LID (Local ID) which in this under Windows ’95 and NT. It doesn’t run under DOS. case is: The whole package consists of the following programs: 1) AGWPE.EXii “The Packet Engine'' as SV2AGW calls it, is the LID: “Message 397 at N2QAE” TNC driver program. This is the program in which wc have to set the right TNC parameters. Plus the BID and MID: 2) AGWFWD.EXE This program serves the Unattended mode for­ BID: ORBS-297.M MID: “Message 21 at WORLT warding, which is the automatic message transfer between us and the BBS. Your presence in front of your PC, or at home, is not If some BBS attempts to forward the second message indispensable. to you, it is rejected because you already have dial 3) AGWBBS.EXE carries the iiUii list and r>m personal messages message BODY, known by BID ORBS-297.M Usl. 4) AGWTFRM.EXE is a terminal program, for real-time connec­ Question: tions, with anybody we would like to connect to. The program I know I’ve asked this before, but if the message on the features binary transfer using YAPP. 5) AGWCLUSTER.FXF. for the automatic Cluster connection. We PBBS has the same unique ED that it started out with, how do not have to connect to the local Cluster manually. This is done do we know that it did not create a duplicate getting here, automatically by this program. even if there was a character dropped somewhere along It is extremely easy to set up the program. Thus an die line (possible communication link problem, including istallation file is not needed. Despite its case of the computer COMport/UART)? installation, SV2AGWsays that his program is made only Answer: for the “power user," the one who wants all the programs Well, there is die problem noted above, of the THREE he’d like to use simultaneously, in one single pack! identities of a particular instance of a message. And that The program works with any TNC in KISS mode. For very same message, in some other instance of it’s the time being it does not work with Baycom-type existence, may well have spawned a duplicate. modems, but fortunately SV2AGW has plans for setting Question: it up for them as well. If the unique ID is different when it gets to my BBS, The program is in public domain for Radio Amateur then a dupe may have been created and who knows where use only and can be downloaded from the Internet with a that will route to. WEB browser at the following address: http://www.fortlmel.gr/sv2agw Answer: Yes, that’s right. You can communicate with SV2AGW-Gcorgc, as Question: well, by sending him a message at: S V2AG\V(a\S V2RAM.TSL.GRC. EU Is there enough data available in the message to be able to detect that type o f *ID change enroute with software You can also gel the program by sending him two and perhaps be able to identify the probable cause of the formatted 1.4M diskettes, an SASE envelope and 4 IRCs change in the *ID? if sent from Europe, 8 IRCs outside Euroj>e, to his home address: Answer. Georg© Rossopoulos (SV2AGW) The only way to do more checks involves message G. Mystakidi 49 content signatures. Thessaloniki-Macedonia GR-54250 GREECE Comment: I hope that the above will provide some food Cheek the Internet site mentioned above, as SV2AGW for thought about the whole topic of message identity. has plans of writing more packet programs based upon NORD-LINK code supporting NODE and DAMA operation, and capable of PACSAT communications via this NODE.

Winter 1997 • Issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 15 North American Digital System s Directory North Axovricu Digital Syitam* Directory Have you ever wanted to know if there might be a la'xc/v.fitxc*. lyL&ZK Packet BBS in a distant city where a friend lives? Or what the frequency is o f the PacketCluster station in your area? Many times it isn't easy to find out about P u rita n TS* j i t i j c f l i n f Ih* -r,r7l'T-'r Digital Lfetlngs ftrccUfy iiw ssstst. 6«cearntf*; «r r v iin r digital services in a distant area. In the past, one way Ce tagt i t OgntB sjwcr. hr •/> jiv rM Co nett U> Ci’ji Cl1 to ra tu •/. ItCr.’i l irA tta Cut to gel this information was to consult the packet Participating Groups lie .» jrvnJai M.iliur u il I I:rmO i rr*«h>tT«m f VI rree.-4l listings in the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) A ct sforsjv.a rtprCa* General Information ta t iigxd rrrtat Repeater Directory. But that’s now a thing of the past. Oi.riul Sval».-3 r^ m cry licin jii ir o n ic for -*» X j h i M ’dt v , f i r i r : Cec of itc How it works? A d X7 '.rpsia-jjia: v j t t lo : 1a ue. itr.k'i In late 1996, the ARRL announced that they will no iti.iu l ■•ulvifkl longer publish the digital listings in the 1997 edition Regional FreqList o f their Repeater Directory. TAPR President, Greg Jones, WD51VD, and a team of volunteers representing a number of regional groups quickly defined and developed an all-electronic World-Wide-Web based replacement, known as the North American Digital o f digital systems there is. Regional groups already Systems Directory (NADSD). Visit it at URL: supporting the NADSD project include: TwinsLAN, http://www.tapr.org/directoTy. Texas Packet Radio Society, Ohio Area Repeater The NADSD is comprised of information provided Council, Puget Sound Amateur Radio TCP/IP Group, by regional, state and local organizations, as well as by- Northern California Packet Association. Northern Illinois individuals. This allows information to be maintained Packet Radio Frequency Council, Indiana Digital and updated more frequently than if it was published Experimenters Association, Central Lakeshore annually in a book. Individuals are encouraged to give Experimenter’s Digital Organization. HogNet Packet their data to the appropriate regional group for Radio Association, YCCC Sysops Association and the submittal to the NADSD. However, in situations where Missouri Amateur Packet Radio Society. TAPR this is not possible, data from individuals will be encourages other regional groups to Support this project accepted. Registration is a required step for becoming by contributing data for their respective areas. a recognized data provider and is done electronically Data formatting for the NADSD this year will be the also. (URL: http://www.tapr.org/directory). same as that used by the ARRL in previous years — Data providers from 37 States and 5 Provinces have ASCII files, tab-dclimitcd fields. All field definitions provided data so far. Be sure to look through the lists remain the same as in previous years. Some additional for your area and let your regional club know if fields (defined in the on-line info) have been added for something is m issing or incorrect. If your state is not future use and are optional this year. For now, all fields listed, try to find the “official” listmakcr and tell can be viewed by everyone. In the future, the him/her about the NADSD — and if you can’t, contributor will be able to specify which fields cannot consider submitting the data yourself. Data is be viewed publicly. For now, data contributors arc especially needed for the states o f Alaska, Hawaii, cautioned to submit only data that they are willing to Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Montana, Nebraska, New have publicly viewed. Data contributors should York, North Dakota, Rhode Island. South Carolina, carefully consider if they want to list backbone Utah, Wyoming, provinces o f Ontario and Manitoba, frequencies. and all Mexican states. For further information on this project, to see the All systems using digital modes are welcome to be on-line lists, or to review the “frequently asked listed in the NADSD for United States, Canada, and questions” (FAQ) list, visit the Web site. You may Mexico. This includes Amateur (digital) satellite subscribe to an e-mail list, REGIONAL_FREQ, on gateways, Net/ROM-TheNET nodes, TCP/IP which digital listing issues are discussed. You can gateways (to the Internet and multiple frequencies), subscribe via the TAPR Listserv at BBS, PackctClustcr, and APRS. If it is a digital system http://www.tapr.org. If you do not find the information (excluding personal mail drops) it is appropriate for it you need at these sources, contact Carl Estey via e-mail to be listed in the NADSD. ([email protected]). The purpose of the Digital System Directory is not to manage, coordinate, or regulate digital systems, but is to provide the most up-to-date and accurate listing

Page 16 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue *65 Packet Radio in Education: day as they are in the higher grade levels. They are usually Integration of Packet Radio into K-12 given individual directions or added dimensions to Gifted and Talented Programs regular assignments. These students could be the moderators of classmate dialogue. They could keep a Tccord Gayle Turns of tire frequencies on which communications are made, and listen to other broadcasts during frcc-choice activity sessions. This is (he sixth of several articles that will appear in the First grade gifted and talented classes can continue to P$R concerning amateur!packet radio and its potential advance with the activities as in kindergarten and expand in K-12 educational applications. These papers were those to include an introductory' discussion of radio waves assembled over several summers of teaching a graduate and satellites. Toward the end of the year, when their writing level course at the University o f North Texas. Many skills have begun to develop, some short E-mail messages thanks to the Texas Center for Educational Technology to the other first grade gifted and talented classes could be for allowing TAPR to reprint this information. As part of sent. Greater cooperation with scheduling may be necessary TAPR’sgo a l in education, we hope that these articles will with voice communication since separate class times arc be disseminated to a larger group that can take the scheduled for gifted and talented classes beginning in first concepts and ideas to a next step or final application,1 im­ grade. plementation. If you have a teacher or educator as a By second grade, the students can write E-mail messages, friend, please pass these articles along. listen in NOAA broadcasts and discuss weather patterns, and — Greg Jones, WD5IVD monitor other frequencies. A system of pen pals might be Reprinted from: initiated with the other second grade gifted and talented Jones. Greg (ed). Infusing Radio-Based Communica­ students. tions Tools into the Curriculum. Texas Center for Third and fourth grade gifted and talented students can Educational Technology. 1995. 136 pages. continue with the suggestions for first and second grade and, http://www.tceLunt.edu if equipment is available, begin getting satellite images and Many public schools must provide special discussing geographic forms and weather patterns from educational opportunities for students classified as visual images. Third and fourth grade students may also want gifted and talented. One opportunity which would to begin statewide correspondence with other third and certainly be considered unique is Packet Radio. The fourth grade students through ROSE TexNet, orNETROM. purpose o f choosing the gifted and talented group to Some students might show an interest in obtaining their begin using Amateur and Packet Radio is to develop a own amateur radio license by this age. Assistance can be method o f introducing it into the schools. W e hope, found through radio contacts during their gifted and talented during the process of using the equipment for the gifted classes. There is an Ellis County Amateur Radio Club which and talented classes, all students will receive a benefit could offer assistance to the schools. from the technology. Technology funds at this time are being used solely to Each teacher o f gifted and talented students in the equip and update computer labs in all the schools in the Red Oak ISD is required to attend special inservice district. With limited resources, it may be difficult to acquire training sessions that focus on teaching strategics and any of these funds which arc considered to benefit a greater teaching suggestions for this group. One such training number of students. However, special funds are set aside for program could be developed to study for the Codclcss gifted and talented programs. The necessary equipment Technician License examination. The teachers would could be purchased by each school and used by all grade then supervise various activities over amateur radio. level gifted and talented students. Each school will need to Before they acquire the license, numerous activities determine Ihc most appropriate placement of the equipment. could be initiated from monitoring amateur radio The equipment will certainly not be restricted and students activity. not in the gifted and talented program should be introduced to the equipment and technology. There arc presently three elementary schools in the Red Oak ISO and a fourth to be opened 1994. These There are no essential elements for gifted and talented schools have grades K-4. This would be an excellent students. The students are to he challenged and regular opportunity for networking the grade levels among the curriculum enhanced. The teachers of the gifted and talented schools. students may want to meet regularly to coordinate activities. Kindergarten may need to concentrate on voice These activities will include language arts curriculum in communication because writing skills at this level are writing E-mail messages, science activities, social studies, geography, and perhaps even math. The possibilities very limited. The gifted and talented students are not separated from the other students during their school seem endless and the opportunities worthwhile.

Winter 1997 - issue H65 Packet Status Register Page 17 PACTOR Mode Demodulator Test Results and a dual operational amplifier used to increase the DC voltage levels. Marvin Bernstein, W2PAT/AFA1DA This investigation is NOT concerned with Pactor Mode HF DATA SPEED, but rather the speed results allow for An investigation of the data speed of the Pactor mode the accurate evaluation of changes in the demodulator and has made use o f an Air Force Military Affiliate Radio systems with the resulting effects upon data speed. System High Frequency for more then two years. The frequency used for this test series is approximately 7.9 Reference Data Speed Results MHz but the actual assigned frequency cannot be The data speed depends to a large degree on the HF disclosed. The tests have been made between a MARS propagation conditions as well as the presence of noise. Member in Kansas sending ASCII files to the Member in It has been determined that QRN, static, and the natural New Jersey, a distance of just over 1000 miles. noise from lightning strikes, is especially destructive and Transmissions have been undertaken on a fixed time results in large decreases in speed. Due to these causes, a schedule without regard to the HF propagation reference data speed is required for each test, and so a conditions. The first test each day is held at 1340 Zulu in Kam to Kam transmission is a part of every daily test. To the morning and the second test is at 2330 Zulu in the prove conclusively that these added tests are required, the evening. Kam to Kam data speeds have been shown in the form of This report is the second one of a series that will detail a graph. the results of an extensive High Frequency Pactor Mode Figure 1 shows the plotted average data speed lor the test. The first report was published in the Digital Journal Kam to Kam transmissions from the start of testing, April and the TAPR Packet Status Register\l\. It is important 1995 to May 1996. The plotted data shows a decreasing to point out that this long series o f Pactor M ode tests, speed from April to May but after July there is a steadily which started in April 1995, is still continuing. The object increasing data speed for the rest of the year. of this program, is to learn more about the circuits used in the demodulator which converts the audio tone output of the receiver into DC voltage changes required by the computer. The pactor mode is used only as a tool that accurately allows evaluation of the transmitted ASCII file data speed and in this way, to determine the effects of changes in the system or circuit. As o f the date o f this report, a total o f sixteen investigations have been completed, each of which consists ol‘ 25 tests. Each test involves one Kam to Kam run to obtain the propagation data speed, and then a second run of the system under investigation. Approximately 3.IK bytes of file is sent twice for each of the 25 tests, or about 155K bytes for each of the 25 tests. In this long investigation, two different TNCs were tested as well as six tests of a demodulator which used 88 mH toroids with changes in the demodulator circuit and The Kam to Kam reference data speed peaks in the the use o f a digital signal processor. Tw o tests which Months of January and early February due to lack of QRN compared the performance gain with the W9GR DSP-2 and above average signals. During the last part o f the unit in the filter and DE-noisc modes, when used with the Month of February, speeds decreased due to lower signals KAM TNC. one test with a Timewave D$P in the filter strengths. From March to May, speeds decreased both due mode on the input of the Kam. The MFJ-1278B operated to the beginning o f spring storms and decreased signal with a switched capacitor filter and also with the W9GR strengths. There were no tests made during the month of DSP Filter. In addition, tests were made with a narrow June, 19%, due to vacations. band commercial unit, with and without the use o f the The average pactor data speed for the whole test W9GR DSP filter. The last test used a quartz crystal interval of one year is 1112 bytes per minute. During this demodulator to determine if filtering and detection at 6 test period, 3.1 million bytes of lest files were transmitted MHz would result in significant speed improvements. from Kansas to New Jersey. The average signal strength The audio tones were input to an JLM-1496 balanced over this period of time was 2.6 S-unils. A test was made modulator chip, filtered in a six crystal 6.0 MHz ladder with a Measurements Corporation standard signal filter,» detected with a two crystal » resonator discriminator

P a g e 18 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue #65 generator which indicated that this value of signal strenth. amplifier easily supplied the required RS-232 voltage 2.6 S-units, was equal to 3 microvolts. levels. [2] Table 1 There were unrelated systems that were included in the Dates Standard Deviation Average Signal year of tests so to avoid confusion concerning the results 1S95 Bytes.'Mnut« S-Uniis o f this work, it has been assembled into an ordered 05 April - 22 April 260 3.0 22 April - 06 May 267 3.1 document. While a new circuit was designed and 07 May • 21 May 280 2.7 constructed, the investigation continued with other 11 JuV - 20 July 212 3.3 systems. The second part of this report, will deal with the 02 Aug -20 Aug 291 Z9 actual results of the investigation o f elements o f the 21 Aug -01 Sept 281 2.0 experimental demodulators that were constructed for 04 Sep -20 Sep 235 2.5 these tests. A very simple circuit was built to evaluate 21 Sep -07 Oct 259 ZO 03 Oct -230C1 331 1.3 changes in this circuit with any resulting improvement in 24 Oct -07 Nov 340 1.9 the data speed. Six tests were completed and the following 08 Nuv -01 Dec 249 2.5 table has the information on the circuit and the percentage 02 Dec -17 Dec 236 2.6 change in the data speed compared to the standard 1996 reference obtained with the Kam to Kam test. This speed 18 Dec -05 Jen 222 2.7 05 Jan -20 Jan 237 3.0 was normalized to 100% so that the information then can 21 J3n -09 Feb 192 3.3 be compared to that obtained with the experimental 10 Fob -25 Feb 315 2.6 circuit. 26 Feb -10 Mar 326 2.8 Teel Number Reference Speed Demod Speed Difference 15 Mar -30 Mar 284 . 2.5 1. 1201 Byte3i'm;n 10B5 Bytes/min Minus 9.7% 30 Mar -21 Apr 294 2.3 2. 1152 ‘ 1187 1 Plus 3.0% 22 Apr -09 May 285 2.2 3. 1212 * 1249 • Flus 3.1 % 4. 1165 1218 • Flus 4.5% Table 1 lists the.startingandendingdatesof each of the 5. 1265 * 1327 1 Plus 4.9% 6. 1109 * 1223 * Flus 10.3% tests, the standard deviation and the average signal Strength from the start in April 1995 to the last test in May 1996' The standard deviation is a calculated value which Test Number Experimental Circuit indicates the spreading of the individual test 1. Two 88 Mh toroids, tuned to 2110/2310 Hertz. Driven measurements of the data speeds. by an NPN emitter follower transistor. Output of the tuned circuits rectified with half wave diodes. Dual The average signal strength was determined by operational amplifier used to raise voltage level. observing the S-mctcr on the lcom-745 transceiver during the test taking the lowest and highest readings, and 2. Input to (I) with W9GR DSP Filter. averaging them. This was done every day, and finally the 3. (1) Circuit modified. Half Wave changed to Full Wave test average was calculated from all the individual Rectifier. DSP Filter not used. readings and is shown in the Table. 4. (3) Circuit added to input, soft diode clipper and 741 It is important to observe that the standard deviation hard clipper. DSP Filter not used. readings arc relatively uniform, with an average value of 261 bytes per minute over the 13 months of tests. The 5. (4) Circuit added after first DC operational amplifier lowest value is 192 for the period 21 Jan. to 09 Feb. when consisting of a DC restorer to reduce fading effects of the average signal strength was 3.3 S-units. The highest one of the tone frequencies. DSP filter not used. value is 340 bytes per minute during the period 24 Oct. 6. (5) W9GR DSP filter added to input. to 07 Nov. when the average signal was weaker at 1.9 S-units. There is a direct correlation between strong The DSP equipment used was the W9GR version 2. [31 signals and low standard deviation values since under those conditions, pactor data speeds are high with little Conclusions variation due to noise and propagation changes. 1. The simple demodulator consisting of 88 mH toroids I and halfwave diode rectification was about 10 percent Demodulator Test Results slower than the Kam. The following information contains the results of the 2. With the 1992 version of the W9GR DSP RTTY Filter investigation of the components of the demodulator that mode used on the input of the simple circuit, the data were constructed. The use of the G4BMK software pactor program, BMK-MULTY, was continued since it allows speed increased 12.7 pcrcenL Thai system ran 3 percent a very simple interface to the 386 computer serial port faster than the Kam. The second section of the LM-558 dual operational

Winter 1997 - issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 19 3. The simple demodulator circuit tone rectification was 1. High Frequency Performance Of Two Different Pactor changed from half-wave to full-wave and the data Systems; Packet Status Register, Tucson Amateur speed increased more than when the DSP Filter was Packet Radio Corp.. Winter 1996, issue # 61 used. The relative data speed increased by 12.8 percent High Frequency Performance Of Two Different Pactor and was faster by 3.1 than the KAM. Systems; International Digital Radio Association, 4. The soft/hard clipper circuit was added to the full wave Digital Journal Volume 44, Number 3, March 1996 modified simple demodulator and that resulted in a 1.4 2. Schnedler Systems P.O.Box 5964, Asheville, NC percent data speed increase. 28813 704-274-4646 5. The DC Restorer, a form o f Automatic Threshold 3. QST, Sept. 19921«ow Cost Digital Processing For The Control (ATC), only increased the data speed by 0.4 Radio Amateur. Dave Hershberger, W9GR. percent. 6. Finally, after all the circuit modifications were made, $3 PACSAT XMTR mod to TAPR-2 TN C’s tire W9GR DSP filler was again used, and it now- resulted in a 5.4 percent speed increase. Therefore, with Boh Bruninga. WB4APR all the changes and use of the DSP Filter, the total [email protected] increase in speed of the simple demodulator was only OK, I took out the scope and verified that a 1200 baud 20 percent. Further, the highest data speed for the clock is indeed available on the Receive Data Clock pins experimental demodulator was only 10.3 percent faster on the modem disconnect header of my Tiny-2 TNC. So than the reference speed of theJCA.M. anyone can add a PACSAT manchcstcr transmitter 7. With a very simple demodulator circuit, the addition of modem to their standard TAPR TNC-2 with the followi ng the DSP filter resulted in a relatively large increase in components: data speed. As improvements were made to this simple 1) 7403 chip; quad 2-input NAND (Open Collector) circuit, the DSP unit did not provide the same percent­ wired as an XOR (89 cents). age speed increase, as would be expected. 2) RC low-pass filter (89 cents). Once again, it is important to understand that the actual values of the data speed, using the pactor mode, is not the 3) SPDT switch to select between PACSAT and normal object of this long term investigation. It is to learn more AFSK (122 cents). alrout how effective the demodulator design can Ire made to increase the data speed in ihe presence o f noise and Construction weak signals. Connect the 7403 as an XOR to modem TXD and RXClock on the modem disconnect header. Add pull-up Next Report resistor and RC low-pass filter. Then connect a switch The next report will contain information on the relative between this audio and normal audio to your Mic speeds of the Kam reference compared to the use of the connector. OK, you should add a pot for setting audio I.M-565 Phase Locked Loop integrated circuit and a level, but that will drive the cost up a buck or so. Mount unique new design in which the filtering and switch on front panel. discriminator functions arc done at a frequency of 6 MHz. NO, I haven’t tried it, hoping someone else that There will also be information on the W9GR version 3 routinely receives PACSATS will try it and tell us. Digital Signal Processor and its performance with the Kam TNC as well as some data on the MFJ-1278B TNC. Question I wish to acknowledge the huge amount of effort by Is the 7403 open collector NAND gate the easiest way Conrad Steinel K0UER/AFA3VP, Hmporia, KS in his to make an XOR? It’s been a while since I have played at meeting the scheduled test times. He has been punctual the gale level. I used one NAND to gel the 11 pattern and and reliahle and willing to interrupt his own personal daily two NANDS as inverters to drive the last NAND to gel life to get on the air and run the lest files. It has been a the 00 pattern. Then wirc-ORcd the outputs to gel the final pleasure for me, to have him participate in the long terra XOR function. Is this right? I couldn't find an XOR chip investigation that is still in progress. Without his help, this exactly. report on the work could not be published. Furthermore, I wish to also acknowledge the help of both our XYLs. We would forget about the schedule occasionally and they would remind us o f the time so we could complete yet another test.

Page 20 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue #6S Wireless Digital Communications: With time and the increasingly more crowded HF Design and Theory bands, however, the radio amateur will adopt more sophisticated data modems, offering higher throughput and narrower bandwidth operation under the demanding Now available from the TAPR office! propagation conditions of the HF medium. This trend has W e just got the books and they look GREAT! already started and should accelerate as the cost o f Wireless Digital Communications: Design and Theory technology, particularly Digital Signal Processing, by Tom McDermott, N5EG continues to decrease. So, this text includes information 334 pages. ISBN: 0-9644707-2-1 on the subject areas of DSP-based modem filters, and on Includes a 3.5" disk containing programs used in book. forwaid-crror-correcting codes, whose use by the radio amateur will become dominant within a few short years. hUp://www.tapr.org/tapr/hl£Ql/pub.wdcdat.html While the data rate of VHF and UHF communications will increase, it is expected that, for the radio amateur, Preface these will remain power-limited applications for some .Amateur radio commun ication has progressed i n many lime. ways since its beginning in the early 1900’s. General communications progressing from spark to CWand voice 1 n the preparation of this text, I have relied on the study from AM to FM and SSB. Similarly, data o f a number of exceptionally well written textbooks, and communications as a mode of amateur communications to the 1EEF. literature in the area, and these should be has progressed from using on-off keying (OOK) to FSK, consulted whenever more depth or broader interest is and from RTTY to more modern modes of desired. I would like to thank the reviewers of the text for communications (synchronous and error-correcting). many helpful comments, related both to the readability of There has been a lack o f good technical background the material,... material in amateur radio literature on the principles and (more in the book!) design of synchronous digital modems. Thomas C. McDermott, N5EG The wealth and quality of literature in the professional world in the subject area is astounding, but much of it may not be readily accessible to the radio amateur, whether for A ccessing TAPR via the Internet reasons o f advanced mathematics, or simple lack of There are several ways TAPR can be reached via the Internet. availability. In writing this book, the aim has been to bring a concise group of topics covering a broad spectrum of amateur The Automated Information Server that TAPR provides synchronous digital communications subjects to print in allows anyone to request information On TAPR. products, one place, and to make it readily accessible to the radio newsletters, and lots of other tiles. To find out more about this service, send an e-mail message to listserv(

Winter 1997 - Issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 21 Amateur Radio Prior Art Invalidates searching the amateur radio world for software prior art), Internet Applet Patents illustrates the complexity of finding, acquiring, organizing, and distributing software prior art, a Greg Akarouian complexity missing from current sanctioned efforts to deal with software prior art. The problem continues to gel There has been much discussion lately about software worse and worse. patents for Interact “applets” and related technology, the [ E d it o r ’s Note: Otic source reports thut the references Eolas patent application tor one, and Prodigy’s attempt to cited above were found by searching the CNC index on cash in on Java for another. One o f my readers recently the TAPR web site.] forwarded me the following story and example of prior Greg Ahaxonian, Internet Patent News Service art that will impact any of the Interact “applet” patents. It P.O.Box404, Belmont, MA.02178 shows you how tricky this prior art search Stuff can be. 617-489-3727, patcnl*@worl

P a g e 22 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue #65 TAPR Organization News

TAPR Has a Club Callsign: The later delivery from FreeWave STA On-line Application KT7APR caused us to revise our plans and we decided to start taking orders for the TAPR requested a Special radio from the SS STA participants. TAPR has been assigned the Temporary Authority (STA) to We made this decision due to the fact callsign KT7APR bv the FCC conduct an experimental program to (effective 12/10/96). kT7APR— see that our current STA term is only six test spread spectrum emissions over it! Paul Newland, AD7I, and Bob months and although we expect that amateur radio on April 10, 1996. On it will be renewed, we didn’t feel that Nielsen, W6SWE, have been November 6,1996, the FCC Wireless working on getting a callsign for we could waste any time in gelling Telecommunications Bureau granted TAPR since Dayton 1996 when the hardware into the hands of our STA the TAPR request for an STA. participants. issue was discussed informally at the TAPR is making an application for booth. While Paul Newland, AD7I, The first of January', we were participation in the STA available for is currently trustee, we will be informed by FreeWave that they any member o f TAPR to use. The moving the trusteeship to Dewaync were canceling the special purchase URL is: Hendricks, WA8DZP, so that agreement with TAPR and that hltp://wvAv.tapr.org/ss/tapr__sta.html KT7APR can be used on future FCC TAPR will receive no other units operational issues. It is a benefit from FreeWave other than the initial Please note that all areas o f the application must be filled out. These when dealing with the FCC that units that wc purchased in our first TAPR has a callsign, since the order. There was a special web page will be reviewed by the STA holders organization can be issued an STA discussing the purchase. We and a committee within TAPR. The directly instead of to members in the removed the links and later the page more detail you can provide in the organization. Thanks to Paul and when the discussions with FreeWave general answer areas the beilcr. Bob for their work. began deteriorating. We sent several The STA holders reserve the right messages to FreeWave offering to add individuals to or remove Update on FreeWave different alternatives for individuals from the STA at anytime. Technologies 900Mhz continuation, but FreeWave never The application will be used in ordcT FHSS Radio intended responded back to these messages. to determine eligibility in the STA as Group Purchase TAPR has notified everyone that had well as provide information to the signed up for the S399 version of the database and fi nal report of the STA. purchase that it has been canceled First, as some o f your are aware, Responsibilities of STA stations: and no money will be deposited or TAPR had negotiated a special group • Stations will be required tomain- cashed, since no order can be placed purchase agreement with FreeWave tain Ihc highest standards in Technologies, which would have with FreeWave. Any checks for operational practices. allowed TAPR to offer the FreeWave radios will be mailed back. • Stations will be required to sub­ DGRN-115 spread spectrum radio to January 17, 1997 passed and mit a report before the end of the our members who arc participating in finally FreeWave contacted us and STA that will be used in the final the TAPR Spread Spectrum STA. wanted additional terms before the report. An initial order of 65 units was purchase o f the 65 radios would be • Stations must have a dependable placed the first of December with the processed. These additional terms Internet e-mail service so that in­ purpose of getting units so that the could not be agreed to by TAPR, formation and discussion regard­ radio could he evaluated to determine since one of them could limit future ing the STA can be held. which options wc wanted to request, development ol’ SS technology by • Stations must hold at leasl a documentation for common TAPR. After discussing the issue Technician Gass license interfaces written, and we could get with our legal counsel, the TAPR • Stations must be aware that any the purchase process setup with board, and the people involved in the transmissions conducted pur­ FreeWave. When the order was purchase, TAPR decided to cancel suant to the requested STA will placed, w e were told that we could the order for the 65 radios. expect delivery before the end of be secondary in nature, and must 1996. However, when w c finally TAPR regrets this turn o f events, cease immediately in the event of received a confirmation of our order but wc will continue to work on other harmful interference. from FreeWave, we were informed possible means to get Spread • Stations must be a current mem­ that we would not receive delivery of Spectrum technology into the hands ber of TAPR. the units until January 17,1997. of our members.

Winter 1997 - Issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 23 TAPR Organization News

1997 Dayton HamVention 1997 ARRL and TAPR TAPR Kits Update Packet Event! Digital Communications Conference Update The N2IRZ GPS-20 Power The 1997 “Packet BASH” Supply and Interface Board sponsored by TAPR and the Miami TAPR and the ARRL are working The N2IRZGPS-20 Power Supply Valley FM Association will be held on finding a hotel for the 1997 ARRL and Interface Board is a compact 5 on Friday of the Dayton and TAPR Digital Communications volt pow er supply and RS-232 HamVention. The BASH will again Conference. We are looking at a date interface board for the Garmin be held at the NCR location south of in October with the location to be in GPS-20 Global Positioning System Dayton. It was a great spot ami we the Baltimore area, either around the engine. The power supply portion look forward to having a second year harbor or near the airport. More provides a filtered, short-protected 5 there. information will be disseminated in volt D C output to operate the the com ing weeks as a location, hotel, GPS-20. The interface portion A buffet dinner, a raffle for some provides a simple and convenient neat prizes, a great program, and lots schedule, workshops, and method o f providing the required 5 of fun will cost approximately S20 registration prices are fixed by the volt power to the GPS-20, as wrell as per person. More on the final price conference committee. AMRAD a 9-pin female sub-D connector lor once we have a contract on the will be one of the regional hosts of supplying the RS-232 data to a dinner. Keep an eye on TAPR-BB this year’s conference and we all look computer or TN C Also provided on and the Web pages. forward to working with them in the coming month to generate an the DE-9 is the one pulse-per-sccond We hope that this will provide an excellent conference. output. opportunity Cor packet and digital The power supply is designed radio enthusiasts to have a great night GPS-20 Group Purchase around the National Semiconductor out while at I lamVcnlion. LM2490T-5.0 low-dropout The schedule o f events is still TAPR continues to arrange group regulator. This nigged regulator, tentative, but will look something purchases for the Garmin GPS-20. designed for the rigors of automotive like this: Contact the TAPR office to Find out use, supplies a well-regulated 5 volt the status of the latest order. output with a wide input range of 5.4 1900 Dinner http://www.tapr.org/gps has full to 25 volts. This exceptionally low 1945 Welcome details on the purchase. input voltage allows battery 2000 Kcvnotc Address operation from 5 NiCds or 4 alkaline 2030 R affle Area Code Change cells. To further improve portable 2045 TAPR SIG Meetings operations, the power supply uses For more information, send email The TAPR office phones will wide temperature range components, to “[email protected]” or undergo an area code change in May. from -40C to +85C, more than stop by die TAPR lx>oih at Dayton for Like many others in the U.S., the enough for most applications. schedule and map. TAPR office is about to be affected The easy-to-assemble single-sided by an area code change. I n May, the PC Board, which is the same size and Attention PacComm TNC new area aide will be changed to 940. form as the GPS-20, is silkscreencd for DSP-93 users There has been some delay on the and solder masked for convenience. issue, because the phone company There are new EPROM images for was trying to split Denton county in the DSP-93 which (we hope) will fix Tour area codes and there was a lot of the data overrun problem with the movement to try to cut this down. PacComm TNC for data from the Now it is only three area codes. DSP-93 to the TNC. The images are Starting in May, the phone at: numbers will be: ftp^/ftp.tapr.org/'iapr/dspQJ/upload’lllUZ 218.0BJ 940-383-0000 Office Voice hpy/ftp.tttpr.orgAapr/dsp93/uploa(l.'TJl03 940-566-2544 Office Fax 21*.ORJ

OPS-20 Power PCD (actui! sire)

Page 24 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue #65 TAPR Organization News

A small prototyping area, for DSP-93 Update on kits for TAC-2: Totally Accurate Clock modifications or additional circuitry, Spring The TAC-2 project moved to is provided. Tire power input jack is Gary Haugc has finished a set of revision B boards the first of January. a standard 5.5 x 2.1mnt coaxial jack, kits and they should be available at The development group, made up of the same as found on most TNGs. the office for sale by ihe time of this Tom Clark, W3IWI, Paul Beckman, The regulator is self-protected printing. Currendy, about 10 units WAORSE, Steve Bible, N7HPR, against overvoltage transients to 60 have been ordered of the 25 Rick Hambly, Ron Parsons, volts, short circuits, over available. If you have been waiting W5RKN, Lyle Johnson, WA7GXD, temperature, over current, and for a TAPR/AMS AT DSP-93— here Frank Perkins, WB5IPM, and John reverse polarity input. is your chance to join the gang of Ackermann, AC9V continue to test happy DSP-93 owners! The new the units. 'Hie docs are being written Although anyone could make their and beta testing with a very small own power supply, this new TAPR 2.18 EPROMs arc in the TAPR dsp-93 ftp directory group will lake place afterwards. Wc kit offers an excellent pricc/valuc (ftp ://ftp. tapr. org/tapr/dsp93/). arc look in g at having the kits ratio. Add the convenience of a Dave Lamont has feature-packed under-an-hour kit, and the deal is irresistible! been the only person to give any T.APR intends to offer the GPS-20 feedback. If Power board as part of an accessories anyone has tested or kit for the GPS-20. This kit will is testing, be sure to include the interface board with contact Ron parts, standoffs with screws, RF Parsons, MCX to BNC bulkhead connector [email protected], with coax, and will have a JST with your results. preassembled cable that fits the GPS-20 connector. No cost has been Moc Wheatley A E 4 J Y , determined for this accessory kit yet, but the kit should be useful for those (mwhcalle@trsyst em s.eom ) has building future TAC-2 or MIC-E kits designed a simple as well as wanting to use your GPS-20 as a standalone unit. Keep watchdog timer for the DSP-93 which an eye on the TAPR Web page and will reset the box if either PTT line available at Dayton. Check the the next PSR for full details. stays active for more than about a TAPR web page minute. It uses one 74HC86 and a http://www.tapr.org/tapr/html/tac2. few discretes. The schematic, single html TUC-52 and METCON-II sided peb layout, and some for details on the kit. and articles in Personality Board documentation can be downloaded PSR #64 p.5 and PSR #63 p. 29-35. The TUC-52 is very close to goi ng from The group has also been looking at to beta test. Paul Ncwland, AD7I, http://www. m indspring.com/~ae4j y the design o f GPS D isciplined has begun the process of design and /projects.htm Oscillators based on the TAC-2. layout o f the first personality board The files are in Acrobat .pdf format. More in future PSRs on what for the TUC-52, which will be the possibilities might l>e available in the METCON-II. AN-93: PC Modem for HF future. Wc had hoped to have kits Paul has written an article in this available by the end o f 1996. The PSR about the new METCON docs didn’t get completed and the design. The goal is to try to have tune-up and installation parts of the TNC-95 METCON-II kits available at Dayton docs are being tested before kits are ThcTNC-95 project is still on hold or shortly thereafter. The shipped. Once the docs are verified, until firmware is ported. The METCON-II should be very- then the kits will begin shipping. software developer has a working versatile. unit and wc expect working code sometime in the future.

Water 1997 - issue #65 Packer Status Register Page 25 TAPR Organization News

APRS MIC-E Project al ready been assembled, bu t interface Ralph Fowler, u4neq, keunesaw. CA David Chesser, KAUNHI^ Dekalh, II. The T A P R A P R S MIC-E beta wires, box, and other items will still Henry Von Uouuerl, N9WMM, Midlothian. testing began in December. If you need to be configured and assembled II, are not familiar with the MIC-E for proper use. Larry Keeran. K90RP. Hudson. IL project, it began several years ago The beta testing began in Don Pfistcr, KA0J1.F, Overland Park, KS with the creation of a PIC chip Tom Kinahan , N1CPE, Wcstboro, MA December with the purpose of processor that is now sold Kevin Kelly, N60AB, Lusby, MD beta-testing being to generate and commercially by Clements Eng Will Clement, N3XLM, Arnold, MD correct the kit documentation, ensure Rob Rruninga, WB4APR, Glen Burnie, MD (http://home.navisoft.com/agrelo/cl hardware problems arc nonexistent Jonathan R Brockmcicr . KBRSWB, Hol­ cmcnt.htm). In 1996, Gwyn Reedy, in more variations not possible land. Mi WA1BEL, President o f PacComm during the alpha-testing,

Page 26 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - issue #65 TAPR Organization News

TAPR Publications http://wwv.tapr.org/tapr/html/publ 1997 CD-ROM ications.html The TAPR 1997 CD-ROM Should Wireless Data Communications: Wc printed 1000 copies of the book be hitting the production house the Theory and Design, by Tom and it looks like we might be doing a first of February and be available the McDermott, N5EG, is shipping! second printing before the end of the first of March. The CD has been Dorothy has already shipped over year. rebuilt from the ground up and a lot o f html code has been put together to 300 books in the first 3 months. The John Ackermann’s TCP/IP hook help navigate around the CD using book looks like it is going to l>e as has another chapter completed and any number of browsers people have. good as wc thought it would be. Have we are working on adding the Using a web browser locally on your a look at the details on required graphics to the book. Work computer to access the information needs to be done to should make information easier and integrate the faster to find and review. If you don't chapters and have a computer which supports the graphics and then necessary browser software, d o n ’t get the second worry, you can still gel all the data reading of the text. directly from the CD like before. The We had looked at CD will again be a ISO-9660 D ayton for an standard, which will allow it be introduction, but accessed on any number of due to schedules it platforms. The price will not change looks like the from last year — $20, + S4 s/h. Keep printing date will be an eye on TAPR-BB and the web loai MiDviuwll. X5EG, Greg Tones, WD52VD. Leo Cedi. WB5PKJ, Bo* pushed back. Stricklin, K5BRG, unit John Kwler. WODDD, nl Tom'S Util tw k lignins pany' page for information before the next (January SUi. 1S97). PSR.

TAPR Software Library Update

Greg Eubank. KL71iV [email protected]

There have been a number of changes to the TAPR software library' over the last month. The library has been completely reorganized with a new numbering scheme and put on 1.44 mbyte (3.5") disks. A number of disks have l>een combined together and several updates and new additions have been added to the Library! WXN has been updated to version 6.00b and a new weather server program called WXMASTER has been added to the library, with Support for additional weather station equipment. Another new addition to the library is a program called VPAKET, which is a Windows 95/Windows 3.1 Graphical Packet Terminal Program. Another new Windows based terminal program called WinPak has also been added to the library! Last, but not least; there is a new TCP/IP socket driver program called DAJD written by Darren Jcfford. This driver is supposed to give you control to test and view TCP/IP connections and precisely control what is being sent and lets you see what is received! A lot of effort went into the move to 1.44 meg disks and a couple of problems which could have spelled trouble were caught prior to sending the masters in for duplication! Please bear with me, if I missed anything, as with any ' change, Murphy is likely to make his presence known. I look forward to gelling additional program updates and new software offerings which 1 hope to be able to add to the already FULL Library! The library now consists of almost 20 disks full of packet related programs. Well, that is all I have to report on the TAPR Software Library' for now, so 73s from Greg and thank goodness all that -55 degree weather is gone, (for now!

Winter 1997 - Issu e #65 Packet Status Register Page 27 Regional Digital Organizations List (1/1/97)

If you have corrections or Internet: [email protected] 5417 Scruggs Staliim Rd. htip://wTvw.onebeUevue.com/E8ivx‘cledo/iD Lehman. MO 65053 additions to this list, please contact dcx.html Internet: Lhaminond@mai1~state.nui.us the office. TAPR hopes to keep this Colorado Digital Eclectics (CODE) Ml Aseulney Amateur Packet Radio Association list as accurate as possible in order to 36.31 Brentwood Terrace c/o Cnr: Bretming N1CB refer information and individuals to Colorado Springs. CO 80910 54 Myrtle St their regional group(s). If you have Interact: [email protected] Newport NH 03773 http://www.cixle.iTrK/fctKW corrections to this list, please e-mail Ml neacxin Amateur Radio Club Colorado Digital Working GlOttp PO Box 841 [email protected]. c/o Ted Cross. NOLAK Wappinuers Falls, NY 12590 33165 Diana Rd. Nevada Packet Coordinators Committee (NPCC) Pine, (X) M1470 Amateur Radio Rescare 1 1 and Development Corp PO Box 12116 Internet: [email protected] (AM RAD) Retto NV 89510 http:,'.■'www.rmxd.com,'hamrnriin/dwg.htrni P<) Box 614.3 Internet: [email protected] McLean, VA 22106-61-8 Colorado Packet Association (COPA) Newsletter: The NPCC Rag c/o John RaitnRKkj KTOH Newsletter: AMRAD Newsletter New England Packet Radio Association 2050 S Fnirplny American Radio Relay League (ARRL) (NEPRA) Aurora. CO 80014 225 Main Si PO Box 208 Newington, CT 6111 Connecticut Digital Radio Association (CDUA) Fast Kingston, NH 03827 Internet: INFOJvjARRL.ORG c/o William Lyman, NINWP Newsletter: NEPRA PackctEar 219 So Orchard St. httpV/www'.acs.oaklaiid.cdu/barc/arrl.hliiil New Mexico Packet Radio Suciety (NMPRS) Wallingford. CT 06492 Newsletter: QliX / Gateway c,V> Brian Milcshsoky, N57GT Internet: [email protected] Arizona Picket Radio Asweintinn 1021 Dakota SE S4(I2 F. Angus Dr Eastern Washington Amateur Radio Croup Albuquerque. New Mexico 87108 Scottsdale. AZ 85251 (EWARG) Interact: [email protected] Pai Dockrey, N07M The 31ueRidgc Video and Digital Soceity North East Digital Association (NEDA) Post Office Box 644 (BVDS) PO Box 563 Spokane, WA 99210 e/o Lee McDaniel WB40OJ Manchester. NH 03105 Internet: [email protected] PO Box 7873 Internet: [email protected] Roanoke. Virginia 24(119 First Coast Amateur Digital Association h up: //www.cao .orgi'-am a .'boda/NEDAJi uni (FiCADA)[ North East Florida] Interne'.: wb4iprj@ intrlink.com Northern California Packet Association (NCl’A) c/o Bill Layftcld KD4UJK, President hitp://www.intrlink.c<>rnAspaJky/wb4qoj/w PO. Box 61716 b+qoj Jura 2822 Tinsley Road Sunnyvale, CA 94(188 Jacksonville. Florida 322IS-4677 Gnmlinn Digital Coordinating Council httpa'ihrasmith com./-ncpa Internet: [email protected] c/o Claris Cullingford KE4CCU Newsletter: NCPA Downlink Florida Amateur Digital CommuaicdtiOES As­ 2iOByswi«?i. North Mississippi Digital Radio Association sociation (FADCA) Charlotte. NC2827U (NMDKA) c/o Joseph Kitftb. WB4TF.M h t Ip ://bam. wb4ud*.o rg/ed cl - c/b Craig Lindsey. KC5AUG 812 Childers Ixxip Inter re Lem c@vn et.net PO Box 5054 Omndon, FL 33511 Central Illinois Packet Radio User Society, Lie Mississippi Suie, MS 39762-5054 Newsletter: FADCABeacim (CIPRUS) Internet: [email protected];xxlu c/o Larry Kecran K90KP Georgia Radio Amateur Packet Enthusiast iKtp:,6*www.»Sre.m»talc.Ldii^'CTaig'NMDRA Society (GRAPHS) RR I Box 1KI Ohio Packet EaDiusiasts Club (OP AC) P.O. Box 616 Hudson. IL 61748-9750 C/O Bub Dali W1I8WGA Griffin. GA 30224 Central Iowa Technical Society (CITS) 850 Rivn Ridge 3lvd http:tfwww.mirxlspring.coin/-bobm/grapes,' c/o Ralph WaJlio WORPK Gahanna. OH’ 43230 gr.ipes.html 1250 Hwy 024 Newsletter: Grapevine Ontario,1 Wcsicm NY Packet Advisory Group Indianapolis, IA 50125 (OWNYPAG) Indiana Digital Experimenters Association Chicago Amateur Packet Radio Association d o Paul Snvjai XB2KRB (IDEA) (CAPRA) 779 Englewood Avenue Apt I C/o John Hartman N5AAA PO Box 8251 Kciimotc, NY 142Z3-23.50 14659 Wellington CL Rolling Meadows, IL 60005 Internet: [email protected] Noblesviile IN 46060-4356 Newsletter: The CAPRA Deacon http v’/www,ideacet.org Pacific Packet Radio Society (PPRS) Internet: [email protected]:tl PO Box 51562 Kansas Digital Coordinating Committee hUp^/WWW.pyi01cehni(2t.coni,'tapni/ Palo Aito. CA 91303 1544 N 1003 RD Cincinnati Amateui Packet Radio Experimenters tiiwrence KS 66046-9610 Packet Association o f Western New York Society (CAPRF.S) (PAWNY) Mississippi Amateur Radio Digital Association c/h John Schrocr IV' KA8GRH P.O. D:ix 1856 (MARDA) 9+9 Halesworth Dr CbccktOwSga, NY, 14225-8856 e,Vi Patrick J Fagnn WA5DYV FotCSl Park, Oil 45240 Internet: [email protected] 24i2EBixch.Dr CLhDO (C.'cntrai 1 .nkeshore Experimenter’s hiipi/'hnogatclaunycric.edu Gulfport. MS 39503 Didtal Organization) PncketEast of North Carolina Missouri Amateur Packet Radio Socret> c/o'Stephen D. Goff. NKIVX Network and Frequency Coordination for (Mu Am PS) 7X2 W. Main St. Eastern North Carolina c/o Tom Haruimmd, NOSS Bellevue. Ohio 44811 c/o Gary Pearce KN4AO, VP Page 28 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue #65 U6 Waterfall Ct Tcmtcaxee Network (TENNhT) 1186 Richmond Road Caiy.NC 27513 cA> Jeffrey Austen K9JA Ottawa. ON K2B8B0 Internet: [email protected] 2051 Clearview Drive Internet: [email protected] Packet Radio Organization of Montana (PROM) Cookeville. TN 38506 Vancouver Amateur Digital Communications c/o Glenda Alien KhTIU Internet: jra [email protected] Group (VADCG) 16$ Conifer Rd Texas Paekci Radio Society (TPRS) 9531 Odlin Rd l.ihhy, MT 55923 IX) Box 50238 Richmond.BC V6X in i Canada Newsletter: Use Packet Pennsylvania Packet Association (flaPA) Demon. TX 76206-1>218 c.'o Bryan Simanic WA1UFN Internet: [email protected] Vancouver Area Packet Organization (VAPO) 9 Wiki Cherry Dr hl!p://www. tapr.org/iprx C-'o Rob Reid, VE7FU Newsletter: The TPRS Ouanerly Report DuBois, PA 15801 6510 Bradford Place, Puget Sound Amateur Radio TCP,IP Group Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation Delia. 3. C. V4T.IG3 Canada Internet: [email protected] C/O Steve Slroh NKIXJ (TAPR) http:/,'mitx)linkoci''roh_reiriA.npohtml 14919 NP. 16.3rd Sneer 8987-109 E Tanque Verde Rd #337 Tuesco. AZ 85749-9199 Newslcncr: VAPO Gazette WoodjoviUe, WA 98072 Internet: [email protected] Internet: [email protected] Winnipeg Amateut Radio Packet group (WARP) htip://www.tapr.org http:/,Vww.wernct.ampr.org e/t> Chris Setla. VEtShT Newsletter: Packet Suit us Register Radio Amateur Satellite Cocp (AMSAT) 158 FaitUnc Ave PO Box 27 TwinsLAN Amateur Radio Club Winnipeg MB R2YOB3 Canada Washington. DC 20044 PO Box 3230! http://Ww.qualcomm.com/amsat/ArnxatH Fridley, MN 55432 ome-hrm! Newsltncr: The Twins LAN Beacon Newsletter: AMSAT Journal Utah Packet Radio Association (UPRA) c /o Radio Amateur Telecommunications Society Bart Van Allen KA7ZFD (RATS) 11881S Kinney Cir • CA> Brian Boccaidi, N2MPM R iv e T to n , UT 84065 PO Box 93 Wake Digital Communications Group (WDCG) Park Ridge, NJ (17656 c-'o Randy Ray WA5SZL http:/,Vww.rats.org 9401 Taurus Ct Rochester Packet Group Raleigh, NC 27612 c ’o Fred Cupp W2DUC Western Michigan Packet Radio Association 27 Crescent Rd (WMPRA) Fairport, NY 14450 PO Box 4612 San Diego Packet Radio Association Muxkegnn, MI 49444 (SANDPAC) Wisconsin Amateur Packet Radio Association C/<0 Barry GerxheafeJd (WAPRA) S4M4S Arroyo Lindo Av PO Box 1215 San Diego. CA 92117 Fond Du Lac. WI 54935 Newsletter: Sun Diego Packet Radio Asxcda- Newsletter. Badger Slate Smoke Signals taon Newsletter Ctnzda South Carolina Amateur Radio Digital Society Haniilum and Area Packet Network (IIAPN) (SCARDS) Box 4466 Station D PO Box 1281 Hamilton, ON L8V4S7 Canada Columbia, SC 29202 HEX 9 Group Newsletter: SCARDS Newsletter PO Box 151 Southern Amateur Packet Society (SAPS) Orilla, ON L3V 6J3 Canaria C.'O Wayne Harrell WD4I.YV Manitoba Digitial Emergency Communications Rt 1 Box 3(58 Groups (MDECG) Sycamore. Ga .11790 c.'o Jim Tirwnvcnd. VE4CY hup^.'www.v.irfsou:h.com/-cparC'’saFBditiii 2109-55 Gariy St. Southern California Digital Communication* Winnipeg. MB R3C4H4 Canada Council (SCDCC) MARCAN Packet Network PO Box 2744 c/o Ron MaeKuy VF.IAIC Huntington Beach. CA 92647-27-14 Box 188 Newsletten The I-Frsmc Cornwall. Ph O0A I HO Canada Southern Oregon Amateur Packet Radio Associa­ Packet: tion (SOAPRA) [email protected] c.'o Albert D. Lawson Internet: [email protected] 232 Talent Ave. #16 OntarioWestern NY Packet Advisor v Group Talent, OR 97540 (OWNYPAG) Internet: [email protected] CO Paul Savini KB2KRB http:,'5iiapra.org 779 Engluwtxid Avenue Apt. 1 Tciincwtee Backbone Operators Network hit- Kenmoie, NY 14223-2330 vironmeot (TBONE) Internet: aa585(o:rri:ene'!.hiiTr!iio.edu c/o Terry Cox. KB4KA Ottawa Amateur Radio Cluh Packet Working 110 Fivherville Rd. Group Collierville. TN 38017-4100 Lincoln Heights Postal Outlet Internet: [email protected] P.O. Box 32(112

Winter 1997 - Issue #$5 Packet Status Register Page 29 TAPR Software Library The following is a brief description of the current W’xMaster - Version 0.1 is a Windows 3.1 application which reads programs in the TAPR software library. and displays data log information from a Peel Brothers Ultimctci 2000. It shows current weather data in text form and will graph 101. BBS Servers several types of data in a 24 hour pint. WxMaster will also connect API .INK - A concurrent AMTOR MBO and packet BBS system by 10 a TNC and send packets formatted for APRS. Victor D. Poor, W5SMM. AA4RE - A nuiltioonnecl packet mailbox program by Roy F.n- 113. Terminal • Windows Packet Terminal Programs gehausen. AA4RE Requires the use of AEA or WA8DED host VPAKF.T - Graphical Packel / Digital Radio Terminal Application mode or G8BPQ switch software for operation. For Windows 95/3.1 102. BBS Servers 114. Terminal - Packet Terminal Programs F6EBB - BBS Supports 15 languages, YAPP support, mulliconnetfs, THS - Terminal program for TNCs with WA8DED or DRSt PC*PA compressed message forwards. by PcteT Heinrich, HB9CW. TPK - French language terminal program with many features by 103. BBS Servers Gerard Remand, F1F.BN. WINLJNK - A BBS system for AMTOR, FACTOR, CLOVER and SP - Eskay Packet Hoslmode program by Sigi Kiugcr, DK4NB for packet by Victor D. Poor, W5SMM and Hans Kessler, N8PCR. WASDED firmware & support for Baycom modems & KISS WORI.I - Packet BBS system by Hank Oredsou. WORLi. TNC. 104. Mlsc. Programs PCTOR - by Johan Forrer, KC7WW runs AMTOR (CCIR476-6) on E2PAC11 - A menu-driven NTS message formatter by Mike Imcl. a PC. All AMTOR modes & listen arc supported. Requires an Ham Comm • A DSP RTTY program with VGA spectrum display, external HF Modem ( CP-1, ST-6, DJ6HP or similar.) n-scope, tuning indicator, all real time. Uses simple 1 chip inter­ 116. Terminal - FOe Transfer,'Packet Terminal Programs face, schematic included, all parts available at Radio Shack. LAN-LiNK - Packet terminal program by Jce Kisser. G37.CZ. Powered by serial port. » Supports non-packet modes of PK-232, KAM and MFJ-1278. ARES/Dala - A packet radio data base system for emergencies by PAKET • TNC-2 program with features such as windowed operation Wen Mocrncr, WN6I and Dave Palmer, N6KL. for multi-connccts by Tony Lonsdale, VK2DIIU. NTS • Traffic generator Software package for generating NTS traffic by Bill Bowman, VE4UB. 117. Terminal • File Transfer,1Packet Terminal Programs DOSuate - Allow remote operation of a PC via packet radio by Rich YAPP - A packet terminal program by Jeff Jacobsen, WA7MBT.. Bonn, NM ID. Supports split-screen operation, ASCII and binary file transfer. INTRO - Lnlroduclion to Packet Radio by Larry Kenney, WB9IX)Z. WINPACK - Windows Packet Radio program. Needs Win 3.1 or GIL • Graphics Interchange Language Permits a convenient way to later, at least a 38/5 and at least 4Mb of RAM. This program subject transmit more than just ASCII text messages, such as animated to the conditions in LICENCE.TXT. graphics drawings or diagrams over digital radio links. 118. KA9Q NOS • Executables and Documentation 105. Misc. Tools Disk. Programs for monitoring a packet radio chan, JNOS-JNOS l.tOM - F.xccutahlcs and documentation for KA9Q's nel and gathering svstem statistics. NOS version of TCP/IP software, enhancements by Gerard van MONAX • (NK6K

P a g e 30 Packet Status Register Winter 1997 - Issue #65 TAPR Software Library In addition to supplying various kits and firmware. TAPR main­ Z-80 Monitor ,fnG'monz80.zp tains a library of packet radio-related computer software. Tais TAPR DevVeter source & toots /miscl'devmtr.2lp software is available by anonymous Fi'P from ftp.tupr.org, und from MeTCON source & tools VER. 1.07 /miec/metcon.zip the TAPR office on disk. The FTP library may also contain software IDS. Utility - Archive/Conversion Programs which is not uvailuble from TAPR on disk. The file 7PLUS VER. 2.02 /uffls/7pfus20.exe /tapr/softwarc_liM)0-indcx.txt contains the complete list. LHA VER. 2.11 ZutiWlha211.exe Additions to the software Library are always welcome, however PKARG VER. 3.6 /utils/pk36.exa we do request that they he submitted cither by. or with the expressed PKZIP/PKUN2P VER.2.04G /\jdls/pkz204g.z;p permission of. the author. TAPR attempts to provide the latest R95 VER. 4.0 Aitifs/r9540.exe versions of all software; updates are appreciated. TAPR reserves the ucenrade/uudsccde VER. 5.40 /uti:s/uuexe540.exe right to screen any submissions und restrict the library content as ZOO VER. 2.10Mi$/zco21.exe necessary. Both freeware and shareware are acceptable. 110. Wcrcsat - Ground Station Software Software may be uploaded to the /tapr/softwareJib/UPLOAD PB OA'SHto /sat/microsatzip directory. Please read the README file in that area. Please direct PG 02/25/92 any questions to [email protected]. PFHADD 03/24/92 Current as or fld January, 1997 PHS 12/21/90 All ftp filenames listed below should he proceeded with 111. TCP,'IP • Teliwt/SMTP/Ftp Program s "/tapr/softwarc_lib” KA9Q NET VER KS6 rtcpipVietkSSexzIp Key: [U?D] = Di3k file(s) updated sines last listing ■tcslpM8tk38sr.zip [NEW] = New ada'tion to the TAPR Software Library INTRO TO TCP/IP /tcpipAcpinlro.ztp 112- W'sathar - Server Programs Dlek No, Pgm Name Veialon figfllinama [UPD] WXN Weather Svr. VER6.C0b Av8aiharAwcn600b.zip 101. BBS -Servers [NEW] WxMaster VER. 0.1 /wather/V/XMASTERZIP APUNK VER. 7.01 /cbs/acl70l .axe 113. Terminal - Windows Packet Terminal Program AA4RE VER 2.12 /bbs&b2i2^ip [NEW] VPAKET VER. 3.2 AermlnaWpaket32.zip 102.8E3 • Servers 114. Terminal - Packet Terminal Programs F6F3B VER 5.15 RtosJ THS VER. 2.50 ,terminaVths.zip 103.3E5 - Servers TPK VER. 1.32 /termlnaWpk182.op WINLINK VER. 1.2 Acbstonll 2.exe S? (Eskay Packed VER 8.50 ,'terminal(sp650.exe WORU VER 19.8 /bbstoOrS/mba.exe PCTCR VER 3.02 AetminaVpctor302.z;p 104. Wsc - Programs 116. Terminal - File7rarv3fer/Packet lerminal Programs EZPAC VER 1.1 /misc'ezpacl 1.zip LAIH1NK VER. 2.32 termineHI2S2zjp Ham Ccmm VER. 3.0 /misGrnamccm30.«x9 PAKET VER. 6.1 ,'terminat'paket61 .zip ARES DATA VER 1.6 .'mlsc'aresdaia.rp 117. Termini - File Transfer-Packet Terminal Programs V-4IJB NTS VER. C91691 /mi$c/nt$ve4ub.exe YAPP VER. 2.0 ilEfmrialpVapp.zip NM1DCOSGA7E VER. 1.14 /rn i scvd 03 g a: e .zi p [NEW] WINPAK VER. 6.10 AermhalVvlnp610.zip Intro to Packet Rac'o 6/16/95 /misalniroo.Vuip 113. NOS - KA9Q Network Operating System GIL VER. 1.03 /m isc/giim ap JNOS (Executables) VER. 1.1OM /icpipjnosl I0m.exe 1C5. Wise-Tools JNOS (Decs) /Kpip'docsl 10m.zip MCNAX /mlsc/monax.ap [NEW] OAJD (Socket Driver) j1cpipDAJDSOCK.ZIP FRAFFiC '/ER. 2.05E /misc/pra T2Q5e.zip 119. NCS - KA9Q Network Operating System PACKHACK VER 8 /misc/phack8.ztp JNOS (Source for 118) VER. 1.1 OM /icpip'Jnos 110m.zip 107. TNC-Toe’s 120. Switch - Server Programs TNC-2 EPROM's VER 1.ISA /wc/eprcms.exe G3BPQ NODE VER 4.08a /sttitcru'bpp408a.a'p Ho3t Mcde docs /Jrotiostmoda.exa Manual /TCtnoiocs.axe TNC-1 CODE /mcfacl6rc.sp TNC2 Notes )1n^c2not.zip

Ballot for TAPR Board of Directors Election

All Information Must be Provided: Vote for up to three:

Name (primed): _____ Greg Jones, WD5IVD

Member Number: _____ John Koster, W9DDD

Check Number {from mailing label): _____ Mel Whitten, KOPFX

Signature: _____ Steve Stroh, N8GNJ Mall to: TAPR, 8987-309 E. Tanque Verde Rd. #337. Tucson. A2 85749-9399. Must be received by March^,1997. 5(J, Winter 1997- issue #65 Packet Status Register Page 31 Kits PfW Qty Total Kit Code Information DSP-93 W/ wall transformer (US) $430.00' ~1 16 thnk v^ih «•> d ip data no discount DSP-93 wi'o wall transformer $420.00 i 16 for intcm.uoniJ erdnrs only, no dlsccont DAS (DTMF Accessor/' Sqjelck) $69.0D I 1 I mud osi-attfe As seen nDtr 9i GST AN-93 HF Modem $90.00 3 lim ited kits ra ta b le . TAPR 9600 bps Modem 380.00 6 Git Regenerator ______SI0.00 I used («■ rego-erara rcpcutr epercitan Clock Option ______$S.00~ 1 used for rcgtrerntfre repeater cpcritkiii PK-232 Modem Disconnect I S20.00I 2 lir^Jrtes conneucri o f exttira' modems PK232MBX installation Kit S2DCO 2 fc r im rtte cn c i MX) mod:m in PK-232MBX XR22II DCD Mod. ~$23 16X cr J2X « d x k METCON-I Tclcmctry/Control Meicon-I kks no longer soiifctc. Voltagc-co-Frcquency module $30 CO 3 Flency o f the O ption Kits! Temperature-co-Freq module $40.00 3 A-D Converter______$45.00 ~ 3 Elapsed Time Pulser $35.00 ‘i i TiTTTriTT-i ~ro t c i- c rc r -i v.r ‘i■. l i . i t 1------!------3 firmware 32K RAM w/ TNC2 update docs $20.00 2 TNC-2 1.1.9 w K ISS~EPROM $ 15.00 4 n:Sides 1.1.9 Con-frond: boaUct jhriow) 1. 1.9 Commands Booklet (only) 38.00 2 lu ll TNC-2 c o rrm ird sci fo r 1.1.9 TNC-2 WABDED EPROM $12.001------2 9 connect vers'en for ARES-Diti standard TNC-1 WABDED EPROM $12.00 2 TNC-2 KISS EPROM 312.00 2 TNC-1 KISS EPROM STlW 2 PK-B7 WABDED EPROM...... SI2.CO 2

1997 TAPK'CD-ROM' □ A ISO 9660, 650 Megs o f Info! W Irtirl ra * pages Wireless Dlglctl Communications $39.99 a 300* pages w>'dsk by; Tom M cDerm ott. NSEG Picket'Radio: What? Why? Howl $ I 2 CO 2 130 pages. TAPR's Parker Radfo book. BBS Sysop Guido $9.C0 2 60 pages by: Barry Co dew. WA0RJ7 TAPR’s 94 Annual Proceedings $7.C0 2 Papers from tfn Anrutl Me«fog (Tucson) TAPR's 95 Annual Proceedings $7.00 ” 2 Pipers fran dsc A m nl M wtlig (St loult) PSRSet Vol I (#i- #17 S2 - ‘8S)~ $20.00 e PSR S et V ol 2 (#18 - #36 rB6 - '89) $20.00 8 PSR S et Vol 3 (#37 - #52 '50 - 93) $2000 8 NOSlntro. Intro to KA9Q NOS $23.00 0 tn W ad* G3NRW, TCP,IP

Subtotal: Atltlcri Total Kit Coties All prices subject to change without notice and arc payable in U.S. funds. Members receive 109>» off on Kits and Publications. Please allow six to eight weeks for your order to be shipped. For specific information on kits, see Product Description flyer. Tucson Amateur Packet Padlo 8987-309 E. Tanquc Vordo Rd #337 Tucson, Arizona • 85749-9399 Office: {017} 3U3-0000 • Fax: (BI7> 566-2544 Internet: WPRtiTAPR ORG • www.tapr.org S3 Non-Profit ftosoarch and.Dovolopmont Corporation January 1997 www.tapr.org • Jtp.tapr.org • [email protected] - - Office Hours: —Tuc-Pri - 9am-12pm. 3pm-5pm CT Membership ™c«$$ lo,al United Sates <20.00 Canad.i/Motico______#20. f i : ) ______Inieriatlixial | J 2 5 . I T / ______O Renewal O New Member

SubT o la I Membership 1(1% Discount Kva’pi wsrc rwtrii Member #:------(Place new if joining) ______Total Sales (Subtotal minus discount) ______Texas Residents (7.75% tax) ------Membership (New o r Renewal) ______Shipping and Handling For Total Kit Codes Between ______1 -3 4-7 I R-15 16 - 27 29 - 55 | Adit Adel S4 Add $-5 Add ST. Add f.7 Kit Codes above 55 or International orders must contact TAPR for amount. I TOTAL Order Amount d Croiaim/CMlia'dtd-KkM-ni: ~ V S .', □ S'eslHCed AM t______Eipirjtion Oslo: ______Si^itfirno-iroitl:______

VbiM.'Cal:

Srccl hfanv.

CSly* Slita.'Zpc______

Cubin' ------’txrnNu-hrr:

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