DOCSLIB.ORG

Physiological Ecology of the Cultured Hard Clam, Mercenaria Mercenaria: a Case Study in Cherrystone Inlet, Virginia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Physiological Ecology of the Cultured Hard Clam, Mercenaria Mercenaria: a Case Study in Cherrystone Inlet, Virginia W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2005 Physiological Ecology of the Cultured Hard Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria: A Case Study in Cherrystone Inlet, Virginia Elizabeth Darrow Condon College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons, Oceanography Commons, and the Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Condon, Elizabeth Darrow, "Physiological Ecology of the Cultured Hard Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria: A Case Study in Cherrystone Inlet, Virginia" (2005). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617838. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-rw55-2r98 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF THE CULTURED HARD CLAM, MERCENAR1A MERCENAR1A: A CASE STUDY IN CHERRYSTONE INLET, VIRGINIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Elizabeth Darrow Condon 2005 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science izabeth Darrdw Condon Approved, July 2005 ? % / Lor%f Mark W. Luckenbach, Ph.D. Committee Chairman/Advisor (L Roger L. Mapn, Ph.D. Advisor Iris <fc. Anderson, Ph.D. Harry1V.' Wang, Ph.D. T DEDICATION To Rob, who spent many long nights with me in the lab; and to Ian, who spent many long days with me in the field: I love you both. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................xiii THESIS INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 2 The hard clam.................................................................................................................2 Hard clam aquaculture.................................................................................................. 4 Physiology ......................................................................................................... 7 Ecology......................................................................................................................... 11 Modeling .................................... 15 Study site ............................................................... 17 Objectives...................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER ONE: Laboratory Studies on the Physiology of the Cultured Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria...............................................................................................20 INTRODUCTION.................... 21 Laboratory feeding studies....................................................................................21 Laboratory biodeposition studies.............................................................. ,.........31 Laboratory respiration studies............................................................................. 32 Laboratory excretion studies............................................ 35 Objectives................................................................................................................38 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................................ 39 Feeding ...................................................................................................................39 Respiration and Excretion.....................................................................................42 Analytical methods............................................................................... 43 Data analysis......................................................................................................... 44 RESULTS.....................................................................................................................47 Feeding ...........................................................................................................47 Biodeposition..........................................................................................................63 Respiration..............................................................................................................66 Excretion.................................................................................................................73 DISCUSSION........................................................................ 81 Feeding ...................................................................................................................81 Biodeposition..........................................................................................................87 Respiration..............................................................................................................89 Excretion ...............................................................................................................93 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER TWO: Field-based Studies on Feeding of the Cultured Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria.................................................. 100 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 101 Experimental approach........................................................................................106 Objectives.............................................................................................................. 108 METHODS................................................................................................................. 110 RESULTS................................................................................. 118 Net effects on clearance rates..............................................................................126 Tidal stage effects on food availability...............................................................130 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................. 133 Clearance rates.....................................................................................................133 Environmental parameters...................................................................................133 Influence of tidal stage......................................................................................... 134 Influence o f nets and interacting effects .............................. 135 CHAPTER THREE: Estimated ecosytem impacts of Mercenaria mercenaria............. 150 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 141 OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................143 METHODS...................................................................................................... 143 Clam population data........................ 143 Clam feeding rates...................... 146 Carbon energy budget estimates ......................................................................... 148 Nitrogen uptake and release................................................................................149 RESULTS...................................................................................:............................... 151 Clam population data.......................................................................................... 151 Clam filtration rates............................................................................................. 151 Carbon requirements ........................................................................................... 158 Nitrogen uptake and release.............................. 162 DISCUSSION.......................................................... 167 THESIS SUMMARY..........................................................................................................174 APPENDIX 1: CLAM POPULATION DATA ASSUMPTIONS..................................178 APPENDIX 2: CHERRYSTONE INLET DATA............................................................180 APPENDIX 3: CLAM MORPHOMETRICS................................................................... 181 LITERATURE CITED........................................................................................................185 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks go to my major advisor, Dr. Mark Luckenbach, for allowing me to think and work independently, providing the resources for me to try out some of my crazy ideas, and being flexible enough to accommodate my changing plans and unforeseen problems that come with conducting experiments in the field. I would also like
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mercenaria Mercenaria ©
    Mercenaria mercenaria © 16mar2001 Copyright 2001 by Richard Fox Lander University Ph. MOLLUSCA, Cl.Bivalvia, sCl.Heterodonta, O.Veneroida, F.Veneridae Introduction Mollusca The phylum Mollusca is the second largest in the animal kingdom and comprises several classes consisting of the Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Aplacophora, and Cephalopoda. The typical mollusc has a shell, muscular foot, head with mouth and sense organs, and a visceral mass containing most of the gut and the heart, gonads, and kidney. Part of the body is enclosed in a mantle formed of a fold of the body wall. The mantle encloses a space known as the mantle cavity which is filled with water or air and in which the respiratory organs, anus, nephridiopore(s) and gonopore(s) are located. The coelom is reduced to small spaces including the pericardial cavity and gonocoel. The well-developed blood vascular system consists of the heart and vessels leading to a spacious hemocoel in which most of the viscera are located. The kidneys are large metanephridia. Molluscs may be either gonochoristic or hermaphroditic. Spiral cleavage produces a characteristic veliger larva in most groups unless it is suppressed in favor of direct development or another larva. Molluscs are well represented in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Bivalvia Bivalvia is a large class of molluscs whose shell is divided into right and left portions. There is usually a crystalline style but never a radula. Bivalves are flattened from side to side and the head is reduced and bears no special sense organs. The large mantle cavity is located on the sides and contains the large gills.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Variability in Recruitment of an Infaunal Bivalve
    Spatial Variability in Recruitment of an Infaunal Bivalve: Experimental Effects of Predator Exclusion on the Softshell Clam (Mya arenaria L.) along Three Tidal Estuaries in Southern Maine, USA Author(s): Brian F. Beal, Chad R. Coffin, Sara F. Randall, Clint A. Goodenow Jr., Kyle E. Pepperman, Bennett W. Ellis, Cody B. Jourdet and George C. Protopopescu Source: Journal of Shellfish Research, 37(1):1-27. Published By: National Shellfisheries Association https://doi.org/10.2983/035.037.0101 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2983/035.037.0101 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of Shellfish Research, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1–27, 2018. SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN RECRUITMENT OF AN INFAUNAL BIVALVE: EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS OF PREDATOR EXCLUSION ON THE SOFTSHELL CLAM (MYA ARENARIA L.) ALONG THREE TIDAL ESTUARIES IN SOUTHERN MAINE, USA 1,2 3 2 3 BRIAN F.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercenaria Mercenaria (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Temperature-Time Relationships for Survival of Embryos and Larvae
    W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles Virginia Institute of Marine Science 1974 Mercenaria mercenaria (Mollusca: Bivalvia): temperature-time relationships for survival of embryos and larvae VS Kennedy WH Roosenburg M Castagna Virginia Institute of Marine Science JA Mihursky Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Kennedy, VS; Roosenburg, WH; Castagna, M; and Mihursky, JA, Mercenaria mercenaria (Mollusca: Bivalvia): temperature-time relationships for survival of embryos and larvae (1974). Fisheries Bulletin, 72(4), 1160-1166. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/1873 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MERCENARIA MERCENARIA (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA): TEMPERATURE-TIME RELATIONSHIPS FOR SURVIVAL OF EMBRYOS AND LARVAE1 V. S. KENNEDY,2 W. H. RoosENBURG,3 M. CASTAGNA,4 AND J. A. MlHURSKY3 ABSTRACT To estimate the effects of entrainment of Mercenaria mercenaria embryos and larvae in the cooling­ water systems of steam-electric power plants, we used a thermal gradient apparatus. Cleavage stages, trochophore larvae and straight-hinge veliger larvae were subjected to 11 different temperatures for 8 different time periods. There was a direct relationship of mortality with tempera­ ture increase and, at higher temperatures, with increase in time exposure. As the clams aged, temperature tolerance increased, with cleavage stages most sensitive to higher temperature and straight-hinge larvae least sensitive. Multiple regression analyses of percentage mortality on temperature and time produced estimating equations that allow prediction of percentage 1nortality under different conditions of temperature and time exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum, III
    * SYNOPSIS OF thp: family venerid.t^ and of the NORTH AMERICAN RECENT SPECIES. B}^ WiLiJAM Hkai;ky Dall, Honontrji ('iirator, Division of Mollnsks. This synopsis is one of a series of similar summaries of the families of bivalve mollusks which have been prepared by the writer in the course of a revision of our Peleeypod fauna in the light of th(^ material accumulated in the collections of the United States National Museum. While the lists of species are made as complete as possible, for the coasts of the United States, the list of those ascribed to the Antilles, Central and South America, is pro])ably subject to considerable addi- tions when the fauna of these regions is better known and the litera- ture more thoroughly sifted. No claim of completeness is therefore made for this portion of the work, except when so expressly stated. So many of the southern forms extend to the verge of our territory that it was thought well to include those known to exist in the vicinity when it could l)e done without too greatly increasing the labor involved in the known North American list. The publications of authors included in the bibliograph}' which follows are referred to by date in the text, but it may be said that the full explanation of changes made and decisions as to nomenclature arrived at is included in the memoir on the Tertiary fauna of Florida in course of pul)lication by the Wagner Institute, of Philadelphia, for the writer, forming the third volume of their transactions. The rules of nomenclature cited in Part 111 of that work (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Gonadal Cycle of Northern Quahogs, Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linne, 1758), from Fished and Non-Fished Subpopulations in Narragansett Bay
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Faculty Publications Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2008 Gonadal Cycle of Northern Quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne, 1758), from Fished and Non-fished Subpopulations in Narragansett Bay Dora C. Marroquin-Mora Michael A. Rice University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/favs_facpubs Terms of Use All rights reserved under copyright. Citation/Publisher Attribution Marroquin-Mora, D.C., & Rice, M.A. (2008). Gonadal cycle of northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne, 1758) from fished and non-fished subpopulations in Narragansett Bay. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27(4), 643-652. doi: 10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[643:GCONQM]2.0.CO;2 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[643:GCONQM]2.0.CO;2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gonadal Cycle of Northern Quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne, 1758), from Fished and Non-fished Subpopulations in Narragansett Bay Author(s): Dora Carolina Marroquin-Mora and Michael A. Rice* Source: Journal of Shellfish Research, 27(4):643-652. 2008. Published By: National Shellfisheries Association DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[643:GCONQM]2.0.CO;2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2983/0730-8000%282008%2927%5B643%3AGCONQM %5D2.0.CO%3B2 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Veneridae (Mollusca:Bivalvia) Based on Nuclear Ri- Bosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer Region
    International Journal of Molecular Biology ISSN: 0976-0482 & E-ISSN: 0976-0490, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2014, pp.-097-101. Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000235 MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF VENERIDAE (MOLLUSCA:BIVALVIA) BASED ON NUCLEAR RI- BOSOMAL INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER REGION AMPILI M.1* AND SREEDHAR S.K.2 1Department of Zoology, N.S.S. Hindu College, Changanassery- 686 102, Kerala, India. 2Department of Zoology, S.N. College, Cherthala- 688 530, Kerala, India. *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected] Received: April 03, 2014; Accepted: April 24, 2014 Abstract- In the present study, molecular phylogeny of bivalve family Veneridae (Mollusca:Bivalvia) was analysed using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 21 species belonging to different subfamilies of Veneridae. ITS of ribosomal DNA can be utilised for delineating evolu- tionary and genetic relationships between closely related taxa. ITS region of Paphia malabarica belonging to subfamily Tapetinae and Meretrix casta belonging to meretricinae was sequenced. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the adductor muscle using CTAB protocol and the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA was PCR amplified and sequenced using ITS (ITS1 and ITS2) forward and re- verse primers. Total length of sequence was found to be 895 bp in Paphia malabarica and 785 bp in Meretrix casta. GC contents in the se- quences were found to be 58.99% and 64.68% respectively in Paphia malabarica and Meretrix casta. ITS1 region of Paphia malabarica con- sisted of 393 bp with GC content 58.12% and 309 bp with 63.75% GC content in Meretrix casta.
    [Show full text]
  • Benthic Habitat in Shimmo Creek
    BENTHIC HABITATS IN SHIMMO CREEK, NANTUCKET, MA February 2019 Report prepared by the Coastal Processes and Ecosystems Laboratory at the Center for Coastal Studies Publication: 19-CL03 1 Acknowledgements: Funding for this project was provided through a grant from Town of Nantucket. Cover Image: Upper Left, Tanaid taken from Shimmo Creek. Upper Right, Hediste diversicolor taken from Shimmo Creek. Lower Left, Sidescan Mosaic of study area. Lower Right, picture of survey platform, R/V Portnoy. Suggested citation: Legare, B., Mittermayr, A., Smith, T.L., and Borrelli, M. 2019. Benthic habitats in Shimmo Creek, Nantucket, MA. Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown MA, Tech Rep: 19-CL03. p. 46. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................3 Figure list ...............................................................................................................................4 Table list.................................................................................................................................5 Executive Summary ...............................................................................................................6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................8 Benthic Habitat Maps ...............................................................................................8 Methods..................................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • The Northern Quahog.The Quahoghas Beenimportant Historically, Particularly in the Northeast Where It Has Beena Foodsource Since Pre- Colonial Times
    ! 1992 Rhode Island Sea Grant ISBN 0-938412-33-7 This publicationis sponsoredin part by RhodeIsland Sea Grant under NOAA Grant No. NA 89 AA-D-SG-082. The views expressedherein are those of the author and do not necessarilyreflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub-agencies.This publicationis alsosponsored by RhodeIsland Cooperative Extension System under Grant No. Si 402, and the Northeast RegionalAquaculture Center, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. This is RhodeIsland Sea Grant publicationNo, RIU-B-92-001 P1276! and publicationNo. 2674 of the RhodeIsland Agricultural Experiment Station,College of ResourceDevelopment, University of RhodeIsland. Additional copiesof this publicationare available from Rhode Island Sea Grant, University of RhodeIsland Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197. ~ c;a~+ . Printedonrecyeied paper. The NortherniNI ~ Quahog: The Biology of Mercnusria mercenaria Michael A. Rice AssistantProfessor of Fisheriesand Aquaculture Departmentof Fisheries,Animal, and Veterinary Science University of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 Edited by CaroleJaworski and Malia Schwartz Rhode Island Sea Grant Information 0%ce Design by Donna Palumbo O'Neill Rhode Island Sea Grant Information Of6ce Drawn from living clam .04mm less than one- fiftieth of sn inch! in length. S, siphons, two tubes, one of which conducts water bearing food and oxygen to the body within the shell, the other conducting a stream containing waste matter to the exterior. F, foot, the organ of locomotion.B, byssus, a delicate thread for attachment, which
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration Potential of Several Native Species of Bivalve Molluscs for Water Quality Improvement in Mid-Atlantic Watersheds
    Journal of Shellfish Research, Vol. 37, No. 5, 1121–1157, 2018. RESTORATION POTENTIAL OF SEVERAL NATIVE SPECIES OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN MID-ATLANTIC WATERSHEDS DANIELLE A. KREEGER,1* CATHERINE M. GATENBY2 AND PETER W. BERGSTROM3 1Partnership for the Delaware Estuary, 110 S. Poplar Street, Suite 202, Wilmington, DE 19063; 2U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1101 Casey Road, Basom, NY 14013; 3PO Box 504, Saxtons River, VT 05154 ABSTRACT Bivalve molluscs provide water quality benefits throughout mid-Atlantic watersheds, such as Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware River basins. Whereas most of the attention has focused on the role of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, there are many other bivalve species, in both salt and fresh waters, that provide similar benefits. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the capacity of diverse mid-Atlantic bivalves to filter particles and potentially enhance water clarity and quality. Species with the greatest clearance rates and population carrying capacity were also considered for their restoration and enhancement potential. Compared with eastern oysters, several additional species of saltwater bivalves and freshwater mussels are reported to filter water at rates that merit restoration attention and have been shown to attain significant population sizes. More work is needed to estimate system-carrying capacity and to eliminate restoration bottlenecks for some species—all bivalve species have constraints on their distribution and abundance. Nevertheless, a diversified, watershed-wide bivalve restoration strategy is likely to be more successful than a monospecific focus because it would address pollutant issues in more diverse places and multiple habitats along the river to estuary continuum.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Larval Settlement of the Hard Clam Mercenaria Mercenaria by the Gem Clam Gemma Gemma
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 99: 51-59.1993 Published September 2 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1 Enhanced larval settlement of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria by the gem clam Gemma gemma In-Young ~hn',Robert Malouf 2, Glenn ~opez~* 'Polar Research Center, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI), Ansan, PO Box 29, Seoul 425-600, Republic of Korea 'Oregon Sea Grant Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA 3~arineSciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook. New York 11794, USA ABSTRACT: The presence of dense assemblages of Gemrna gernma enhanced settlement of Mercenaria mercenaria larvae in laboratory experiments. There was a tendency toward increased set- tlement of hard clam larvae with increasing density of gem clams. Microscopic examination showed that increased settlement did not result from trapping or entanglement in sticky secretions from gem clams. Enhancedsettlement in the presence of gem clams was persistent in both gently aerated and re- circulated waters, and in both sand and muddy sand, suggesting that M. rnercenaria larvae could rec- ognize settlement cues associated with G. gemma in various habitats and hydrodynamic conditions. Preferential settlement in sediment previously exposed to gem clams indicates that gem clams alter sediment in some way to make it attractive for larval settlement. In addition, increased settlement in the presence of empty gem clam shells in sediment suggests that settlement cues are properties of the shell, although the nearly significant settlement with gravel particles suggests that physical cues, such as grain size and bottom roughness, may play a role. Thus, this study demonstrates dense assemblages of small suspension feeders can enhance larval settlement of another bivalve species.
    [Show full text]
  • Hard Clams Mercenaria Mercenaria M
    Hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria M. campechiensis Contributors: Nancy Hadley and Loren Coen DESCRIPTION Taxonomy and Basic Description Members of the genus Mercenaria are bivalve mollusks in the Veneridae family. Common names for Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus 1758) include hard clam, quahog, SCDNR quahaug, northern quahog, littleneck clam and cherrystone clam, although the latter two are actually referring to commercial size classes. The sister species, M. campechiensis, is commonly known as the southern quahog. The hard clam has two thick, equal-sized valves that are elliptical in shape and marked with conspicuous concentric rings (Eversole 1987). The valves are joined dorsally by a dark brown external ligament just below the anteriorly-inclined umbo. Opposite the hinge is a distinct heart- shaped lunule. The external shell is generally tan-colored or off-white and may have reddish markings (notata form). The internal shell is white or pale yellow with a dark purple margin. The prominent adductor muscle scar may also be purple. The body of the hard clam is surrounded by a mantle that secretes the shell. The clam filters through a pair of siphons fused at the bases. The incurrent siphon has sensory tentacles that are involved in food selection. The siphons are generally creamy white, but the margins may be colored in a range of yellows, browns, purples or reds. The clam has a large hatchet-shaped foot that is used for digging. Clams may live for up to 46 years (Peterson 1986) and reach a size of 150 mm (5 inches) although the mean size is usually 60 to 70 mm (2 to 3 inches) (Stanley and Dewitt 1983).
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Animals and Evolution (Zoology Paper-I) B.Sc
    Biyani's Think Tank Concept based notes Diversity of Animals and Evolution (Zoology Paper-I) B.Sc. Part-I Smita Singh Lecturer Deptt. of Science Biyani Girls College, Jaipur 2 Published by : Think Tanks Biyani Group of Colleges Concept & Copyright : Biyani Shikshan Samiti Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan) Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007 E-mail : [email protected] Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org Edition : 2011 Price : While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions. Leaser Type Setted by : Biyani College Printing Department For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com Diversity of Animals and Evolution 3 Preface am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs I of the students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach. Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author shall be obliged. I acknowledge special thanks to Mr.
    [Show full text]