Field Guides Tour Report COLOMBIA: THE CAUCA VALLEY, WESTERN & CENTRAL ANDES

Jan 15, 2011 to Jan 31, 2011 Richard Webster & Daniel Uribe

Our first run of this tour went very well, with a series of explorations of beautiful Colombian forests producing many memorable encounters with special (often threatened) . Our route took us back and forth across the Cauca Valley as we visited the Central and Western Andes, birding primarily from 1,500 to 4,100m.

Our first forest was the RNA (Reserva Natural de las Aves) Arrierito Antioqueno, in this list as the Piha reserve. ProAves' lodge was a comfortable base from which to explore on foot, and we found the flagship , Chestnut-capped Piha, along with the striking Red-bellied Grackle, Multicolored and Purplish-mantled , Parker's Antbird, Stiles's , and, nearby, White-mantled Barbet. The good trails also provided opportunities to see many prizes of the forest interior, including Ochre-breasted Antpitta, Chestnut-crowned Gnateater, White-tipped Sicklebill, Moustached , and a number of furnariids.

The next spot was Jardin, a lovely town in the Western Andes. A landslide prevented our reaching the top of the ridge, and our only Yellow-eared Parrots were overhead, but we found some other special birds, including a skulking Munchique Wood-Wren and a spectacular array of Andean Cocks-of-the- Rock. From here we also managed a special visit to RNA Las Tangaras, getting a head start on montane Choco species we One of the prize endemics of the montane Choco of Colombia, were to seek later at Cerro Montezuma. Black-and-gold Gold-ringed occurs only in some of the wettest places Tanager was our first prize, followed rapidly by Choco Vireo, on earth (which were very dry this trip, and sometimes too Fulvous-dotted Treerunner, Buffy Tuftedcheek, Olivaceous sunny!). (Photo by guide Richard Webster) Piha, and Indigo , capped off by some great hummingbird feeders (Empress Brilliant, Velvet-purple Coronet, Brown Inca, et al.).

The next forest was above Manizales, a terrific watershed reserve for the city known as Rio Blanco. The Buff-tailed Coronets even allowed us to stay there!!! Our two days along the tracks included wonderful views of Brown-banded and Chestnut-crowned antpittas eating worms, lengthy views of a feeding flock of Rusty-faced Parrots, a close-range White- capped Tanager, a stunning group of Red-hooded Tanagers, and the wonderful bonus of a Masked . Dusky Piha and Tyrannine Woodcreeper were AWOL, but many others weren't, ranging from Plushcap to Black-collared Jay and an unexpected Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (migrants from the north were a daily feature, particularly lovely Blackburnian Warblers.)

Concluding our visit to Manizales, we went to treeline forest and paramo at Parque Nacional Los Nevados. Golden- crowned Tanagers, Golden-breasted Pufflegs, Rainbow-bearded Thornbills, and Black-backed Bush-Tanagers were noteworthy species in the scrub, while the paramo produced several furnariids, re-established Andean Condors, a bold Tawny Antpitta, and, after much searching, terrific views of Bearded Helmetcrest.

Our next immersion in forest was the Otun-Quimbaya reserve, where our lodge was in a forest clearing, and we ended up with two spectaculars on our "yard" list: Cauca Guan and Red-ruffed Fruitcrow. In the forest we did manage to lay eyes on Chestnut Wood-Quail and Crested Ant-Tanager, more quick Multicolored Tanagers, and some more "prosaic" species,

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 1 such as Strong-billed and Black-banded woodcreepers and a number of forest tyrannulets.

Heading back to the Western Andes, we were hosted by Leopoldina at the base of the forest on Cerro Montezuma at the edge of P.N. Tatama. On two mornings we used horses to gain elevation, then to walk back down the forested track. We found Gold-ringed Tanager at the high point, and then worked our way through several species of tapaculo (one undescribed), Beautiful Jay, Orange-breasted and Scaled fruiteaters, Club-winged Manakin, more Black-and-gold Tanagers and Crested Ant-Tanagers, Uniform Treehunter, Yellow-collared Chlorophonia, Toucan Barbet, and many other specialties of the montane Choco. Black Solitaire was the most disappointing miss; Leopoldina had seen 20 in a fruiting tree two months earlier, so there are some there!

Our day in the Cauca Valley included our first waterbirding at Laguna de Sonso, although even there we concentrated on landbirds, with Apical Flycatcher, Jet Antbird, and Spectacled Parrotlet among the new birds. An afternoon visit to a nearby reserve produced second encounters with Grayish Piculets and Apical Flycatchers, along with fabulous views of Scaly-breasted Wren and White-breasted Wood-Wren, examples of the many fine birding experiences Colombia offers not involving endemics and threatened species.

Our travel through Colombia was made easy by Agroecotur's arrangements and Olegario's steady hand behind the wheel. Local birders helped us at several stops (thanks Jose, Gustavo, Alveiro). Apologies to the Spanish language--we avoid some punctuation and accents that do not translate well across our various computer platforms. largely follows the latest updates to Clements (Cornell). Conservation status is drawn from the various publications of BirdLife International.

KEYS FOR THIS LIST One of the following keys may be shown in brackets for individual species as appropriate: * = heard only, I = introduced, E = endemic, N = nesting, a = austral migrant, b = boreal migrant

BIRDS Tinamidae (Tinamous) TAWNY-BREASTED TINAMOU (Nothocercus julius) – A couple heard distantly on the upper slopes above Jardin. [*] LITTLE TINAMOU (Crypturellus soui) [*] Anatidae (Ducks, Geese, and Waterfowl) BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK (Dendrocygna autumnalis) – A few flocks at Laguna de Sonso. FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK (Dendrocygna bicolor) – A couple of singles at Laguna de Sonso, staying apart from the Black-bellied. TORRENT DUCK (Merganetta armata) – Tom was determined, and with his sharp eyes spotted a pair in the rushing Rio Otun as we drove to Pereira. BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors) – A pair at Laguna de Sonso on 30 January. [b] RUDDY DUCK (ANDEAN) (Oxyura jamaicensis ferruginea) – A male and two females were on a small lagoon in P.N. Los Nevados. Cracidae (Guans, Chachalacas, and Curassows) SPECKLED CHACHALACA (Ortalis guttata columbiana) – We had good looks at several our first morning, with subsequent encounters at the Piha reserve and on our last afternoon near Buga. Treated here as a subspecies, the SACC has recently accepted a proposal to elevate it to species level, as Colombian Chachalaca; Clements is likely to follow in a year. An endemic taxon. ANDEAN GUAN (Penelope montagnii) – Good views of a pair at Rio Blanco. They were quite unconcerned with our presence, an indication of good protection. CAUCA GUAN (Penelope perspicax) – It took a while, but we had progressively better looks at Otun-Quimbaya, and finally ended up with them on our "yard list" the last morning! It is considered "Endangered," with a population under 1,000. [E] WATTLED GUAN (Aburria aburri) – We heard them several times at the Piha reserve, where Tom, taking a very early- morning look, saw one. It is considered "Near Threatened."

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 2 SICKLE-WINGED GUAN (Chamaepetes goudotii) – We did well with this , seeing it first at the Piha reserve, then briefly above Jardin, and well again at Otun-Quimbaya, where feeding on cecropia fruit. Odontophoridae (New World Quail) CHESTNUT WOOD-QUAIL (Odontophorus hyperythrus) – We heard them at four localities, and at Otun-Quimbaya, where we had a fighting chance, we had several sightings, mostly brief and naked eye, but close and vivid, including the final bird dashing across the track, trying to keep a low profile. It is considered "Near Threatened." [E] Podicipedidae (Grebes) PIED-BILLED GREBE (Podilymbus podiceps) – One calling bird seen at Laguna de Sonso. Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants and Shags) NEOTROPIC CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) – A few on mid-elevation rivers; common at Laguna de Sonso. Anhingidae (Anhingas) ANHINGA (Anhinga anhinga) – Two singles flying high over Laguna de Sonso. Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns) COCOI HERON (Ardea cocoi) – Common at Laguna de Sonso; gorgeous. GREAT EGRET (Ardea alba) – On a Porce reservoir below the Piha reserve and at Laguna de Sonso. SNOWY EGRET (Egretta thula) – A few on rushing rivers, plus small numbers at Laguna de Sonso. CATTLE EGRET (Bubulcus ibis) – Widespread in pastures, with some as high as 2,700m. STRIATED HERON (Butorides striata) – Common at Laguna de Sonso. BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (Nycticorax nycticorax) – Small groups were returning to roosts early in the morning at Laguna de Sonso. Threskiornithidae (Ibises and Spoonbills) GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadis falcinellus) – Fairly common at Laguna de Sonso. BARE-FACED IBIS (Phimosus infuscatus) – Small flocks in pastures and small wetlands along several of our drives, eventually seen well at Laguna de Sonso, where common. a.k.a. Whispering Ibis. Cathartidae (New World Vultures) BLACK VULTURE (Coragyps atratus) – Common daily, although Red-ruffed Fruitcrows are widespread in South America, but scarce in the more forested and higher areas. very local and rarely reliable. At the Otún-Quimbaya TURKEY VULTURE (Cathartes aura) – Relatively uncommon, sanctuary, they are oddly common and almost reliable. with none the last week of the tour?!? (Photo by guide Richard Webster) ANDEAN CONDOR (Vultur gryphus) – We were lucky to see them at P.N. Los Nevados, where a small population has been re-established. From photographs, one was an immature. At the end we were thrilled with close views of an adult. It is considered "Near Threatened." KING VULTURE (Sarcoramphus papa) – Tom pointed out an adult over the Piha reserve. Pandionidae (Osprey) OSPREY (Pandion haliaetus) – Five or so were around the wetlands at Laguna de Sonso. [b] Accipitridae (Hawks, Eagles, and Kites) SWALLOW-TAILED KITE (Elanoides forficatus) – Wonderful views of a pair in flight at the Piha reserve, and one or two daily over the forested slopes of Cerro Montezuma. SNAIL KITE (Rostrhamus sociabilis) – Common at Laguna de Sonso, where we saw evidence of breeding past (a very fresh and lovely juvenile) and future (calling adults) on 30 January. [N]

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 3 DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE (Harpagus bidentatus) – One soaring over RNA Las Tangaras. BLACK-CHESTED BUZZARD-EAGLE (Geranoaetus melanoleucus) – Three appeared out of the clouds along with two Andean Condors high on the slopes of P.N. Los Nevados. Genetic studies suggest eventual inclusion in an enlarged Buteo. SEMICOLLARED HAWK (Accipiter collaris) – We had fairly good views of a circling bird over the forested slopes of Cerro Montezuma; a scarce, seldom-seen Andean raptor. It is considered "Near-Threatened." SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (PLAIN-BREASTED) (Accipiter striatus ventralis) – At least a half dozen, a good number for this Andean population, which is generally much less common than "our" northern Sharp-shinned. These are resident "Plain-breasted" types. BARRED HAWK (Leucopternis princeps) – We had two sightings, probably of the same bird (or pair), on the forested slopes of Cerro Montezuma. Genetic studies suggest that Leucopternis will be split several ways, with this species going into an enlarged Buteo. ROADSIDE HAWK (Buteo magnirostris) – Small numbers, but widespread at lower and middle elevations. Genetic studies suggest it may be returned to the generic name Rupornis. BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Buteo platypterus) – At least a half dozen, all adults, in forested areas of the Andes. One remarkably tame bird along the track at Rio Blanco. [b] WHITE-TAILED HAWK (Buteo albicaudatus) – One at RNA Las Tangaras was at an interesting location, the wet Choco slope; presumably colonizing the pastures. BLACK HAWK-EAGLE (Spizaetus tyrannus) – A pair were at the Piha reserve, where the frequent calling suggested local breeding. Good views, including of one perched, a rare sight. Falconidae (Falcons and Caracaras) CRESTED CARACARA (Caracara cheriway) – A few in open areas along the way. YELLOW-HEADED CARACARA (Milvago chimachima chimachima) – Small numbers in cleared areas along the way. AMERICAN KESTREL (Falco sparverius) – One below the Piha reserve. BAT FALCON (Falco rufigularis) – A perched bird at RNA Las Tangaras, that perhaps was chasing the hummingbirds!? PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus) – Two at Laguna de Sonso, an adult and an immature, probably boreal migrants, but status unprovable. Rallidae (Rails, Gallinules, and Coots) WHITE-THROATED CRAKE (Laterallus albigularis) [*] RUSSET-CROWNED CRAKE (Anurolimnas viridis) – Heard in the dense grass at the Piha reserve. [*] The beautiful plaza of Jardín in the Western Andes, gateway BLACKISH RAIL (Pardirallus nigricans) – Good views in a boggy to Andean Cocks-of-the-Rock and Yellow-eared Parrots. pasture the first morning, then heard at Laguna de Sonso. (Photo by guide Richard Webster) PURPLE GALLINULE (Porphyrio martinica) – A few at Laguna de Sonso. COMMON MOORHEN (Gallinula chloropus) – A couple at a small pond along the way, then fairly common at Laguna de Sonso, where a small chick and a half dozen full-sized juveniles on 30 January. [N] Aramidae (Limpkin) LIMPKIN (Aramus guarauna) – Common at Laguna de Sonso, where one adult was with a small chick. The ringing calls were heard regularly. [N] Charadriidae (Plovers and Lapwings) SOUTHERN LAPWING (Vanellus chilensis) – Common in pastures, often at high elevations, an upward colonization from

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 4 the original lowland habitats. ANDEAN LAPWING (Vanellus resplendens) – Tom saw one in the paramo; local in Colombia. Recurvirostridae (Stilts and Avocets) BLACK-NECKED STILT (Himantopus mexicanus) – Common at Laguna de Sonso. Jacanidae (Jacanas) WATTLED JACANA (Jacana jacana) – Small numbers at Laguna de Sonso. Scolopacidae (Sandpipers and Allies) SPOTTED SANDPIPER (Actitis macularius) – A handful at Laguna de Sonso. [b] SOLITARY SANDPIPER (Tringa solitaria) – Ditto. [b] LESSER YELLOWLEGS (Tringa flavipes) – Common at Laguna de Sonso. Columbidae (Pigeons and Doves) ROCK PIGEON (Columba livia) – Feral pigeons in many towns. [I] PALE-VENTED PIGEON (Patagioenas cayennensis) – Laguna de Sonso, plus a few upslope colonists of disturbed areas as high as 1800-1900m (Jardin, Otun-Quimbaya). BAND-TAILED PIGEON (WHITE-NECKED) (Patagioenas fasciata albilinea) – Widespread in upper elevation forests, many singing and displaying. PLUMBEOUS PIGEON (Patagioenas plumbea chapmani) – Heard several times at Cerro Montezuma, where a pair was seen by part of the group. RUDDY PIGEON (Patagioenas subvinacea) – Heard at the Piha reserve, then good views of one in forest at Cerro Montezuma. EARED DOVE (Zenaida auriculata) – Widespread in cleared areas. RUDDY GROUND-DOVE (Columbina talpacoti) – Seen regularly in open/lower areas. WHITE-TIPPED DOVE (Leptotila verreauxi) – A few heard, others seen briefly waddling or flying off forested tracks. WHITE-THROATED QUAIL-DOVE (Geotrygon frenata) [*] Psittacidae (Parrots) SCARLET-FRONTED PARAKEET (Aratinga wagleri wagleri) – One pair seen foraging at Otun-Quimbaya, a few more heard This photo captures a humorous moment and a great there. memory, of Tom and Kristine finding a Bearded Helmetcrest after our long search, the resulting good looks, and its perch YELLOW-EARED PARROT (Ognorhynchus icterotis) – A major landslide prevented our reaching the highest (and best) on the high point of this park sign. (Photo by guide Richard elevations for seeing this species at eye level, but we were able Webster) to get high enough to see a few flying over. Apparently extirpated from Ecuador, now occurring only in Colombia, where the population of this "Endangered" species numbers around 1,000 birds, and is the subject of conservation efforts to preserve habitat and assist breeding with nestboxes. SPECTACLED PARROTLET (Forpus conspicillatus) – Just a few until Laguna de Sonso, where wonderful views of allopreening pairs, good photo opps, etc. Mostly a Colombian species, with a limited range in two adjoining countries. BLUE-FRONTED PARROTLET (Touit dilectissimus) – Heard once, then heard and seen in flight at the Piha reserve; not really "lifer looks." RUSTY-FACED PARROT (Hapalopsittaca amazonina) – A challenging Andean and species, this one occurring primarily in Colombia. We saw H. a. velezi at Rio Blanco, where we were fortunate to see a feeding flock at close range (as Daniel explained, they love mistletoe, which is relatively common in the watershed's planted alders). It is considered "Vulnerable," with a population under 10,000. BLUE-HEADED PARROT (Pionus menstruus) – Fairly common at Laguna de Sonso. BRONZE-WINGED PARROT (Pionus chalcopterus) – We heard and saw small numbers in flight at several sites, finally seeing a perched bird at Otun-Quimbaya.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 5 SCALY-NAPED PARROT (Amazona mercenaria) – Several were seen in flight high over RNA Las Tangaras. Cuculidae (Cuckoos) SQUIRREL CUCKOO (Piaya cayana) – A few. STRIPED CUCKOO (Tapera naevia) – Several singing at Laguna de Sonso. [*] GREATER ANI (Crotophaga major) – We saw several groups at Laguna de Sonso. Not mapped for the upper Cauca Valley in Hilty & Brown, this species has either expanded from an overlooked population or colonized from the Caribbean lowlands. SMOOTH-BILLED ANI (Crotophaga ani) – Widespread in disturbed areas. Strigidae (Owls) TROPICAL SCREECH-OWL (Megascops choliba) – Heard around several of our lodgings. [*] WHITE-THROATED SCREECH-OWL (Megascops albogularis) – We tried at Rio Blanco, but failed to see it, hearing it only. [*] ANDEAN PYGMY-OWL (Glaucidium jardinii) – One responded to a recording at Rio Blanco, providing telescope views in the canopy. MOTTLED OWL (Ciccaba virgata) – Our biggest owling effort was at the Piha reserve, where we were trying tape of a couple of small owls along a long stretch of trail (without luck) when this Mottled Owl flew in to a perch just meters away, almost certainly hunting small owls! A great look at this widespread species. RUFOUS-BANDED OWL (Ciccaba albitarsis) – We ended up with two pairs calling to each other across the Rio Blanco clearing, neither interested in coming out. [*] Caprimulgidae (Nightjars and Allies) COMMON NIGHTHAWK (Chordeiles minor) – At least five were roosting in a large tree over the clearing at the Sonso visitor center. One of them was notably rusty, somewhat like Antillean Nighthawk (the wintering ground of which is unknown), but this is probably not distinguishable visually from rusty phases of Common (e.g., illustrated in Sibley, but disputed by Holyoak OUP monograph), or certain subspecies of Common (e.g., C. m. henryi). The white feather at the bend We saw several of the endangered Brown-banded Antpitta of the wing is typical of this genus of nighthawk. The best bet at Rio Blanco, thanks to a dedicated worms-to-Antpittas is to call them Common Nighthawks, although Common in program at this important watershed reserve. (Photo by general does not winter this far north, making this roost guide Richard Webster) somewhat odd (a quick search indicates "everyone" else is calling them Common, not that that makes any of us right). [b] COMMON PAURAQUE (Nyctidromus albicollis) – Heard at Otun-Quimbaya, and a couple were seen briefly on the ground at Laguna de Sonso. LYRE-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Uropsalis lyra) – Brief views for a couple of folks of eyeshine and shapes of this species in the road (not a lifer look). Apodidae (Swifts) CHESTNUT-COLLARED SWIFT (Streptoprocne rutila) – Small flocks were seen at Rio Blanco and Otun-Quimbaya, the chestnut collars visible against a dark background. WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT (Streptoprocne zonaris) – Seen on a majority of days, including wonderful flocks shooting up the canyon at the Piha reserve and swirling above the slopes of Cerro Montezuma. GRAY-RUMPED SWIFT (Chaetura cinereiventris) – A few were above Cerro Montezuma. Trochilidae (Hummingbirds) WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN (Florisuga mellivora) – At least one male and female were visitors to the feeders at the Piha reserve, where they are fairly new to the list (upslope colonist?). Genetic data show this is one of the species in a small,

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 6 basal lineage of hummingbirds, hence its new position at the start of the family. WHITE-TIPPED SICKLEBILL (Eutoxeres aquila) – A long range, but a seldom seen species anywhere. We had been fishing for one, and then Daniel saw one at flowers, which we staked out twice, finally getting good views of the bird using its curved bill to visit heliconias and curved corollas. GREEN HERMIT (Phaethornis guy) – Several seen in the understory of montane forest. TAWNY-BELLIED HERMIT (Phaethornis syrmatophorus) – Ditto, a good trip for this mid-montane hermit. STRIPE-THROATED HERMIT (Phaethornis striigularis) – A couple seen in flowers at forest edge on Cerro Montezuma. A split of Little Hermit. GREEN-FRONTED LANCEBILL (Doryfera ludovicae) – A couple of sightings at the Piha reserve, with one more above Jardin. WEDGE-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD (Schistes geoffroyi) – We had a good look at one feeding in flowers below Otun- Quimbaya. S. g. albogularis. GREEN VIOLETEAR (Colibri thalassinus) – Fairly common at several stops, particularly Rio Blanco. SPARKLING VIOLETEAR (Colibri coruscans) – One our first morning at Rionegro, but curiously scarce (absent) thereafter. BLACK-THROATED MANGO (Anthracothorax nigricollis) – Good views of a female at the Piha reserve feeders (unusual there), with several more along the way. TOURMALINE SUNANGEL (Heliangelus exortis) – Common above Jardin and at Rio Blanco, where using the flowers, not the coronet-dominated feeders. One of many hummingbirds that takes advantage of flowerpiercer holes. SPECKLED HUMMINGBIRD (Adelomyia melanogenys) – Just a few, at Rio Blanco and Otun-Quimbaya. LONG-TAILED SYLPH (Aglaiocercus kingi) – Three seen (above Jardin, Rio Blanco); good views. Tom, Kristine, Nils, Stefan, Daniel, and Richard are all still VIOLET-TAILED SYLPH (Aglaiocercus coelestis) – This Choco smiling after two weeks of exploring Colombia's Andean forests. representative was common at RNA Las Tangaras and (Photo by guide Richard Webster) Cerro Montezuma; great looks at the lovely upper tail. RAINBOW-BEARDED THORNBILL (Chalcostigma herrani) – At P.N. Los Nevados, several of this uncommon bird got away, then one stayed put long enough for a good look. BEARDED HELMETCREST (Oxypogon guerinii) – It took a long time, and splitting up in our search, but at P.N. Los Nevados we eventually saw a couple, thanks to Tom and Kristine. Åmusingly, one perched on a road sign advising headlight usage in the neblina! O. g. stubelii. TYRIAN METALTAIL (Metallura tyrianthina) – Brief views of one at P.N. Los Nevados. VIRIDIAN METALTAIL (Metallura williami) – This uncommon treeline species was seen well at P.N. Los Nevados. GREENISH PUFFLEG (Haplophaedia aureliae) – Fairly common inside the forest at the Piha reserve, although not easy to see well. It was easy to see well at RNA Las Tangaras, where it has adopted the feeders (hard to think of another place that they visit feeders); another at Cerro Montezuma. GOLDEN-BREASTED PUFFLEG (Eriocnemis mosquera) – An uncommon species, irregular at P.N. Los Nevados, where we had several sightings, brief but OK. SHINING SUNBEAM (Aglaeactis cupripennis) – Seen well at P.N. Los Nevados. BRONZY INCA (Coeligena coeligena) – Some good looks at several spots, including at the coffee institute above Manizales. C. c. ferruginea (quite ferruginous). BROWN INCA (Coeligena wilsoni) – This Choco specialty was seen at RNA Las Tangaras, where one seemed to be defending flowers against Indigo and another was visiting the feeders; another was at Cerro Montezuma. COLLARED INCA (Coeligena torquata) – Fairly common above Jardin, with more at Rio Blanco and above Manizales. BUFF-TAILED CORONET (Boissonneaua flavescens) – A wonderful bird, but a bully and thug at the Rio Blanco feeders, which they now dominate, perhaps more than 100 of them. VELVET-PURPLE CORONET (Boissonneaua jardini) – This Choco gem was seen at the RNA Las Tangaras feeders, and again at Cerro Montezuma.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 7 BOOTED RACKET-TAIL (Ocreatus underwoodii) – A sprinkling of males and females, but no great encounters. WHITE-TAILED HILLSTAR (Urochroa bougueri) – A scarce mid-montane hummingbird; we had one visiting the feeders at RNA Las Tangaras. FAWN-BREASTED BRILLIANT (Heliodoxa rubinoides) – Just a few at Rio Blanco and above Manizales, but good looks. GREEN-CROWNED BRILLIANT (Heliodoxa jacula) – Common at the Piha reserve feeders, where repeated fabulous views; also seen quite often inside the forest. EMPRESS BRILLIANT (Heliodoxa imperatrix) – A Choco endemic, this large brilliant is hard to find (or see well) in the wild, but feeders, such as those at RNA Las Tangaras, can deliver fabulous views. WHITE-BELLIED WOODSTAR (Chaetocercus mulsant) – We did well with this species, particularly adult males, which were seen on characteristic tree-top perches at several spots. PURPLE-THROATED WOODSTAR (Calliphlox mitchellii) – An uncommon bird, with single females at the Piha and Las Tangaras reserves, and a male on Cerro Montezuma that had a high perch on the "pewee tree." WESTERN EMERALD (Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus melanorhynchus) – We saw several females--Piha reserve, Jardin, and Cerro Montezuma. This species is part of the major division of Blue- tailed Emerald. GREEN-CROWNED WOODNYMPH (Thalurania fannyi) – This spectacular bird was much enjoyed at the Piha reserve feeders, where common. Part of the Fork-tailed Woodnymph complex. ANDEAN EMERALD (Amazilia franciae) – Another real beauty, even though no gorget color. Great views at the Piha reserve feeders. STEELY-VENTED HUMMINGBIRD (Amazilia saucerrottei) – Common at the Piha reserve feeders, wiith a few more around Jardin. RUFOUS-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD (Amazilia tzacatl) – One of the more widespread, lower elevation hummingbirds, seen on many days, although not really common. Trogonidae (Trogons) GOLDEN-HEADED QUETZAL (Pharomachrus auriceps) – Heard regularly, and seen on an attempt above Jardin, where one responded for telescope views. CRESTED QUETZAL (Pharomachrus antisianus) – Generally the less common of the two, we heard it only at RNA Las Tangaras, where two responded nicely for good views. Not a specialty of this tour, but the extra brilliant sanguinolentus subspecies of Andean Cock-of-the-Rock COLLARED TROGON (Trogon collaris) – Seen or heard daily at the Piha reserve and Otun-Quimbaya. This relatively montane provides a special moment in life anytime it is seen this well. subspecies, subtropicalis, seems to fit the location of (Photo by guide Richard Webster) personatus Masked Trogons elsewhere (but they sound and look like Collared, so are not some cryptic population of the other?). MASKED TROGON (Trogon personatus assimilis) – Nils spotted one of this Western Andes subspecies along the track on Cerro Montezuma, and it allowed close approach; it is apparently part of the personatus group of Masked Trogons. MASKED TROGON (Trogon personatus temperatus) – We had fine looks at several at Rio Blanco; this upper elevation population is a potential split from the personatus group, from which it is often segregated only by elevation. Momotidae (Motmots) ANDEAN MOTMOT (Momotus aequatorialis) – Kristine got us on our first "ooh" experience at the Piha reserve, and there were to be quite a few more in several areas. Based on an article by Gary Stiles in Orn. Colombiana, this species has again been split from Blue-crowned, which has been further divided several ways. Formerly "Highland" Motmot. Alcedinidae (Kingfishers) RINGED KINGFISHER (Megaceryle torquata) – A couple at Laguna de Sonso. AMAZON KINGFISHER (Chloroceryle amazona) – Tom got us on one at Laguna de Sonso.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 8 Bucconidae (Puffbirds) MOUSTACHED PUFFBIRD ( mystacalis) – First heard, then seen fairly well at the Piha Reserve, followed by a dynamite view (well, except for through the viewfinder, when there was that branch in front of the head!) of one near Jardin. Capitonidae (New World Barbets) WHITE-MANTLED BARBET (Capito hypoleucus) – Thanks to Jose, we "rescued" this species (OK, our other tour has three spots for this species, and you will be back in Colombia) (but sooner can be more fun than later), with fine views on our afternoon excursion at the Piha reserve. It is considered "Endangered." Nominate. [E] RED-HEADED BARBET (Eubucco bourcierii) – Fairly common by voice and frequently seen; in Colombia, not just in forest, but in some more patchy habitats. Semnornithidae (Toucan-Barbets) TOUCAN BARBET (Semnornis ramphastinus) – The bridge between the New World Barbets and the Toucans, this species, now a monotypic family, is not as easy as in NW Ecuador, but with persistence we saw it very well on Cerro Montezuma, and then saw it even better at a fruiting tree. It is considered "Near Threatened." Ramphastidae (Toucans) EMERALD TOUCANET (Aulacorhynchus prasinus) – We saw this great bird above Jardin, at Rio Blanco, at Otun- Quimbaya, and on Cerro Montezuma. Without getting me into full rant (that takes more wine), I deplore attempts to split greatly this species. We saw A. p. griseigularis (tending toward albivitta at the start) and A. p. phaeolaemus, or its intergrades with the former. CRIMSON-RUMPED TOUCANET (Aulacorhynchus haematopygus) – We saw a responsive bird at the Piha reserve, and heard a couple more. BLACK-BILLED MOUNTAIN-TOUCAN (Andigena nigrirostris) – We enjoyed good looks above Jardin, and heard more there and at Rio Blanco. COLLARED ARACARI (Pteroglossus torquatus) – We saw a distant bird at the Piha reserve very well (in the telescope). This lowland species was not on a fairly recent list for the reserve or at any of the regional forests surveyed in an early paper; an upslope wanderer or colonist. Picidae (Woodpeckers) OLIVACEOUS PICULET (Picumnus olivaceus) – We had distant views of a bird that circled us at the Piha reserve. GRAYISH PICULET (Picumnus granadensis) – This species seems closely related to Olivaceous Piculet, and its range is encompassed by Olivaceous, often in close proximity. In the absence of evidence of hybrids, continued treatment as an endemic species seems reasonable. We saw this species very well below Manizales, with an encore near Buga. [E] ACORN WOODPECKER (Melanerpes formicivorus) – We saw a trio at Otun-Quimbaya, near the southern end of the range (and hence, of the range of oaks). Not as common in Colombia as in California, or as in my yard (there are not many landbirds in common between Arizona and Colombia, cf. Band-tailed Pigeon). M. f. flavigula. RED-CROWNED WOODPECKER (Melanerpes rubricapillus) – A common, widespread lowland species, seen a couple of times on this tour. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER (Sphyrapicus varius) – The bird of the trip? In some ways, yes! Found few weeks early by Ken Burton and Alveiro, who pointed to a "carpintero", which was this startling species, perhaps the first documented for South America (less than annual in Panama, known to at least central Panama). At Rio Blanco, well into the Central Andes, at 2.700m on 23 January. [b] YELLOW-VENTED WOODPECKER (Veniliornis dignus) – Not necessarily easy in Colombia, but this scarce species seems easier here than elsewhere; seen well above Jardin, then again for some at RNA Las Tangaras. GOLDEN-OLIVE WOODPECKER (Colaptes rubiginosus) – Widespread, often by voice, and seen well several times. Formerly, as with the next, in the genus Piculus. CRIMSON-MANTLED WOODPECKER (Colaptes rivolii) – Even more striking than the former; greatly admired at Rio Blanco. SPOT-BREASTED WOODPECKER (Colaptes punctigula) – One at 1,800m above Jardin is an example of upward expansion with clearing; another at Laguna de Sonso was in its original habitat. LINEATED WOODPECKER (Dryocopus lineatus) – Heard drumming, and then seen in long-distance flight, to be heard drumming again at Laguna de Sonso. POWERFUL WOODPECKER (Campephilus pollens) – A long Andean range, but always a "good" bird; we had satisfying

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 9 views of one at Rio Blanco, and heard a couple more pairs the next day. Furnariidae (Ovenbirds and Woodcreepers) TAWNY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER (Sclerurus mexicanus) – At the Piha reserve, seen by part of the group, and heard by all, befitting a leaftosser. S. m. andinus, sounding like birds from Pichincha, NW Ecuador. STOUT-BILLED CINCLODES (Cinclodes excelsior) – We had close-range views of one perched, oh-so photogenically, on a pile of plywood behind a little restaurant at P.N. Los Nevados. ANDEAN TIT-SPINETAIL (Leptasthenura andicola) – We had a couple at P.N. Los Nevados, approaching the 13,000 foot mark (at 4,100m). AZARA'S SPINETAIL (Synallaxis azarae) – Heard on most days of this Andean tour, and seen well with playback at the Piha reserve, and less well occasionally thereafter. PALE-BREASTED SPINETAIL (Synallaxis albescens) – Mostly heard, but seen well thanks to a kind bird at the Piha reserve. SLATY SPINETAIL (Synallaxis brachyura) – Heard repeatedly at the Piha reserve, the lower (cleared) slopes of Cerro Montezuma, and near Buga; seen well, with playback. RED-FACED SPINETAIL (Cranioleuca erythrops) – Common by voice, fairly common visually, generally with flocks; at the Piha reserve (feeding young on 17 January), RNA Las Tangaras, and Cerro Montezuma. [N] MANY-STRIPED CANASTERO (Asthenes flammulata) – A couple at P.N. Los Nevados, with good views of the bright subspecies quindiana. WHITE-CHINNED THISTLETAIL (Asthenes fuliginosa) – After several failures, several successes in P.N. Los Nevados, with good views at close range (but they can hide even in shrubs at your feet). A. f. fumigatus. SPOTTED BARBTAIL (Premnoplex brunnescens) – Several quick encounters at the Piha reserve, where several more were heard. FULVOUS-DOTTED TREERUNNER (Margarornis stellatus) – This Choco specialty, seldom seen in Ecuador and not easy in Colombia, was seen well with a large mixed flock at RNA Las Tangaras. It is considered "Near Threatened." PEARLED TREERUNNER (Margarornis squamiger) – With most flocks above Jardin and Rio Blanco. BUFFY TUFTEDCHEEK (Pseudocolaptes lawrencii) – We had good views at both RNA Las Tangaras and Cerro Montezuma. We saw johnsoni, sometimes split as Pacific Tuftedcheek (Ridgely & Tudor), and a Choco endemic, apart from lawrencii of Central America. STREAKED TUFTEDCHEEK (Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii) – We saw a couple of this highland species above Jardin. SCALY-THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Anabacerthia variegaticeps) – This form of the Pacific slope was common at RNA Las Tangaras, but not at Cerro Montezuma (!?). MONTANE FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Anabacerthia striaticollis) – Seen once at RNA Las Tangaras, otherwise fairly common at Rio Blanco and Otun-Quimbaya, none at Cerro Montezuma. Even seen in the telescope, a rarity for this active flock species. LINEATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Syndactyla subalaris) – Seen with a flock by part of the group at the Piha reserve, and heard again at RNA Las Tangaras. STRIPED WOODHAUNTER (CENTRAL AMERICAN) (Hyloctistes subulatus cordobae) – One with a mixed flock at the Piha reserve was seen by some (most?). This genus/species is often split, and this is part of "Western" Woodhaunter. BUFF-FRONTED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Philydor rufum) – Fairly common, especially by voice, at the Piha reserve and on Cerro Montezuma. UNIFORM TREEHUNTER (Thripadectes ignobilis) – A Choco specialty, we had good views of a responsive bird with a mixed flock on Cerro Montezuma. STREAK-CAPPED TREEHUNTER (Thripadectes virgaticeps) – Along with Choco Tapaculo, one of the birds that we heard longest, closest, and loudest without seeing it. [*] RUDDY FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Automolus rubiginosus) – Heard well while viewing Parker's Antbird at the Piha reserve, but not seen when we tried later. A. r. saturatus. [*] PLAIN XENOPS (Xenops minutus) – Singles at the Piha reserve and on lower Cerro Montezuma. STREAKED XENOPS (Xenops rutilans) – Seen with mixed flocks at the Piha reserve and Rio Blanco. WEDGE-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Glyphorynchus spirurus) – A lowland species, of which we had one on the lower slopes of Cerro Montezuma. STRONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus) – We had good looks twice at birds foraging at Otun-Quimbaya. We saw the nominate subspecies, a member of a montane group of this species.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 10 BLACK-BANDED WOODCREEPER (Dendrocolaptes picumnus) – This widespread but uncommon species was seen well at Otun-Quimbaya, where two were foraging with a group of three Strong-billed, providing a good comparison. D. p. multistrigatus. OLIVE-BACKED WOODCREEPER (Xiphorhynchus triangularis) – A few were seen with mixed flocks at the Piha reserve. STREAK-HEADED WOODCREEPER (Lepidocolaptes souleyetii) – A responsive pair was seen in dry woodland near Buga. Presumably L. s. lineaticeps. MONTANE WOODCREEPER (Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger) – The expected woodcreeper at upper montane sites. BROWN-BILLED SCYTHEBILL (Campylorhamphus pusillus) – An uncommon species, always a treat--a spontaneously vocalizing pair was seen well at the Piha reserve. Thamnophilidae (Typical Antbirds) BARRED ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus doliatus) – This lowland species was seen on the floor of the Cauca Valley near Buga. BAR-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus multistriatus) – This montane species in the "Barred" group was seen well, first near the Piha reserve, then on the lower slopes of Cerro Montezuma. Widespread in Colombia, but endemic. [E] UNIFORM ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus unicolor) – An uncommon antshrike of Andean forest interior; seen at the Piha reserve, RNA Las Tangaras, and (heard) Cerro Montezuma. PLAIN ANTVIREO (Dysithamnus mentalis) – A couple of quick sightings on Cerro Montezuma, heard again near Buga. SLATY ANTWREN (Myrmotherula schisticolor) – Pairs and family groups were seen with mixed flocks at the Piha reserve and on Cerro Montezuma. YELLOW-BREASTED ANTWREN (Herpsilochmus axillaris) – Heard several times in montane forest, and finally seen on Cerro Montezuma. H. a. senex, a disjunct population (sounds similar to others). LONG-TAILED ANTBIRD (Drymophila caudata) – We had nice looks twice at Rio Blanco, where pairs were in the bamboo. The Andean representative of the genus. RUFOUS-RUMPED ANTWREN (Terenura callinota) – Fairly common with mixed flocks at middle elevations; good looks eventually, but generally in the canopy at the Piha reserve, RNA Las Tangaras, and Cerro Montezuma. PARKER'S ANTBIRD (Cercomacra parkeri) – Seen first at the Piha reserve, heard above Jardin, and seen again at Daniel's spot on Cerro Montezuma. This cryptic altitudinal replacement of Dusky was first described in the memorial volume for Ted Parker. [E] JET ANTBIRD (Cercomacra nigricans) – A very cooperative pair provided fine views at Laguna de Sonso. Formicariidae (Antthrushes) RUFOUS-BREASTED ANTTHRUSH (Formicarius rufipectus) [*] Grallariidae (Antpittas) PLAIN-BACKED ANTPITTA (Grallaria haplonota) – One was heard distantly on Cerro Montezuma. G. h. parambae, a disjunct western form. [*] CHESTNUT-CROWNED ANTPITTA (Grallaria ruficapilla) – Heard at several spots, and seen beautifully at Rio Blanco, where a pair finally emerged to consume the provided worms (in past visits, this had been the dominant species at the worm offerings). BICOLORED ANTPITTA (Grallaria rufocinerea) – We tried several times, and had a couple approach us, calling, but could never spot one on a song perch; always a difficult species. It is considered "Vulnerable." [*] CHESTNUT-NAPED ANTPITTA (Grallaria nuchalis) – Heard above Jardin and at Rio Blanco; while we flirted with a couple, we were never close to any to start with, and did not get any joy. [*] YELLOW-BREASTED ANTPITTA (Grallaria flavotincta) – Heard on the Choco slope; one close one went silent in response to playback, and we never saw it. [*] TAWNY ANTPITTA (Grallaria quitensis) – Seen well at P.N. Los Nevados, where an extremely bold bird acted as though we weren't there. Wonderful. BROWN-BANDED ANTPITTA (Grallaria milleri) – This endemic was the star performer, with repeated close-range views at Rio Blanco, where worms were the bait. Thanks, Alveiro. It is considered "Endangered." [E] OCHRE-BREASTED ANTPITTA (Grallaricula flavirostris) – When the going gets good, sometimes there is an overflow, as we ended up seeing four on this trip, with some great looks! G. f. ochraceiventris. SLATE-CROWNED ANTPITTA (Grallaricula nana) – Heard several times, but a couple of attempts produced no sighting. [*]

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 11 Conopophagidae (Gnateaters) CHESTNUT-CROWNED GNATEATER (Conopophaga castaneiceps) – We were fortunate with this species, finding spontaneously vocalizing birds, and getting one very responsive bird to circle us, even landing at length on the railing next to Kristine! Widespread, but a seldom-seen Andean species. Rhinocryptidae () OCELLATED TAPACULO (Acropternis orthonyx) – Wow, what an amazing bird, and a very cooperative one, yowling back at us from close range at Rio Blanco. And a startling contrast to all the tapaculos that follow. ASH-COLORED TAPACULO (Myornis senilis) – Fairly common in the upper part of Rio Blanco. [*] TAPACULO SP. ( sp.) – We had a brief, difficult one at RNA Las Tangaras, and did better on Cerro Montezuma, with looks for all. This undescribed taxon of the Western Andes is being referred to as "Alto de Pisones" Tapaculo, for Gary Stiles' study site in the Western Andes. It is the subject of study currently by Colombian ornithologists. Vocally, it seems close to Stiles's Tapaculo. [E] BLACKISH TAPACULO (Scytalopus latrans) – Heard above Jardin, and seen at Rio Blanco, where fairly cooperative. S. l. latrans. WHITE-CROWNED TAPACULO (Scytalopus atratus confusus) – Fairly common at the Piha reserve, where we had good looks without too much struggle. a.k.a. N. White-crowned Tapaculo. CHOCO TAPACULO (Scytalopus chocoensis) – We heard a few on the lower slopes of Cerro Montezuma, and had a very loud one within a few meters, but could never see it in the dense vegetation. [*] STILES'S TAPACULO (Scytalopus stilesi) – Heard regularly at the Piha reserve and once at Otun-Quimbaya. This species proved very difficult to see, and was only seen very briefly. [E] NARINO TAPACULO (Scytalopus vicinior) – Heard at RNA Las Tangaras and Cerro Montezuma, where we saw one. SPILLMANN'S TAPACULO (Scytalopus spillmanni) – The star Scytalopus was one of this species above Jardin, and we were to see another well at Rio Blanco. PARAMO TAPACULO (Scytalopus canus) – A recent split of S. canus has produced Paramillo Tapaculo, S. canus (N end of Western Andes, not on our tour route) and Paramo Tapaculo, S. opacus, which is what we saw well at P.N. Los Nevados (and which some of you may have seen in Ecuador before). Tyrannidae (Tyrant Flycatchers) SOUTHERN BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET (Camptostoma obsoletum) [*] WHITE-TAILED TYRANNULET (Mecocerculus poecilocercus) – A few; above Jardin and at Rio Blanco. WHITE-THROATED TYRANNULET (Mecocerculus leucophrys) – Good views in treeline scrub at P.N. Los Nevados. MOUSE-COLORED TYRANNULET (Phaeomyias murina) – One at a restaurant stop in the Cauca Valley. YELLOW-CROWNED TYRANNULET (Tyrannulus elatus) [*] GREENISH ELAENIA (Myiopagis viridicata) – One seen in dry woodland near Buga. YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA (Elaenia flavogaster) – Fairly common in disturbed areas, especially around the Piha reserve. MOUNTAIN ELAENIA (Elaenia frantzii) – Locally common in shrubby, mid-montane areas. TORRENT TYRANNULET (Serpophaga cinerea) – Seen along the Rio Otun. STREAK-NECKED FLYCATCHER (Mionectes striaticollis) – A couple at RNA Las Tangaras. OLIVE-STRIPED FLYCATCHER (Mionectes olivaceus) – Daily at the Piha Reserve, where one was building a nest 16-17 January; also a couple on lower Cerro Montezuma. [N] SLATY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Leptopogon superciliaris) – Daily at the Piha reserve and Cerro Montezuma, also near Jardin. RUFOUS-BREASTED FLYCATCHER (Leptopogon rufipectus) – Uncommon on most tour routes, it seems fairly common in some parts of Colombia; seen above Jardin, regularly at Rio Blanco, and again at Otun-Quimbaya. VARIEGATED BRISTLE-TYRANT (Phylloscartes poecilotis) – Seen twice at Otun-Quimbaya, where in the same mixed flocks at Marbled Bristle-Tyrant (in general, Variegated occurs at higher elevations). MARBLE-FACED BRISTLE-TYRANT (Phylloscartes ophthalmicus) – Seen well (and fairly common by voice) at the Piha Reserve, Otun-Quimbaya, and Cerro Montezuma. RUFOUS-BROWED TYRANNULET (Phylloscartes superciliaris) – A pair was with a mixed flock at the Piha Reserve; fairly close, but a gray background in the canopy did not help. BLACK-CAPPED TYRANNULET (Phyllomyias nigrocapillus) – Seen well above Jardin, with another at Rio Blanco.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 12 PLUMBEOUS-CROWNED TYRANNULET (Phyllomyias plumbeiceps) – Responsive at Otun-Quimbaya, but it stayed high overhead. GOLDEN-FACED TYRANNULET (Zimmerius chrysops chrysops) – A recent genetic study split the "Golden-faced" of NW Ecuador and SW Narino as Choco Tyrannulet, Z. albigularis. The question remains about the limits of Choco Tyrannulet. Based on call, the birds we saw at Cerro Montezuma and RNA Las Tangaras may be Choco, and this has been echoed by others in informal birder literature. Recordings of dawn song from the Piha reserve are quite like those from NW Ecuador. Other tyrannulets, such as Otun-Quimbaya, seem more clearly part of the widespread Golden-faced, which is a taxonomic mess at the other end of its range, too! With time, this will get sorted out. Carrying nesting material at Rio Blanco on 23 January. [N] ORNATE FLYCATCHER (Myiotriccus ornatus) – Pleasantly common at several stops, very attractive, and a small flycatcher that is easy to identify. BRONZE-OLIVE PYGMY-TYRANT (Pseudotriccus pelzelni) – This understory skulker is not often seen well; we were fortunate to have good views of one on Cerro Montezuma. SCALE-CRESTED PYGMY-TYRANT (Lophotriccus pileatus) – Seen well at the Piha reserve, with more on Cerro Montezuma. BLACK-THROATED TODY-TYRANT (Hemitriccus granadensis) – Good views of the nominate form above Jardin. RUFOUS-CROWNED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Poecilotriccus ruficeps) – This little beauty was seen well above Jardin and again in the bamboo at Rio Blanco. This genus has also been known as "Tody-Tyrant." SLATE-HEADED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Poecilotriccus sylvia) – In the Cauca Valley at Laguna de Sonso, where seen well after a minor struggle. COMMON TODY-FLYCATCHER (Todirostrum cinereum) – Widespread on the lower slopes. A nest under construction and a completed nest were seen at Laguna de Sonso on 30 January. [N] YELLOW-OLIVE FLYCATCHER (Tolmomyias sulphurescens) – Seen several times in the Cauca Valley and on the lower slopes of the Western Andes (Cerro Montezuma). T. s. asemus. WHITE-THROATED SPADEBILL (Platyrinchus mystaceus) – Widespread, but not often seen well; we were fortunate to have good views of one at the Piha reserve. CINNAMON FLYCATCHER (Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus) – Common, seen at most areas we visited. HANDSOME FLYCATCHER (Nephelomyias pulcher) – Fairly common and conspicuous on the Choco slope at RNA Las Tangaras and Cerro Montezuma. N. p. pulcher. Formerly in Myiophobus; transferred along with two others to this new genus. TAWNY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER (Myiobius villosus) – One was seen by part of the group with a small flock on Cerro Montezuma. OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (Contopus cooperi) – One wintering bird was seen at Rio Blanco. It is considered "Near Threatened." [b] SMOKE-COLORED PEWEE (Contopus fumigatus) – For a generally widespread bird, we didn't see many, just on Cerro Montezuma. EASTERN WOOD-PEWEE (Contopus virens) – One wood-pewee sp. was seen by Tom at the Piha reserve. Most wintering birds seen to go farther east and south? [b] ACADIAN FLYCATCHER (Empidonax virescens) – Fairly common; mostly heard, with several seen in the mid-levels of montane forest. [b] WILLOW FLYCATCHER (Empidonax traillii) – Several were at Laguna de Sonso, near the southern end of the winter range. [b] BLACK PHOEBE (Sayornis nigricans) – Widespread, mostly along mountain streams. VERMILION FLYCATCHER (Pyrocephalus rubinus) – A few in pastures along the way, and a couple at Laguna de Sonso. STREAK-THROATED BUSH-TYRANT (Myiotheretes striaticollis) – Tom showed us one on a landslide slope above Jardin. PIED WATER-TYRANT (Fluvicola pica) – A couple at Laguna de Sonso. CROWNED CHAT-TYRANT (Ochthoeca frontalis) – Widespread, but a seldom-seen skulker of treeline forest; Nils spotted one at which we all had good looks at P.N. Los Nevados. YELLOW-BELLIED CHAT-TYRANT (Ochthoeca diadema) – Several seen low in montane forest above Jardin. SLATY-BACKED CHAT-TYRANT (Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris) – The nominate form was seen above Jardin and at Rio Blanco. BROWN-BACKED CHAT-TYRANT (Ochthoeca fumicolor) – Fairly common at P.N. Los Nevados.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 13 CATTLE TYRANT (Machetornis rixosa) – A few upslope colonists of pastures en route and at Jardin, also on the valley floor at Laguna de Sonso. BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA (Attila spadiceus) [*] DUSKY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus tuberculifer) – Seen and heard at the Piha reserve and on Cerro Montezuma. APICAL FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus apicalis) – This difficult bird was seen well (nicely responsive, for a change) in two areas around Buga. [E] PALE-EDGED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus cephalotes) – Seen well at a number of spots, including the Piha reserve, above Jardin, and at Rio Blanco; seems relatively common in Colombia. GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus crinitus) – One at Laguna de Sonso was near the southern end of its winter range. [b] GREAT KISKADEE (Pitangus sulphuratus) – A few in disturbed areas en route, and common at Laguna de Sonso. RUSTY-MARGINED FLYCATCHER (Myiozetetes cayanensis) – Widespread in disturbed areas on the lower slopes. LEMON-BROWED FLYCATCHER (Conopias cinchoneti) – Heard a couple of times on Cerro Montezuma, and then seen when one group responded, but stayed in the canopy. Rather local in Colombia. GOLDEN-CROWNED FLYCATCHER (Myiodynastes chrysocephalus) – Widespread in small numbers, seen at four areas we visited. TROPICAL KINGBIRD (Tyrannus melancholicus) – Widespread upslope colonist of disturbed areas. FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER (Tyrannus savana) – One our first morning near the airport, a couple more around our hotel at Jardin, and a few along the roads in the Cauca Valley. Cotingidae () GREEN-AND-BLACK FRUITEATER (Pipreola riefferii) – Seen well above Jardin, heard at Rio Blanco, and seen again on the upper slopes of Cerro Montezuma. ORANGE-BREASTED FRUITEATER (Pipreola jucunda) – Daniel got us on a lovely male in a fruiting tree on Cerro Montezuma. A Choco endemic. SCALED FRUITEATER (Ampelioides tschudii) – Two on Cerro Montezuma ended up in the same fruiting tree as the Orange-breasted; widespread in the Andes, but always a good find. RED-CRESTED (Ampelion rubrocristatus) – We saw a couple in treeline forest at P.N. Los Nevados. ANDEAN COCK-OF-THE-ROCK (Rupicola peruvianus) – We saw a spectacular lek near Jardin, where a half dozen males were foraging and warming up (R. p. sanguinolentus), and another male was at Otun-Quimbaya (R. p. aequatorialis). OLIVACEOUS PIHA ( cryptolophus) – Our first came roaring in at RNA Las Tangaras, scattering a mixed flock, producing a call of accipiter from your startled guide; it then perched at close range with its "prey", a large fruit! We had another there, and yet another close-range view on Cerro Montezuma. A scarce mid-elevation species. RED-RUFFED FRUITCROW (Pyroderus scutatus) – Again pleasantly common at Otun-Quimbaya, where we had repeated close views, including in our "yard" the last morning, feeding on a Bomeria vine. P. s. occidentalis. CHESTNUT-CAPPED PIHA (Lipaugus weberi) – A difficult bird, we ended up with good views of one in our two days at the Piha reserve. (And then couldn't find the seemingly easier Dusky at Rio Blanco). It is considered "Endangered." [E] Pipridae (Manakins) GOLDEN-WINGED MANAKIN (Masius chrysopterus) – We had fabulous views of a couple of males at the Piha reserve, calling and generally showing off, and glimpsed another on Cerro Montezuma. CLUB-WINGED MANAKIN (Machaeropterus deliciosus) – We heard a couple of displaying males, and were able to call them in for views of both males and females on Cerro Montezuma. WING-BARRED PIPRITES (Piprites chloris) – Several were seen (with mixed flocks) and more heard at the Piha reserve; a lowland species in many areas, here well up into the Andes. Tityridae (Tityras and Allies) CINEREOUS BECARD (Pachyramphus rufus) – We saw a female at Laguna de Sonso. CINNAMON BECARD (Pachyramphus cinnamomeus) – A couple of sightings at the Piha reserve; upslope wanderers? WHITE-WINGED BECARD (Pachyramphus polychopterus) – Seen at the Piha reserve, Otun-Quimbaya, and on Cerro Montezuma. P. p. dorsalis, an interesting montane population of a primarily lowland species; voice seems somewhat different. Vireonidae (Vireos)

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 14 YELLOW-THROATED VIREO (Vireo flavifrons) – One at 1500m below the Piha reserve on 18 January; at the southern end of its range, a rarity in Colombia. [b] CHOCO VIREO (Vireo masteri) – We had good looks (for a small bird in the canopy!) at a singing bird at RNA Las Tangaras. This recently-described Choco endemic is now known from Ecuador as well. A lifebird for all. It is considered "Endangered." BROWN-CAPPED VIREO (Vireo leucophrys) – A few near Jardin, at Rio Blanco, and Otun-Quimbaya. RED-EYED VIREO (Vireo olivaceus) – We saw one at Laguna de Sonso, probably a resident "Chivi" group bird. RUFOUS-NAPED GREENLET (Hylophilus semibrunneus) – Stefan pointed out our first with a mixed flock at the Piha reserve, where we were to see several more of this somewhat local bird, with a range centered on Colombia. BLACK-BILLED PEPPERSHRIKE (Cyclarhis nigrirostris) – This montane peppershrike was heard regularly, and seen eventually at Rio Blanco. Corvidae (Crows, Jays, and Magpies) BEAUTIFUL JAY (Cyanolyca pulchra) – A Choco endemic. We found a couple of groups of this uncommon bird on Cerro Montezuma. It is considered "Near Threatened." BLACK-COLLARED JAY (Cyanolyca armillata) – We had good looks at this lovely jay at Rio Blanco; as split from White- collared, which occurs in the Andes south of the intervening Turquoise Jay. BLACK-CHESTED JAY (Cyanocorax affinis) – A couple seen at forest edge on Cerro Montezuma, at the upper end of the elevational range of this lowland bird. GREEN JAY (Cyanocorax yncas) – Heard almost daily, with good looks several times. South American forms have been split by some as "Inca Jay." Hirundinidae (Swallows) BLUE-AND-WHITE SWALLOW (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca) – Daily. BROWN-BELLIED SWALLOW (Orochelidon murina) – We saw a flock at Rio Blanco. SOUTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis) – Widespread at lower elevations. BARN SWALLOW (Hirundo rustica) – Thousands were roosting at Laguna de Sonso. [b] Troglodytidae (Wrens) SHARPE'S WREN (Cinnycerthia olivascens) – Widespread on this route, with encounters above Jardin, at RNA Las Tangaras, around Rio Blanco, and on Cerro Montezuma. The northern (south to N Peru) part of the Sepia-brown Wren split. SOOTY-HEADED WREN (Pheugopedius spadix) – We had to try several, but then found a responsive bird at the Piha reserve. WHISKERED WREN (Pheugopedius mystacalis) – Plenty responsive near Jardin, but getting a long, clean look was still a problem, a situation repeated at Otun-Quimbaya. BAY WREN (Cantorchilus nigricapillus) [*] HOUSE WREN (SOUTHERN) (Troglodytes aedon musculus) – Common in disturbed areas. We saw T. a. striatulus, musculus used as it is the controlling name for the many subspecies in the Southern group. MOUNTAIN WREN (Troglodytes solstitialis) – A few at Rio Blanco. SEDGE WREN (Cistothorus platensis) – We had good looks at treeline and in the paramo at P.N. Los Nevados. We saw C. p. tolimae, part of an Andean group of "Grass" Wrens likely to be split from Sedge Wren (stellaris group) of North America and from lowland SA taxa. WHITE-BREASTED WOOD-WREN (Henicorhina leucosticta) – We had a wonderful encounter with a responsive bird at Reserva El Vinculo, getting good looks and a nice concert. Presumably H. l. albilateralis. GRAY-BREASTED WOOD-WREN (Henicorhina leucophrys) – Common: Heard nearly daily, and seen on a number of occasions. We saw what is generally included in the nominate form at most places, plus brunneiceps on the west slope at RNA Las Tangaras and Cerro Montezuma. MUNCHIQUE WOOD-WREN (Henicorhina negreti) – Less than a full victory--one at a known spot above Jardin approached quietly, was seen quickly by a couple of folks, and then seen to fly across the landslide and vanish in the next thicket. Repeated fishing for more revealed that there must be a complex relationship between Gray-breasted and Munchique because Gray-breasted often responded vocally to tape of Munchique, and occasionally came out. It is considered "Critical." [E] SCALY-BREASTED WREN (Microcerculus marginatus) – On our last afternoon in the Cauca Valley, a very nice encounter with a responsive bird. (Re the question at the time, Hilty Venezuela and HBW do not indicate that scaling is only on

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 15 the juvenile). CHESTNUT-BREASTED WREN (Cyphorhinus thoracicus) – Heard several times, but we did not find (or see) a responsive one. [*] Polioptilidae (Gnatcatchers) TROPICAL GNATCATCHER (Polioptila plumbea) – Several folks saw one at our lunch stop in the Cauca Valley. Cinclidae (Dippers) WHITE-CAPPED DIPPER (Cinclus leucocephalus) – Tom found us a couple at Rio Blanco, and we saw it again at Otun- Quimbaya and Cerro Montezuma. Turdidae (Thrushes and Allies) ANDEAN SOLITAIRE (Myadestes ralloides) – Mostly heard, but also seen above Jardin and at RNA Las Tangaras. ORANGE-BILLED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH (Catharus aurantiirostris) – Several were singing near Jardin, and most folks managed views of this skulker in response to playback. SWAINSON'S THRUSH (Catharus ustulatus) – Just a couple; often more numerous. [b] BLACK-BILLED THRUSH (Turdus ignobilis) – Widespread, nearly daily (not at Rio Blanco). The thrush with the yellow bill near Jardin remains a mystery. GREAT THRUSH (Turdus fuscater) – Common in the highlands, a few as low as the Piha reserve. Carrying nesting material on the 23rd at Rio Blanco. [N] GLOSSY-BLACK THRUSH (Turdus serranus) – A few at Rio Blanco, one singing bird providing telescope views. Mimidae (Mockingbirds and Thrashers) TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD (Mimus gilvus) – Just a couple, in open country en route. Parulidae (New World Warblers) GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER (Vermivora chrysoptera) – At least three at the Piha reserve, and singles at Rio Blanco and Otun-Quimbaya. It is considered "Near Threatened." [b] TENNESSEE WARBLER (Oreothlypis peregrina) – Several daily at the Piha reserve, and one at Manizales. [b] TROPICAL PARULA (Parula pitiayumi) – A yardbird at the Piha reserve, also at Otun-Quimbaya, Cerro Montezuma, and Laguna de Sonso. YELLOW WARBLER (NORTHERN) (Dendroica petechia aestiva) – One at Jardin, and fairly common at Laguna de Sonso. [b] BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER (Dendroica fusca) – We had a perfect string of days going, until the last one, when we birded only the valley floor, thereby missing this montane species. But what fun to see them daily, often in fine plumage. [b] BAY-BREASTED WARBLER (Dendroica castanea) – Primarily a lowland winterer, we saw a few as high as the Piha reserve. [b] CERULEAN WARBLER (Dendroica cerulea) – One male was seen on Cerro Montezuma. It is considered "Vulnerable." [b] BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER (Mniotilta varia) – Seen on half of the days of the trip, but never more than one a day. [b] AMERICAN REDSTART (Setophaga ruticilla) – A couple at the park in Manizales, and another at Rio Blanco. [b] NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH (Parkesia noveboracensis) – A few, including Rionegro, the Piha reserve, Cerro Montezuma, and Laguna de Sonso. [b] MOURNING WARBLER (Oporornis philadelphia) – Heard at the Piha reserve and several, one seen well, at Laguna de Sonso, near the southern end of its wintering range. [b] WILSON'S WARBLER (Wilsonia pusilla) – Tom found one below the Piha reserve, and we all had good looks (and Daniel obtained photographs). There are only a handful of prior records from South America (Colombia), including a bird netted and photographed at Rio Blanco. [b] CANADA WARBLER (Wilsonia canadensis) – Widespread in the Andes, not as common at Blackburnian, but seen in small numbers most days. [b] SLATE-THROATED REDSTART (Myioborus miniatus) – Common; seen nearly daily, generally at lower elevations than the following. GOLDEN-FRONTED REDSTART (Myioborus ornatus) – A near endemic; we had good views of this high-elevation redstart (whitestart) above Jardin, at Rio Blanco, and in P.N. Los Nevados. M. o. chrysops.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 16 GOLDEN-BELLIED WARBLER (CHOCO) (Basileuterus chrysogaster chlorophrys) – First heard, eventually seen a couple of times on Cerro Montezuma. This Choco taxon is likely to be split from the widely disjunct southern populations (e.g., on Manu road in southern Peru). CITRINE WARBLER (Basileuterus luteoviridis richardsoni) – This subspecies of the Western Andes, which looks moderately different but sounds fairly similar to others, was fairly common above Jardin. BLACK-CRESTED WARBLER (Basileuterus nigrocristatus) – Good views of a responsive pair at Rio Blanco. RUSSET-CROWNED WARBLER (Basileuterus coronatus) – Seen at Rio Blanco, heard above Jardin and on Cerro Montezuma. RUFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER (Basileuterus rufifrons) – A couple were seen below the Piha reserve. THREE-STRIPED WARBLER (Basileuterus tristriatus) – Common at middle elevations, a regular component of mixed flocks at the Piha reserve, Otun-Quimbaya, RNA Las Tangaras, and Cerro Montezuma. BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER (Phaeothlypis fulvicauda) – Heard along the stream at the Piha reserve, and seen on Cerro Montezuma. Coerebidae (Bananaquit) BANANAQUIT (Coereba flaveola) – At the Piha reserve, including in the stunted forest on the ridge, and seen once near Jardin. Thraupidae (Tanagers and Allies) BLACK-FACED TANAGER (Schistochlamys melanopis) – A local bird of disturbed areas, we had great views of a few that came to the banana feeders at the Piha reserve. WHITE-CAPPED TANAGER (Sericossypha albocristata) – Normally in wide-ranging pure flocks, we found a lonely bird at Rio Blanco, which was typically responsive, providing good views. RUFOUS-CRESTED TANAGER (Creurgops verticalis) – A couple were with a mixed flock at RNA Las Tangaras. BLACK-CAPPED HEMISPINGUS (Hemispingus atropileus) – First with mixed flocks above Jardin, then on both days at Rio Blanco. SUPERCILIARIED HEMISPINGUS (Hemispingus superciliaris) – Seen with mixed flocks on both days at Rio Blanco. OLEAGINOUS HEMISPINGUS (Hemispingus frontalis) – One with a mixed flock on the lower slopes of Rio Blanco. BLACK-EARED HEMISPINGUS (Hemispingus melanotis) – Two were with a mixed flock in bamboo at Rio Blanco. GRAY-HOODED BUSH TANAGER (Cnemoscopus rubrirostris) – Common above Jardin, also seen easily at Rio Blanco. The nominate form (north of the Maranon). CAPPED CONEBILL (Conirostrum albifrons) – Fairly common at Rio Blanco. PLUSHCAP (Catamblyrhynchus diadema) – After some fishing, we found a couple in the abundant bamboo at Rio Blanco. BLACK-BACKED BUSH TANAGER (Urothraupis stolzmanni) – We had good views twice of this uncommon bird of treeline scrub at P.N. Los Nevados. Emberizidae (Buntings, Sparrows and Allies) DUSKY BUSH-TANAGER (Chlorospingus semifuscus) – First at RNA Las Tangaras, then on Cerro Montezuma. Genetic studies show that this Choco taxon is part of the Common Bush-Tanager group, which is likely to be further split several ways. YELLOW-THROATED BUSH-TANAGER (Chlorospingus flavigularis) – Common at the Piha reserve, also in small numbers on Cerro Montezuma. ASHY-THROATED BUSH-TANAGER (Chlorospingus canigularis) – A few with mixed flocks at Otun-Quimbaya. Thraupidae (Tanagers and Allies) GUIRA TANAGER (Hemithraupis guira) – Seen twice at the Piha reserve. DUSKY-FACED TANAGER (Mitrospingus cassinii) – We had good views of a chattering group on Cerro Montezuma. Genetic studies show that this genus is not a typical tanager; it is currently treated as incertae sedis by the SACC. WHITE-LINED TANAGER (Tachyphonus rufus) – A few were seen in disturbed areas near Jardin. CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER (Ramphocelus dimidiatus) – A common bird around our lodge at the Piha reserve, where a gorgeous component of the feeding tree; also in clearings on Cerro Montezuma. FLAME-RUMPED TANAGER (FLAME-RUMPED) (Ramphocelus flammigerus flammigerus) – The red-rumped population formerly behaved much like a good species, above the level of the yellow-rumped birds, but with clearing came more hybrid zones, such as on Cerro Montezuma, where orange was a common color. We did see pure birds at several

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 17 locations, such as Otun-Quimbaya. FLAME-RUMPED TANAGER (LEMON-RUMPED) (Ramphocelus flammigerus icteronotus) – Common at the Piha reserve, with hybrids on Cerro Montezuma. BLUE-GRAY TANAGER (Thraupis episcopus) – Widespread in disturbed areas on the lower slopes. PALM TANAGER (Thraupis palmarum) – Ditto, although less numerous. BLUE-CAPPED TANAGER (Thraupis cyanocephala) – A few above Jardin and at Rio Blanco. BLACK-AND-GOLD TANAGER (Bangsia melanochlamys) – This distinctive endemic was fairly common at RNA Las Tangaras, and a few more were seen both days at Cerro Montezuma. It is considered "Vulnerable." [E] GOLD-RINGED TANAGER (Bangsia aureocincta) – We had good views of this exciting bird on the higher part (that we reached) of Cerro Montezuma. It is considered "Endangered." [E] HOODED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Buthraupis montana) – Distantly for part of the group above Jardin. LACRIMOSE MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Anisognathus lacrymosus) – Small groups were seen with mixed flocks above Jardin. SCARLET-BELLIED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Anisognathus igniventris) – A couple in treeline forest at P.N. Los Nevados. BLUE-WINGED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Anisognathus somptuosus) – Widespread, most common at Rio Blanco, overlapping with Black-chinned on the Pacific slope. BLACK-CHINNED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Anisognathus notabilis) – This Choco endemic was common at RNA Las Tangaras, with more on Cerro Montezuma. GRASS-GREEN TANAGER (Chlorornis riefferii) – A couple above Jardin and a few at Rio Blanco. BUFF-BREASTED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Dubusia taeniata) – One above Jardin and heard at Rio Blanco. PURPLISH-MANTLED TANAGER (Iridosornis porphyrocephalus) – This Choco endemic, seldom seen in Ecuador, was seen beautifully at the Piha reserve, with more above Jardin and on Cerro Montezuma. An intense-colored relative of Yellow-throated Tanager. It is considered "Near Threatened." GOLDEN-CROWNED TANAGER (Iridosornis rufivertex) – We had lengthy views of a trio in treeline forest at P.N. Los Nevados. FAWN-BREASTED TANAGER (Pipraeidea melanonota) – We saw two at Otun-Quimbaya. GLISTENING-GREEN TANAGER (Chlorochrysa phoenicotis) – Another Choco endemic, seen with mixed flocks at RNA Las Tangaras and on Cerro Montezuma. MULTICOLORED TANAGER (Chlorochrysa nitidissima) – This striking bird was typically fleeting with mixed flocks, not hanging around for lengthy views. We saw a family group at the Piha reserve with another pair the next day, and a single at Otun-Quimbaya. It is considered "Vulnerable." [E] GOLDEN TANAGER (Tangara arthus) – Fairly common at middle elevations. SILVER-THROATED TANAGER (Tangara icterocephala) – Our best views were at the feeding tray at the Piha reserve, with a few more seen on the Choco slope. SAFFRON-CROWNED TANAGER (Tangara xanthocephala) – A few above Jardin and at RNA Las Tangaras. SPECKLED TANAGER (Tangara guttata) – A few at and below the Piha reserve. RUFOUS-THROATED TANAGER (Tangara rufigula) – A couple of quick encounters on Cerro Montezuma, where seen by only part of the group. BAY-HEADED TANAGER (Tangara gyrola) – Widespread in small numbers on the lower slopes. SCRUB TANAGER (Tangara vitriolina) – Fairly common in disturbed areas on the lower slopes. METALLIC-GREEN TANAGER (Tangara labradorides) – Seen regularly in small numbers, first near the bottom of Rio Blanco, then near Manizales, at Otun-Quimbaya, and on Cerro Montezuma. BLUE-NECKED TANAGER (Tangara cyanicollis) – Widespread in small numbers on the lower slopes, generally in disturbed areas. GOLDEN-HOODED TANAGER (Tangara larvata) – A couple in forest edge on Cerro Montezuma. BERYL-SPANGLED TANAGER (Tangara nigroviridis) – Widespread, almost daily on our route. BLUE-AND-BLACK TANAGER (Tangara vassorii) – Common in upper montane forest, seen above Jardin and at Rio Blanco. BLACK-CAPPED TANAGER (Tangara heinei) – Fairly common at the Piha reserve, with a few more near Jardin and at Rio Blanco.

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 18 GREEN HONEYCREEPER (Chlorophanes spiza) – Singles at the Piha reserve and in Manizales. PURPLE HONEYCREEPER (Cyanerpes caeruleus) – A couple were seen in forest at the Piha reserve. STREAKED SALTATOR (Saltator striatipectus) – Scattered small numbers in disturbed areas along the route. MASKED SALTATOR (Saltator cinctus) – One of the best finds of the tour, thanks to Alveiro (a park biologist) hearing it and a responsive Saltator, which was traveling with a mixed flock at Rio Blanco. We ended up with telescope views of this seldom-seen bird. It is considered "Near Threatened." BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR (Saltator maximus) – A few at the Piha reserve. BLACK-WINGED SALTATOR (Saltator atripennis) – This striking species was seen well at the Piha reserve, with more near Jardin and Otun-Quimbaya. Emberizidae (Buntings, Sparrows and Allies) PLUMBEOUS SIERRA-FINCH (Phrygilus unicolor) – P.N. Los Nevados. BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT (Volatinia jacarina) – A few in pastures on Cerro Montezuma and in the Cauca Valley. SLATE-COLORED SEEDEATER (Sporophila schistacea) – First in wet pastures near Medellin, then at Laguna de Sonso; seemingly less tied to bamboo in Colombia than elsewhere? GRAY SEEDEATER (Sporophila intermedia) – Tom saw this bird in the pastures near our lodging on Cerro Montezuma. BLACK-AND-WHITE SEEDEATER (Sporophila luctuosa) – A couple near Jardin. YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Sporophila nigricollis) – A few in pastures. RUDDY-BREASTED SEEDEATER (Sporophila minuta) – Two near our airport hotel, and two on Cerro Montezuma, upslope colonists. PLAIN-COLORED SEEDEATER (Catamenia inornata) – P.N. Los Nevados. YELLOW-FACED GRASSQUIT (Tiaris olivaceus) – Fairly common in pastures on the lower slopes throughout our route. GLOSSY FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa lafresnayii) – A handful in treeline scrub at P.N. Los Nevados. BLACK FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa humeralis nocticolor) – One in treeline forest at P.N. Los Nevados. WHITE-SIDED FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa albilatera) – Above Jardin, Cerro Montezuma, and at Rio Blanco, where an adult was feeding a begging juvenile on 23 January. [N] INDIGO FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa indigotica) – This Choco endemic, not often seen in Ecuador, was enjoyed first at RNA Las Tanagaras (where a Brown Inca defended its flower patch against one) and on Cerro Montezuma. RUSTY FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa sittoides) – Several in disturbed forest near Jardin. BLUISH FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa caerulescens) – Singles at Rio Blanco and Cerro Montezuma. MASKED FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa cyanea) – Fairly common above Jardin, Rio Blanco, and P.N. Los Nevados. SAFFRON FINCH (Sicalis flaveola) – Locally fairly common in open areas. OLIVE FINCH (Arremon castaneiceps) – Tom had good views of this skulker on Cerro Montezuma, in a very delayed reaction to playback. The genus Lysurus is now included in Arremon as a result of genetic studies. CHESTNUT-CAPPED BRUSH-FINCH (Arremon brunneinucha) – With patience, good views of two responsive birds at the Piha reserve, with additional birds at RNA Las Tangaras and Cerro Montezuma. STRIPE-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH (GRAY-BROWED) (Arremon torquatus assimilis) – One above Jardin was followed by several fabulous views of worm-scarfing birds at the antpitta feeding stations at Rio Blanco. Thanks to great studies by Cadena et al., this group has been well studied, and splits are being increasingly made. WHITE-NAPED BRUSH-FINCH (YELLOW-THROATED) (Atlapetes albinucha gutturalis) – A lovely bird, seen well near Jardin and Otun-Quimbaya. The only South American population of a Central American taxon, generally lumped with White-naped of Mexico. PALE-NAPED BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes pallidinucha) – Nice views of a few in treeline scrub at P.N. Los Nevados. TRICOLORED BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes tricolor) – Seen well several times on Cerro Montezuma, also by some at RNA Las Tangaras. We saw A. t. crassus of the Choco, likely to be split from the disjunct nominate form of Central Peru. SLATY BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes schistaceus) – We saw a couple above Jardin and heard more at Rio Blanco. RUFOUS-COLLARED SPARROW (Zonotrichia capensis) – Almost daily. Cardinalidae (Cardinals and Allies) HEPATIC TANAGER (Piranga flava) – A few: near Jardin, in Manizales, and at Otun-Quimbaya. SUMMER TANAGER (Piranga rubra) – Fairly common, seen on nine days, mostly in disturbed areas, but also in good forest. [b]

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 19 WHITE-WINGED TANAGER (Piranga leucoptera) – One at the Piha reserve and one on Cerro Montezuma. RED-HOODED TANAGER (Piranga rubriceps) – A pleasant surprise was a trio of this stunning, uncommon bird (telescope views) our second morning at Rio Blanco. CRESTED ANT-TANAGER (Habia cristata) – Tough and unpredictable, we couldn't find them at Otun-Quimbaya, then stumbled into them, struggled, finally getting views; then we had two nice encounters on Cerro Montezuma, where they have been quite missable before. An odd "song". [E] ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK (Pheucticus ludovicianus) – Seen by Kristine and Tom at Rionegro, then about eight feeding on fruit near Jardin. [b] Icteridae (Troupials and Allies) RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD (Sturnella militaris) – One in the pastures around our hotel at Jardin. ORIOLE BLACKBIRD (Gymnomystax mexicanus) – Two at Laguna de Sonso were a puzzle. Expected only east of the Andes, perhaps these have escaped and become established in the area. RED-BELLIED GRACKLE (Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster) – This distinctive and striking bird is seldom easy; they were easy in that they were right out the door at the Piha reserve, but we only saw them distantly there one other time. Then Gustavo took us to see more near Jardin, a new spot for us. It is considered "Endangered." [E] YELLOW-HOODED BLACKBIRD (Chrysomus icterocephalus) – Common in the marshes at Laguna de Sonso. SHINY COWBIRD (Molothrus bonariensis) – Scattered sightings in disturbed areas on the lower slopes. GIANT COWBIRD (Molothrus oryzivorus) – Several were seen near Jardin. ORCHARD ORIOLE (Icterus spurius) – About a dozen at Laguna de Sonso, right around the southern edge of the wintering range (not known from Ecuador). [b] YELLOW-BACKED ORIOLE (Icterus chrysater) – Seen near Jardin. YELLOW ORIOLE (Icterus nigrogularis) – Laguna de Sonso. YELLOW-BILLED CACIQUE (Amblycercus holosericeus) – One responsive bird was seen well in the bamboo at Rio Blanco. MOUNTAIN CACIQUE (Cacicus chrysonotus) – A couple at Jardin, and again at Rio Blanco. YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE (Cacicus cela) – One at Jardin. RUSSET-BACKED OROPENDOLA (Psarocolius angustifrons) – Flocks demolished the bananas at the feeders at the Piha reserve; also around Jardin and on Cerro Montezuma. Fringillidae (Siskins, Crossbills, and Allies) THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA (Euphonia laniirostris) – Disturbed areas on the lower slopes, plus around Buga on the valley floor. GOLDEN-RUMPED EUPHONIA (Euphonia cyanocephala) – A pair at the coffee institute near Manizales were building a nest on 25 January. As split from Blue-hooded Euphonia. [N] ORANGE-BELLIED EUPHONIA (Euphonia xanthogaster) – Fairly common in forest on the lower slopes. BLUE-NAPED CHLOROPHONIA (Chlorophonia cyanea) – Several were in a woodland patch below the Piha reserve. CHESTNUT-BREASTED CHLOROPHONIA (Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys) – Cerro Montezuma, not responsive. [*] YELLOW-COLLARED CHLOROPHONIA (Chlorophonia flavirostris) – This beauty was seen a couple of times on Cerro Montezuma, where building a nest on 28 January. Essentially a Choco endemic, and always a prize. [N] LESSER GOLDFINCH (Spinus psaltria) – Singles at the Piha reserve and near Jardin. YELLOW-BELLIED SISKIN (Spinus xanthogastrus) – Flocks were feeding in alders at Rio Blanco and more were seen at Otun-Quimbaya.

MAMMALS RED HOWLER MONKEY (Alouatta seniculus) – Otun-Quimbaya. [*] RED-TAILED SQUIRREL (Sciurus granatensis) – The common mammal of the trip! MOUNTAIN COATI (Nasuella olivacea) – At 2700m at Rio Blanco we heard a noise that Alveiro identified as a "Nasua" or Coatimundi. I presume that at this elevation, this is the species, but he could truly have meant South American Coatimundi, Nasua nasua. [*]

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

Field Guides Birding Tours • www.fieldguides.com • 1-800-728-4953 20 Other critters:

Other mammals included insectivorous bats, e.g., in the reception room at Otun-Quimbaya, and some medium-sized fruit bats in the courtyard at Buga.

One of the most amazing events of the tour was at the Piha reserve, where we watched a small tarantula cross the road, and, after being detained (by me, initially not realizing the consequences), a tarantula hawk (Pepsis wasp) caught up with it, won the battle, and hauled the tarantula off. Initially the wasp seemed to be a loser, too, but it recovered nicely.

Butterflies: Kristine has plenty of winter weather to keep her indoors identifying her many photographs of butterflies! Even on a tour averaging moderate elevation in the Andes, there were many interesting species.

Totals for the tour: 453 bird taxa and 3 mammal taxa

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