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The Razor's Edge: Constructing Male Identity in Bronze and Iron Age Northern Europe Kaitlin Kincade University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

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The Razor's Edge: Constructing Male Identity in Bronze and Iron Age Northern Europe Kaitlin Kincade University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations August 2014 The Razor's Edge: Constructing Male Identity in Bronze and Iron Age Northern Europe Kaitlin Kincade University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Kincade, Kaitlin, "The Razor's Edge: Constructing Male Identity in Bronze and Iron Age Northern Europe" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 500. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/500 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RAZOR’S EDGE: CONSTRUCTING MALE IDENTITY IN BRONZE AND IRON AGE NORTHERN EUROPE by Kaitlin Kincade A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee August 2014 ABSTRACT THE RAZOR’S EDGE: CONSTRUCTING MALE IDENTITY IN BRONZE AND IRON AGE NORTHERN EUROPE by Kaitlin Kincade The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2014 Under the Supervision of Professor Bettina Arnold Personal hygiene paraphernalia has been largely overlooked in interpretations of prehistoric European societies. Razors in particular have only recently been examined as playing an important role in European prehistoric societies. Typically found in burials and hoards, razors have historically been associated with the “warrior elite” concept in European prehistory. As a counterpoint, this thesis will examine the role personal hygiene and body modification played in identity construction and the possible symbolic role of razors in the construction of male identity in the Bronze and Iron Ages in northern Europe. Direct evidence, such as razors themselves, preserved hair, and bog bodies, as well as indirect evidence, such as emic and etic representations of the human body, and etic written texts that reference body modification, including hairstyles, facial hair grooming and possibly scarification, will be investigated. By using Hodder’s concept of entanglement (2012) and drawing on ethnographic examples of body modification, this thesis will outline the possible cultural, social, and magico-religious importance of hair, hair removal and personal appearance in the creation and maintenance of male identity during the Bronze and Iron Ages in Britain and some parts of Scandinavia. This project will demonstrate how multiple lines of evidence regarding the use of razors in prehistoric Europe can help us determine to what extent razors, as well as associated hygiene ii paraphernalia such as tweezer sets, were objects used in the construction of cultural identity while contributing to the growing literature on ritual, life cycles, and materiality of the body in archaeology more generally. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Research Questions 2 Theoretical Approach 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review 19 Chronology 19 Razors and Marking “Maleness” in the Archaeological Record of Northern Europe 22 Mesolithic and Neolithic 22 Bronze Age 22 Iron Age 26 Razors in Prehistoric Northern Europe 26 Bronze Age Razors in Northern Europe 28 Denmark 28 Britain and Ireland 32 Iron Age Razors in Northern Europe 36 Denmark 37 Britain and Ireland 37 Other Personal Hygiene Paraphernalia in Prehistoric Northern Europe 38 Tweezers 38 Combs 39 Awls/Needles 40 Cosmetic Grinders 40 Toiletry Sets and Roman Influence on Hygiene 44 “Maleness” in Northern Europe from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age 46 Burial Traditions, Hoards, and Selective Deposition of Objects in Prehistoric Northern Europe 50 Burial Practices and Indicators of “Maleness” 54 Hoards and Selective Deposits of Masculine Objects 57 Bog Bodies and Other Preservation of Hair in the Archaeological Record 60 Summary 65 Chapter 3: Methodology 66 Types of Evidence 66 Direct Evidence 66 Indirect Evidence 68 Applying Theoretical Framework to Evidence 72 Scope of Study 73 Variables and Definitions 73 Sample Parameters 75 Analysis of Material 77 Approach to Research Questions 79 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 81 Direct Evidence 81 iv Razors in Context 83 Burials 84 British Burials 84 Irish Burials 85 Danish Burials 85 Comparison of Burials with Razors in Northern Europe 86 Hoards 88 Comparison of Burials and Hoards with Razors (Denmark, Britain, and Ireland) 90 Bog Bodies and Preserved Hair in the Archaeological Record 91 Indirect Evidence 96 Historical Written Sources 97 Greek Sources 98 Roman Sources 98 Insular Sources 99 Iconography 102 Etic Sources 102 Emic Sources 105 Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic Examples 108 Discussion 114 Limitations 114 Chapter 5: Conclusion 116 Interpretation of the Material 119 Iron Age Shaving 120 Knives and Other Multi-Use Tools 120 Bronze Age to Iron Age Shift in Depositional Practices 122 Razors Shifted into Different Spheres of Exchange 123 Razors as “Maleness” or “Warrior Elite” Markers 124 Cultural Value Shifts 126 Applying the Theoretical Framework 129 Hodder’s Entanglement Theory 129 Razor to Shaved Face (Things Depend on Humans) 130 Razor to Other Hygiene Paraphernalia (Things Depend on other Things) 131 Shaved Face to Razor (Humans Depend on Things) 132 Shaved Face to Other Faces (Humans Depend on Other Humans) 133 Lifecycle of a Bronze Age Razor 134 Creating the “Warrior Entanglement” Complex 138 Research Question: Review in Light of Evidence 139 The Construction and Maintenance of Male Identity in European Prehistory 143 Future Research 144 References Cited 146 v Appendices 154 Appendix A: British Burials 154 Appendix B: Irish Burials 159 Appendix C: Danish Burials 160 Appendix D: British Hoards 169 Appendix E: Irish Hoards 170 Appendix F: Danish Hoards 171 vi LISTS OF FIGURES Chapter 1: 1.1 Map showing study area 3 Chapter 2: 2.1 Double burial from Vedbaek, Denmark 24 2.2 Possible suspension of razors 26 2.3 Map of proposed movement of single edged razors between Scandinavia and Mycenae 31 2.4 Comparison of a Mycenaean and Danish single edged razors 32 2.5 Razor classes 33 2.6 Lofthøy grave goods 36 2.7 Roman razors found in northern Europe 38 2.8 Cosmetic grinders 41 2.9 Toiletry sets with shackle and bar 45 2.10 Flint dagger from Hindsgaval, Denmark 48 2.11 Villard’s arrangement of grave goods 51 2.12 Oldcroghan Man 62 2.13 Clonycavan Man 63 Chapter 3: 3.1 Emic examples of different types of facial hair 70 3.2 Hodder’s entanglement equation as a matrix 73 Chapter 4: 4.1 Map of sites included in the analysis 82 4.2 Bog bodies 93 4.3 Map of bog bodies mentioned in text 94 4.4 Etic iconographic representations of northern Europeans 103 4.5 Emic iconographic representations of northern Europeans 106 4.6 Emic iconographic representations of northern Europeans 107 4.6 Hair from Sophie Henry, deceased, age 21, (1881) creating a French cemetery scene 112 Chapter 5: 5.1 Possible suspension of razors 117 5.2 Hodder’s entanglement equation as a matrix 130 5.3 Examples of the range for styling beards 133 5.4 Proposed lifecycle for Bronze Age razor and male owner 137 vii LISTS OF TABLES Chapter 1: 1.1 Sites included in analysis 5 Chapter 2: 2.1 Chronology for Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavia 21 2.2 Preserved hair in bog bodies 61 Chapter 3: 3.1 Bog bodies included in analysis 67 3.2 Written sources consulted in thesis 69 3.3 Emic iconographic representations of male faces in Bronze and Iron Age Europe 71 3.4 Etic iconographic representations of male faces in Bronze and Iron Age Europe 72 Chapter 4: 4.1 Key to sites in Figure 1 83 4.2 Number of burials with razors in data set in Britain 85 4.3 Number of burials with razors in data set in Ireland 85 4.4 Number of burials with razors in data set in Denmark 85 4.5 Bog bodies key to Figure 4.3 94 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed if not for the love, support, and encouragement of several people. I would first like to thank my parents, Sheila and Randy Kincade, for always supporting me and not questioning me when I decided to go to graduate school in Anthropology. I would also like to thanks my sister, Emily Kincade, for reminding me to have fun and not to take life too seriously. My second set of parents, Debbie and Paul Colagiovanni, were there for me a helping hand or sympathetic ear when I needed encouragement most. I would also like to thank those of my friends who got me through graduate school, especially Jennifer Picard and Rachel McTavish for always being ready to read a a chapter and give advice. This project would not have been possible without my advisor, Dr. Bettina Arnold, and I would like to thank her for all of the editing, meetings, and patience for the past few years. Last, but far from least, I would like to thank my husband, Steven Colagiovanni, for all his support, sleepless nights, and long conversations about topics he has no interest in. ix 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Typically found in adult male burials, razors made of bronze or iron are relatively common in Bronze and Iron Age Europe. These objects were initially interpreted as having a purely functional purpose in the context of male personal hygiene (Piggott 1946). However, razors are mainly found in burials and hoards and their appearance in such contexts suggests that they played a symbolic as well as functional role in Bronze and Iron Age society and “should not be regarded as an isolated object, but as part of a larger ideological or social statement” (Kaul 2013:469). I propose that razors served men during this time as personal symbols of identity and were a means of facilitating the construction of a primarily male identity.
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