(2001) Und Griechenland (2010) Im Analytischen Vergleich

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(2001) Und Griechenland (2010) Im Analytischen Vergleich Die wirtschaftlichen Krisen in Argentinien (2001) und Griechenland (2010) im analytischen Vergleich Masterarbeit Zur Erlangung des Master of Education (M.Ed.) an der Kultur- und Gesellschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg Eingereicht von ALEXANDER STOCKINGER 01321781 Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Angela Schottenhammer Fachbereich: Geschichte Salzburg, Mai 2019 Abstract Die Wirtschaftsordnung in der globalisierten Welt ist gekennzeichnet von den Konzepten der neoliberalen Marktwirtschaft. Das Ende des Systems von Bretton Woods sowie die zunehmende Internationalisierung der Wertschöpfungsketten verlangten nach neuen Rahmenbedingungen. Seit der Schaffung neuer Akkumulationsmöglichkeiten für das Kapital vor knapp vier Jahrzehnten, beginnen sich Wirtschaftskrisen zu häufen. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund zwei dieser ökonomischen Verwerfungen. Die Aufarbeitung der Krisen in Argentinien 2001 sowie in Griechenland 2010 sollen Erkenntnisse über die Ursachen und krisenspezifischen Faktoren darlegen. Im Zentrum der Betrachtung stehen die Gemeinsamkeiten und Parallelen, die sich aus der Analyse der beiden Krisenszenarien ergeben. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Wirkung makroökonomischer Prozesse für nationale Ökonomien. Es gilt, die Rolle des veränderten Akkumulationsregimes in Bezug auf das gehäufte Auftreten von Wirtschaftskrisen zu reflektieren. Außerdem besteht Grund zur Annahme, dass sich die verordneten Maßnahmen oftmals negativ auf die sich im Transformationsprozess befindlichen Ökonomien auswirken. Obwohl diese Strukturanpassungsprogramme den jeweiligen Ländern bei ihrer Entwicklung helfen sollen, stellt sich nicht zwingend eine Verbesserung der Situation ein. Vielmehr entsteht der Eindruck, dass diese Programme eine neue Akkumulationsmöglichkeit für die Gläubiger darstellen. Bei der vorliegenden Analyse finden verschiedene Positionen und Einschätzungen Berücksichtigung. Dieser Arbeit liegt die Methode des analytischen Vergleichs zugrunde, welche durch eine umfassende Literaturrecherche realisiert wird. Abgesehen von zeitlichen und räumlichen Unterschieden, finden sich bei der Analyse der beiden Krisen einige interessante Gemeinsamkeiten. Zum einen kann die verheerende Wirkung fixer Wechselkursregime festgehalten werden, welche die Staaten der Möglichkeit der Wiederherstellung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit im Krisenfall entzieht. In engem Zusammenhang mit den Wechselkursregimen stehen auch die öffentliche und private Verschuldung. Zum anderen wurde in beiden Fällen die Möglichkeit wahrgenommen, sich aufgrund einer starken Leitwährung zu günstigen Konditionen zu verschulden. Dieser Umstand trug zur steigenden Unsicherheit seitens der Gläubiger bei. Gleichermaßen zeigt sich in beiden Szenarien auch die Abhängigkeit von externen Faktoren, welche die instabile Lage der betroffenen Ökonomien zusätzlich verdeutlichen. Ein abschließender Blick auf die gewählten Bewältigungsstrategien der beiden Staaten offenbart die Alternativlosigkeit, die das neoliberale Wirtschaftssystem mit sich bringt. Abstract In today’s globalised world, the economic order is predominately characterised by neoliberal approaches. Since new accumulation potentials for capital were created four decades ago, economic crises have started to multiply. This Master thesis aims to analyse two of these economic disruptions – Argentina in 2001 and Greece in 2010 – in order to identify their causes and specific factors. Commonalities such as the relevance of macroeconomic processes are also central in the course of the analysis. Furthermore, the role of the altered regime of accumulation will be discussed critically with regard to the fact that different economic crises frequently occur within a short time span. Though structural adjustment programmes are intended to further economic development, it is assumed that the prescribed measures often do not have a favourable effect on transition economies. On the contrary, the impression arises that these programmes constitute repeated accumulation potentials for the creditors themselves. As both the general public and the scientific community hold controversial views on economic crises, this analysis considers various estimations and follows the analytical method of comparison based on an extensive study of literature. Apart from spatial and temporal differences, the study reveals clear similarities between both crises such as the devastating effects of fixed exchange rate regimes, which undermine the international competitiveness and contribute to public and private debt in a slump situation. In addition, long-term debt was financed on favourable conditions in both countries due to their strong key currencies. This, however, led to an increased creditors’ uncertainty. Likewise, both scenarios were characterised by a dependency on external processes thereby oftentimes revealing the national economies’ instability. Concluding considerations emphasise the lack of alternatives states in crisis face in the neo-liberal economic system. Vorwort Wirtschaftskrisen stellen aus verschiedenen Gründen bemerkenswerte Phänomene dar. Während meines Studiums begann ich ein besonderes Interesse für diese Ereignisse zu entwickeln. Es boten sich zahlreiche Möglichkeiten, wirtschaftliche Krisen aus verschiedenen Perspektiven zu betrachten. Dieses Interesse war auch ausschlaggebend dafür, mich im Rahmen meiner Bachelorarbeit mit dem Titel „Die Erinnerungskultur der Weltwirtschaftskrise 1929 und ihre Bedeutung für die weltweite Finanzkrise 2007/08“ intensiv mit den Ursachen und Auswirkungen ökonomischer Verwerfungen zu beschäftigen. Anschließend bot sich die Gelegenheit, die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf der Maßstabsebene von Nationalstaaten weiter zu vertiefen. Die im Rahmen eines Seminars durchgeführte Aufarbeitung der Krise in Argentinien um die Jahrtausendwende war schlussendlich entscheidend dafür, dieses Ereignis im Rahmen meiner Masterarbeit einem analytischen Vergleich zu unterziehen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beruht in Teilen auf diesen vorangegangenen Ausführungen. Ein besonderer Dank gilt meiner Betreuerin Frau Dr. Angela Schottenhammer, die mich in meiner Meinung bestärkte, diese Thematik weiter zu vertiefen und mich dabei tatkräftig unterstützte. Außerdem möchte ich mich auch bei meinen Eltern Roland und Irene, sowie meiner Lebensgefährtin Irina bedanken, ohne deren Unterstützung diese Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit eidesstattlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Bachelor-/ Master-/ Diplomarbeit/ Dissertation eingereicht. 13.05.2019 ____________________________ Datum, Unterschrift Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................. 1 2. Der Staatsbankrott in Argentinien 2001 ................................................... 5 2.1 In einer veränderten Weltordnung .................................................................................. 5 2.2 Wirtschaftspolitik in der demokratischen Epoche ........................................................... 8 2.3 Reformen als Basis konjunktureller Entwicklung ........................................................... 13 2.4 Der lange Weg bis zur Aufhebung der Konvertibilität .................................................... 15 2.4 Strukturreformen und die Rolle des IWF ........................................................................ 18 2.5 Politischer Wandel und Solidarität ................................................................................. 22 2.6 Die Krise ist nicht überwunden....................................................................................... 26 3. Die Staatsschuldenkrise in Griechenland 2010 ........................................ 30 3.1 Von politischer Instabilität und verbesserter Konjunktur .............................................. 30 3.2 Die Schule der „Greek Statistics“ .................................................................................... 32 3.3 Demokratische Epoche und europäische Zwänge ......................................................... 34 3.4 Euro Einführung, Spekulationsblasen & „Greek Statistics“ ............................................ 37 3.5 Der unaufhaltsame Weg in den Bankrott ....................................................................... 42 3.6 Von Sparpaketen und Rettungsschirmen ....................................................................... 45 4. Global ungleiche Entwicklung: Integrations- und Finanzkrisen ................ 52 4.1 Akkumulationsregime des Finanzkapitals aus historischer Perspektive ........................ 52 4.2 Auswirkungen globaler und externer Krisen auf nationale Ökonomien ........................ 57 4.3 Theorien global ungleicher Entwicklung ........................................................................ 61 4.4 Veränderte Funktionen am Finanzmarkt ....................................................................... 66 5. Krisen im analytischen Vergleich ............................................................. 69 5.1 Zur Vergleichbarkeit von Finanzkrisen ...................................................................... 69 5.2 Das System fixierter
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