DOCSLIB.ORG

Political Sophistication: Theoretical, Methodological and Empirical Perspectives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Political Sophistication: Theoretical, Methodological and Empirical Perspectives Political Sophistication: Theoretical, Methodological and Empirical Perspectives A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Communication and Media Studies of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy PAVLOS VASILOPOULOS May 2012 1 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 8 Thesis Overview ................................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 1: THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL SOPHISTICATION ...................................................... 15 1.1 The Michigan Studies: Levels of Conceptualization, Constraint and the Public’s Mass Ignorance of Political Affairs ................................................................................. 16 1.2 Subsequent Research Based on Levels of Conceptualization .................................. 23 1.3 The Concept of Political Sophistication as Attitude Constraint: Schematic Approaches ........................................................................................................................ 26 1.4 Political Sophistication as Expertise: Political Knowledge and Level of Information ............................................................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER 2: VOTERS’ DECISION MAKING IN A LIMITED INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT .......... 40 2.1 Public Opinion as a Rational Collectivity? ............................................................... 41 2.2 Cognitive Heuristics and Theories of Low Information Rationality ....................... 44 2.3 Memory Based Models and Lodge’s Online Model ................................................. 60 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF POLITICAL SOPHISTICATION ...................................................................................................................... 66 3.1. Content of Political Knowledge Questionnaires ...................................................... 68 3.2 The Problem of Choosing Specific Knowledge Items: In Defence of a Theoretically- Driven Inclusion of Items......................................................................... 75 3.3 Coding Issues .............................................................................................................. 79 3.4 Content and Methodology of this Survey’s Political Knowledge Questionnaire ... 82 3.5 Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Political Sophistication Scale .................. 88 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 4: CONCEPTUALIZING POLITICAL SOPHISTICATION AT THE AGGREGATE LEVEL: A THEORETICAL PROPOSAL AND A CASE STUDY .......................................................................... 95 4.1 The distribution of political sophistication in different cultural contexts. What do we expect citizens to know? ............................................................................................. 98 4.2. Considering Ability, Opportunity and Motivation at the Aggregate Level ......... 101 4.3 Micro-Level: Data Collection .................................................................................. 139 4.4 Levels of Political Sophistication in Greece ........................................................... 139 Conclusion: Political Culture, Rational Choice and Political Sophistication .............. 143 CHAPTER 5: THE ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL SOPHISTICATION AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL ......... 147 2 5.1 The Distribution of Political Knowledge in Specific Social Groups ..................... 148 5.2 Political Knowledge in Selected Social Groups: A Descriptive Perspective ........ 152 5.3 A Simple Path Model of Political Sophistication ................................................... 155 5.4 A Composite Model of Political Sophistication...................................................... 158 Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 173 CHAPTER 6: THE CONSEQUENCES OF POLITICAL SOPHISTICATION IN DECISION MAKING PROCESSES: ATTITUDES TOWARD THE FOUNDATION OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN GREECE . 176 6.1 The Structure of Public Attitudes............................................................................. 177 6.2 Political Values ......................................................................................................... 178 6.3 Cognitive Heuristics.................................................................................................. 180 6.4 Bringing the Sophistication – Heuristics Interaction in the Greek Context .......... 185 6.5 The Issue of the Reform of Constitution Article 16 ............................................... 187 6.6 Research Hypotheses ................................................................................................ 189 6.7 Results ........................................................................................................................ 193 6.8 The Role of Political Sophistication on Individuals’ Decision-making Criteria .. 196 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 201 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 203 7.1 Summary of Key Findings........................................................................................ 203 7.2 Directions for Future Research ................................................................................ 208 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 216 3 List of Tables Table 1-1: The Levels of Conceptualization in the Michigan Study ................................. 18 Table 1-2: Converse’s five stratums in recognizing key ideological dimensions ............. 19 Table 3-1: Format and Content of the Political Sophistication Questionnaire .................. 83 Table 3-2: Validity Analysis of the Political Sophistication Scale and its Sub-contents . 91 Table 3-3: Reliability Analysis of Different Knowledge Domains ................................... 93 Table 4-1: Age, Period, Cohort Analysis in Frequency of Political Discussion in Greece 1981-2007 ............................................................................................................................ 137 Table 4-2: Percentage of Correct Responses per Knowledge Item .................................. 142 Table 5-1: Distribution of Political Knowledge in Basic Social Groups ......................... 153 Table 5-2: News Exposure in Greece – November 2008.................................................. 168 Table 5-3: News Exposure by Level of Education............................................................ 169 Table 5-4: Mean Correct Answers by Type of Medium ................................................... 170 Table 5-5: Individual –level Determinants of Political Sophistication (OLS Regression) .............................................................................................................................................. 172 Table 6-1: Attitudes toward the Foundation of Private Universities in Greece .............. 193 Table 6-2: Political Sophistication and Citizens’ Decision-making Criteria toward the Foundation of Private Universities (Regression Analyses) .............................................. 197 4 List of Figures Figure 4-1: Respondent percent who report they ‘discuss politics frequently’ in Selected European Nations (1981-2006) .......................................................................................... 134 Figure 4-2: Hypothetical Distributions of Political Knowledge...................................... 141 Figure 4-3: Distribution of Political Sophistication in Greece ........................................ 141 Figure 5-1: Mean Percentage Correct Responses in Social Subgroups (%) ................... 154 Figure 5-2: A Simple Path Model of Political Sophistication ......................................... 157 Figure 6-1: Percentage of Laissez-Faire, Middle and Socialist Respondents Agreeing with the Foundation of Private Universities ...................................................................... 194 Figure 6-2: Political Sophistication and Value-Attitude cohesion among economic libertarian respondents ........................................................................................................ 195 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Nicolas Demertzis for his excellent guidance, continuous support and encouragement in all stages of this dissertation. I would also like to thank him for giving me the honor to be one of his PhD students and for giving me an example of professionalism and dedication to academia. Moreover, this work would not have been conducted without the support of the VPRC polling institute that funded this research by including a number of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download the Original Attachment Criminal Charges Concerning Bioterrorism Acts and Mass Murder. Submitted
    Download the original attachment Criminal Charges concerning Bioterrorism Acts and Mass Murder. Submitted: FBI OFFICER EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES Boltzmanngasse 16 A-1090 Vienna Austria Date: June 10, 2009 Contents I. Introduction: Summary of Claims II. Factual Background III. Evidence the “swine flu“ vaccines are bioweapons IV. Scientific evidence the “swine flu” virus is an artificial (genetically engineered) virus. V. Scientific evidence the “swine flu” was bioengineered to resemble the Spanish flu killer virus of 1918. VI. Genome sequence of the “swine flu” VII. Evidence as to deliberate release of the “swine flu” virus in Mexico VIII. Evidence as to the involvement of President Obama IX. Evidence as to the role of Baxter and WHO in producing and releasing pandemic virus material in Austria. X. Evidence Baxter is an element in a covert bioweapons network. XI. Evidence Baxter has deliberately contamined drugs. XII. Evidence Novartis is using vaccines as bioweapons. XIII. Evidence as to the WHO’s role in the bioweapons program: supplier of the bird flu virus to Baxter XIV. Evidence as to WHO’s manipulation of disease data in order to justify declaring a Pandemic Level 6 in order to seize control of the USA. XV. Evidence as to FDA’s role in covering up the bioweapons program XVI. Evidence as to the Canada’s National Microbiology Labs role in the bioweapons program XVI. Evidence of the involvement of scientists working for the UK’s NIBSC, and the CDC in engineering the swine flu. XVII. Evidence vaccinations caused the Spanish killer flu of 1918. XVIII. Precedents: the abandoned swine flu mass vaccination program of 1976 XIX.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Original Attachment Criminal Charges
    Download the original attachment Criminal Charges concerning Bioterrorism Acts and Mass Murder. Submitted : FBI OFFICER EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES Boltzmanngasse 16 A-1090 Vienna Austria Date : June 10, 2009 Contents I. Introduction: Summary of Claims II. Factual Background III. Evidence the “swine flu“ vaccines are bioweapons IV. Scientific evidence the “swine flu” virus is an artificial (genetically engineered) virus. V. Scientific evidence the “swine flu” was bioengineered to resemble the Spanish flu killer virus of 1918. VI. Genome sequence of the “swine flu” VII. Evidence as to deliberate release of the “swine flu” virus in Mexico VIII. Evidence as to the involvement of President Obama IX. Evidence as to the role of Baxter and WHO in producing and releasing pandemic virus material in Austria. X. Evidence Baxter is an element in a covert bioweapons network. XI. Evidence Baxter has deliberately contamined drugs. XII. Evidence Novartis is using vaccines as bioweapons. XIII. Evidence as to the WHO’s role in the bioweapons program: supplier of the bird flu virus to Baxter XIV. Evidence as to WHO’s manipulation of disease data in order to justify declaring a Pandemic Level 6 in order to seize control of the USA. XV. Evidence as to FDA’s role in covering up the bioweapons program XVI. Evidence as to the Canada’s National Microbiology Labs role in the bioweapons program XVI. Evidence of the involvement of scientists working for the UK’s NIBSC, and the CDC in engineering the swine flu. XVII. Evidence vaccinations caused the Spanish killer flu of 1918. XVIII. Precedents: the abandoned swine flu mass vaccination program of 1976 XIX.
    [Show full text]
  • GR Euro Axt SOG 20100307 1
    Griechenlands Schuldenkrise: Gefahr für den Euro? Das Dilemma von vertragskonformen oder politisch opportunen Lösungen Prof. Dr. Heinz-Jürgen Axt 09. März 2010 Universität Duisburg-Essen Institut für Politikwissenschaft Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft e.V. Jean Monnet-Lehrstuhl Widenmayerstraße 49 Lotharstr. 65 80538 München 47057 Duisburg Tel.: +49 / 89 / 21 21 54 - 0 Tel.: 0203/379 2022 (-2050) Fax: +49 / 89 / 228 94 69 Fax: 0203/379 2318 [email protected] [email protected] 1 Inhalt Seite Vorbemerkung 3 1. Wie kann es passieren, dass Griechenland der EU „getürkte“ 5 Zahlen vorlegt? 2. Sanierungsprogramm der griechischen Regierung 11 3. Reaktion auf das Stabilitätsprogramm 16 4. Wird sich Griechenland mit dem Sanierungsplan „kaputt sparen“? 19 5. Die vertraglichen Verpflichtungen in der Europäischen 22 Währungsunion 6. Reaktion der EU: Griechenland unter Aufsicht 29 7. Das Dilemma: Euro-Regeln einhalten oder Beistand leisten? 33 8. Gefahr für den Euro? 45 2 Vorbemerkung Kaum waren die Wahlen vom 4. Oktober 2009 in Griechenland vorüber, als die neue Regierung unter Ministerpräsident Georgios Papandreou der EU mitteilen musste, dass das Land 2009 massiv gegen die Regeln zur Vermeidung übermäßiger Defizite im Euro-Raum verstoßen und obendrein der EU falsche statistische Daten übermittelt hatte. Statt dem von der Vorgängerregierung prognostizierten Wert von 3,7% musste das öffentliche Defizit auf 12,7% des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) korrigiert werden. Die Stabilitätskriterien im Euro-Raum verlangen, dass 3% des BIP nicht überschritten werden. Auch beim öffentlichen Schuldenstand liegt Griechenland mit 113,4% weit über dem im Euro-Raum zugelassenen Maximal-Wert von 60% des BIP. Datenmanipulation und Verletzung von Stabilitätskriterien ist man zwar mittlerweile von Griechenland gewohnt.
    [Show full text]
  • Hellenic Observatory 2010 Newsletter
    i THE HELLENIC OBSERVATORY Newsletter 2010 Issue 8 - August 2010 Inside this Issue: E d i t o r i a l Editorial 1 The last year has seen some of the most dramatic • Research seminars on related matters: e.g. HO Annual 2 events in Greece since the establishment of the budget management in Greece; competitive- Lecture LSE’s Hellenic Observatory. An election that saw a ness and institutional weaknesses; labour change of government, a sudden announcement market regulation; the attraction of FDI; and Policy Roundta- 3 of significantly revised fiscal data, several itera- the phenomena of street protests [see page ble with Greek tions of plans for government cutbacks, an un- 8]. Alternate Minister of precedented international bail-out of the Greek Foreign Affairs economy, repeated strikes and street pro- tests.....this was surely a year when discussion Panel Discussion 4 and study of the politics and economics of Greece on the Greek became de rigeur for so many across the world. Economic Crisis Panel Discussion 4 The Hellenic Observatory responded to this rap- on the 2009 idly-developing agenda with a range of activities: Greek Elections • A public debate at the LSE on the Greek crisis Panel Debate on 5 and the euro-zone - including two former the Greek Fiscal ministers (Papantoniou; Alogoskoufis) - which Crisis attracted some 400 guests and many media GreeSE Paper 6 representatives leading to an Observatory Hellenic Observatory Research Seminar Series publication [see page 5]. Research at the 7 HO • An upcoming public dialogue with George Papaconstantinou, Minister of Finance, at the Research & 8 LSE in the Autumn [see page 16].
    [Show full text]
  • Acordurile De La Bretton Woods
    Acordurile de la Bretton Woods Reprezentati ai celor doua mari puteri aliate, Marea Britanie si SUA, au inceput sa se gândeasca, inca din timpul celui de-al Doilea Razboi Mondial (anii 1940-41) la arhitectura sistemului financiar international pentru perioada postbelica. Lectiile perioadei interbelice erau: cursurile de schimb fluctuante produc instabilitate excesiva; miscarile de capital necontrolate cauzeaza si ele perturbatii mari; este nevoie de un cadru care sa favorizeze comertul international si sa evite razboaiele comerciale. La aceste constatari s-a adaugat un motiv suplimentar serios si anume nevoia acuta de refacere economica, de reconstructie dupa un razboi care se dovedea a fi devastator pentru beligeranti. Lectiile erau clare si, totusi, punctele de vedere intre cele doua delegatii nu erau identice. Americanii, prin vocea mai ales a oficialului Departamentului Trezoreriei, Harry Dexter White, pleda pentru stabilitatea (fixitatea) cursurilor de schimb si fluxuri comerciale si de capital libere; era vorba de o pozitie ce reflecta forta economiei americane in preajma si dupa al Doilea Razboi Mondial, ca si interesele sale specifice. În schimb, britanicii, aflati sub bagheta intelectuala a marelui economist John Maynard Keynes (poate cel mai influent economist al secolului XX), gândeau prin prisma unei viziuni mai aproape de realitatea economica a Europei, la acel moment, un continent distrus de razboi, unde guvernele aveau nevoie de un numar cât mai ridicat de mijloace, pentru a lupta cu eventuale dezechilibre externe mari, fiind preocupate si de costurile ajustarii pentru o populatie istovita. Planul Keynes accentua nevoia de stabilitate a cursurilor de schimb si de dezvoltare a relatiilor comerciale, dar prevedea “cursuri ajustabile” si posibilitatea de a impune restrictii comerciale si controale asupra miscarilor de capital, in anumite circumstante.
    [Show full text]
  • FORUM 2006 South-East Europe – a Region on the Move
    E I B F O R U M 2 0 0 6 South-East Europe – A Region on the Move Athens, 19-20 October 2006 EIB FORUM 2006 South-East Europe – A Region on the Move Hotel Grande Bretagne – Athens, 19-20 October 2006 Thursday 19 October 2006 13:00 Welcome Lunch SESSION II: Perspectives for the region – a view of the analysts 14:00 Opening SESSION Discussion panel: moderated by Quentin Peel, international affairs editor, Financial Times Welcome address: Kostas Karamanlis, Prime Minister, Greece Gerald Knaus, President, European Stability Initiative Opening address: Philippe Maystadt, President, European Investment Bank Loukas Tsoukalis, President of the Hellenic Foundation for European & Foreign Policies, Special Adviser to José Manuel Barroso Laza Kekic, Director, Economist Intelligence Unit SESSION I: Perspectives for the region – a view from politics Panayiotis Ioakimidis, Professor of Political Science at the University of Law, Economics and Politics of Athens, specialist in EU issues Chairman: Gerlando Genuardi, EIB Vice-President Olli Rehn, EU Commissioner for Enlargement 18:30 End of conference day 1 Ali Babacan, Minister of State for Economy; Head of EU negotiations, Turkey Dimitrij Rupel, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Slovenia 20:00 Forum dinner at the Hilton Hotel Yannis G. Valinakis, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Greece Guest speaker: Georgios Alogoskoufis, Minister for Economy and Finance, Coffee break Greece Updated programme and more information at www.eib.org/forum EIB FORUM 2006 South-East Europe – A Region on the Move Hotel
    [Show full text]
  • Additional Web-Appendix
    Additional Web-Appendix Complementary material for Do the personal characteristics of finance ministers affect changes in public debt? Table AA1 provides information on the included time series per country. In Figure AA1, the effects of a finance minister’s previous years as cabinet member and economics education on the change in the central government debt-to-GDP ratio conditional on the state of the economy are presented. As mentioned in the main text, there is no statistically significant conditional effect of these measures. Table AA2 (econometric model specification) and Table AA3 (selection of finance ministers) show the results of the robustness tests as described in the main text of the paper. Table AA4 to Table AA6 and Figure AA2 provide the results of the estimation of the paper’s baseline specifications using the alternative selection procedure. Only finance ministers who were in office on January 1 are selected for this estimation. Finally, in Table AA7, I show a comparison of years per country, in which there is difference between the two selection procedures of finance ministers. 1 Table AA1: Included time series in the regression analysis Country Included Period Missing Number of Number of Start End Observations Observations Finance Ministers Austria 1982 2010 - 29 9 Denmark 1982 2010 - 29 9 Finland 1992 2010 - 19 5 France 1994 2009 1997 to 2001 11 6 Germany 1982 2010 - 29 6 Greece 1998 2010 - 13 5 Ireland 1983 2009 - 27 9 Italy 1982 2007 1995 25 11 Luxembourg 1994 2010 - 16 2 Netherlands 1982 2010 - 29 6 Norway 1982 2010 - 29 9 Portugal 1983 2010 - 28 9 Spain 1982 2010 - 29 7 Sweden 1982 2010 - 29 9 United Kingdom 1982 2010 - 29 8 Sample 1982 2010 372 110 Notes: The data are collected for the period 1980-2010.
    [Show full text]
  • (2001) Und Griechenland (2010) Im Analytischen Vergleich
    Die wirtschaftlichen Krisen in Argentinien (2001) und Griechenland (2010) im analytischen Vergleich Masterarbeit Zur Erlangung des Master of Education (M.Ed.) an der Kultur- und Gesellschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg Eingereicht von ALEXANDER STOCKINGER 01321781 Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Angela Schottenhammer Fachbereich: Geschichte Salzburg, Mai 2019 Abstract Die Wirtschaftsordnung in der globalisierten Welt ist gekennzeichnet von den Konzepten der neoliberalen Marktwirtschaft. Das Ende des Systems von Bretton Woods sowie die zunehmende Internationalisierung der Wertschöpfungsketten verlangten nach neuen Rahmenbedingungen. Seit der Schaffung neuer Akkumulationsmöglichkeiten für das Kapital vor knapp vier Jahrzehnten, beginnen sich Wirtschaftskrisen zu häufen. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund zwei dieser ökonomischen Verwerfungen. Die Aufarbeitung der Krisen in Argentinien 2001 sowie in Griechenland 2010 sollen Erkenntnisse über die Ursachen und krisenspezifischen Faktoren darlegen. Im Zentrum der Betrachtung stehen die Gemeinsamkeiten und Parallelen, die sich aus der Analyse der beiden Krisenszenarien ergeben. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Wirkung makroökonomischer Prozesse für nationale Ökonomien. Es gilt, die Rolle des veränderten Akkumulationsregimes in Bezug auf das gehäufte Auftreten von Wirtschaftskrisen zu reflektieren. Außerdem besteht Grund zur Annahme, dass sich die verordneten Maßnahmen oftmals negativ auf die sich im Transformationsprozess befindlichen
    [Show full text]
  • Political Sophistication in Greece: Explaining the Paradox of a Politically
    Political Sophistication in Greece: Explaining the Paradox of a Politically Knowledgeable Electorate Pavlos Vasilopoulos, PhD Candidate, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Athens [email protected] Paper prepared for presentation at the ELECDEM closing conference, Florence, 28-30 June 2012 *****DRAFT version***** Abstract: This paper presents the results of an analytical quantitative survey on levels of political sophistication in Greece measured by a twenty four item knowledge scale. Results suggest that the Greek public appears to be relatively well informed over political affairs. I argue that the explanation behind this ‘paradoxical’ pattern, which comes in contrast to the assumptions of rational choice theory and the frequently cited empirical findings in the United States, lies in the existence of strong clientelistic networks in Greece that increase the expected utility for acquiring political information. Still, even though political sophistication in Greece is generally high, there appears to be significant individual-level variation with regard to socioeconomic status, gender and age cohort. Introduction Political sophistication, defined as the ‘quantity and organization of a person’s political cognitions’ (Luskin 1987), is a fundamental concept for the understanding of citizens’ political decision-making processes1. Systematic research over the impact of political sophistication on the quality of political decisions has demonstrated that political experts have the cognitive capacity to form meaningful political attitudes based on their deeper held political predispositions (Zaller 1992) and make informed vote choices adjusting their vote to match candidates’ platforms (Lau and Redlawsk 1997, 2001). What is more, they are more likely to participate in elections and other political activities and are less susceptible to political propaganda (Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Social Cohesion and Development
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Documentation Centre - EKT journals Social Cohesion and Development Vol. 11, 2016 Guaranteed Minimum Income ‘à la Grecque’: The chronicle of a long-awaited scheme Lalioti Varvara Panteion University https://doi.org/10.12681/scad.14131 Copyright © 2017 Varvara Lalioti To cite this article: Lalioti, V. (2017). Guaranteed Minimum Income ‘à la Grecque’: The chronicle of a long-awaited scheme. Social Cohesion and Development, 11(2), 123-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/scad.14131 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 21/02/2020 01:47:35 | Social Cohesion and Development 2016 11 (2), 123-138 Κοινωνική Συνοχή και ανάπτυξη 2016 11 (2), 123-138 Guaranteed Minimum Income ‘à la Grecque’: The Chronicle of a Long-Awaited Scheme Varvara Lalioti, Panteion University η Ελληνική Εκδοχή του Ελαχίστου Εγγυημένου Εισοδήματος: Το Ιστορικό Ενός από μακρού Αναμενόμενου Προγράμματος Βαρβάρα Λαλιώτη, Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο ABSTRACT ΠΕρiληψη This article chronicles the history of the Το παρόν άρθρο καταγράφει την ιστορία του ελαχί- guaranteed minimum income (GMI) in στου εγγυημένου εισοδήματος στην Ελλάδα, ενός τρί- Greece, a third-generation social assistance της γενιάς προνοιακού μέτρου, το οποίο στοχεύει σε scheme targeted at individuals and families άτομα και οικογένειες που βιώνουν ακραία φτώχεια. facing extreme poverty. Greece has only Μόλις πρόσφατα εφαρμόστηκε στη χώρα ένα πειρα- recently experimented with the scheme, ματικό πρόγραμμα ελαχίστου εγγυημένου εισοδήμα- with full nationwide implementation being τος, με την υλοποίηση σε εθνικό επίπεδο να αναμέ- expected in January 2017. Drawing on an νεται τον Ιανουάριο 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Directory of the European Union 2005
    Information last updated on 8 July 2005 Official directory of the European Union 2005 EUROPEAN UNION Note to readers This publication appears once a year in three languages: English, French and German. It contains the organisation charts of the institutions, bodies, agencies and organisations of the European Union down to the level of heads of basic operational entities. A regularly updated electronic version can be consulted on the Internet via the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int/idea). The personal data it contains are provided by the institutions, agencies and bodies. If you detect any errors, please report them to: [email protected]. Because of the number and complexity of the titles of posts in all the various language versions, we are unable for the moment to give their femi- nine/masculine variants. We have therefore opted for a single title, which should be regarded as neutral. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 0080067891011 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005 ISBN 92-78-40302-4 European Communities, 2005 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Luxembourg PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER Contents Introducing the institutions, bodies and agencies of the European Union .........
    [Show full text]