The Integumentary System
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Diapositiva 1
Ingegneria delle tecnologie per la salute Fondamenti di anatomia e istologia Apparato tegumentario aa. 2017-18 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM integumentary system = refers to skin and its accessory structures responsible for much more than simply human outward appearance: about 16% of body weight, covering an area of 1.5 to 2 m2 (= largest organ system in human body). • skin protects inner organs INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • skin = even not typical, but an organ, made of tissues that work together as a single structure to perform unique and critical functions • integumentary system = skin + its accessory structures, providing body with overall protection. • made of multiple layers of cells and tissues, which are held to underlying structures by connective tissue: deeper layer of skin is well vascularized (has numerous blood vessels) and also has numerous sensory, and autonomic and sympathetic nerve fibers ensuring communication to and from brain. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Overview • Largest organ (15% of body weight) • Epidermis – keratinized stratified squamous epithelium • Dermis – connective tissue layer • Hypodermis • Thickness variable, normally 1-2 mm – dermis may thicken, up to 6 mm – stratum corneum layer increased • calluses on hands and feet Structure of the Skin 2 layers: epidermis + dermis SKIN: histology SKIN: histology SKIN: histology Cells of the Epidermis • Stem cells – undifferentiated cells in deepest layers • Keratinocytes – most of the skin cells • Melanocytes – synthesize pigment that shield UV • Tactile (merkel) cells – receptor cells associated with nerve fibers • Dendritic (langerhans) cells – macrophages guard against pathogens Cell and Layers of the Epidermis Epidermis: histology = composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, made of 4 or 5 layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in body. -
Diverse Repertoire of Human Adipocyte Subtypes Develops from Transcriptionally Distinct Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells
Diverse repertoire of human adipocyte subtypes develops from transcriptionally distinct mesenchymal progenitor cells So Yun Mina,b, Anand Desaia, Zinger Yanga,b, Agastya Sharmaa, Tiffany DeSouzaa, Ryan M. J. Gengaa,b,c, Alper Kucukurald, Lawrence M. Lifshitza, Søren Nielsene,f, Camilla Scheelee,f,g, René Maehra,c, Manuel Garbera,d, and Silvia Corveraa,1 aProgram in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; bGraduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; cDepartment of Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; dProgram in Bioinformatics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; eCentre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen Denmark; fCentre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen Denmark; and gNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark Edited by Rana K. Gupta, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and accepted by Editorial Board Member David J. Mangelsdorf July12, 2019 (received for review April 16, 2019) Single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed an unexpectedly UCP1 in response to stimulation. Lineage-tracing and gene- broad repertoire of cells required to mediate complex functions in expression studies point to distinct developmental origins for multicellular organisms. Despite the multiple roles of adipose tissue these adipocyte subtypes (5, 6). In adult humans, no specific depot + in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis, adipocytes are is solely composed of UCP1-containing adipocytes, but UCP-1 thought to be largely homogenous with only 2 major subtypes cells can be found interspersed within supraclavicular, para- recognized in humans so far. -
Nail Anatomy and Physiology for the Clinician 1
Nail Anatomy and Physiology for the Clinician 1 The nails have several important uses, which are as they are produced and remain stored during easily appreciable when the nails are absent or growth. they lose their function. The most evident use of It is therefore important to know how the fi ngernails is to be an ornament of the hand, but healthy nail appears and how it is formed, in we must not underestimate other important func- order to detect signs of pathology and understand tions, such as the protective value of the nail plate their pathogenesis. against trauma to the underlying distal phalanx, its counterpressure effect to the pulp important for walking and for tactile sensation, the scratch- 1.1 Nail Anatomy ing function, and the importance of fi ngernails and Physiology for manipulation of small objects. The nails can also provide information about What we call “nail” is the nail plate, the fi nal part the person’s work, habits, and health status, as of the activity of 4 epithelia that proliferate and several well-known nail features are a clue to sys- differentiate in a specifi c manner, in order to form temic diseases. Abnormal nails due to biting or and protect a healthy nail plate [1 ]. The “nail onychotillomania give clues to the person’s emo- unit” (Fig. 1.1 ) is composed by: tional/psychiatric status. Nail samples are uti- • Nail matrix: responsible for nail plate production lized for forensic and toxicology analysis, as • Nail folds: responsible for protection of the several substances are deposited in the nail plate nail matrix Proximal nail fold Nail plate Fig. -
Endotrophin Triggers Adipose Tissue Fibrosis and Metabolic Dysfunction
ARTICLE Received 12 Sep 2013 | Accepted 21 Feb 2014 | Published 19 Mar 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4485 Endotrophin triggers adipose tissue fibrosis and metabolic dysfunction Kai Sun1,*, Jiyoung Park1,2,*, Olga T. Gupta1, William L. Holland1, Pernille Auerbach3, Ningyan Zhang4, Roberta Goncalves Marangoni5, Sarah M. Nicoloro6, Michael P. Czech6, John Varga5, Thorkil Ploug3, Zhiqiang An4 & Philipp E. Scherer1,7 We recently identified endotrophin as an adipokine with potent tumour-promoting effects. However, the direct effects of local accumulation of endotrophin in adipose tissue have not yet been studied. Here we use a doxycycline-inducible adipocyte-specific endotrophin overexpression model to demonstrate that endotrophin plays a pivotal role in shaping a metabolically unfavourable microenvironment in adipose tissue during consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD). Endotrophin serves as a powerful co-stimulator of pathologically relevant pathways within the ‘unhealthy’ adipose tissue milieu, triggering fibrosis and inflammation and ultimately leading to enhanced insulin resistance. We further demonstrate that blocking endotrophin with a neutralizing antibody ameliorates metabolically adverse effects and effectively reverses metabolic dysfunction induced during HFD exposure. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that endotrophin exerts a major influence in adipose tissue, eventually resulting in systemic elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance, and the results establish endotrophin as a potential target in the context of metabolism and cancer. 1 Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST street, Ulsan 689-798, Korea. -
Enabling Sweat-Based Biosensors: Solving the Problem of Low
Enabling sweat-based biosensors: Solving the problem of low biomarker concentration in sweat A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biomedical Engineering of the College of Engineering & Applied Science by Andrew J. Jajack B.S., Biology, Wittenberg University, 2014 Committee Chairs: Jason C. Heikenfeld, Ph.D. and Chia-Ying Lin, Ph.D. Abstract Non-invasive, sweat biosensing will enable the development of an entirely new class of wearable devices capable of assessing health on a minute-to-minute basis. Every aspect of healthcare stands to benefit: prevention (activity tracking, stress-level monitoring, over-exertion alerting, dehydration warning), diagnosis (early-detection, new diagnostic techniques), and management (glucose tracking, drug-dose monitoring). Currently, blood is the gold standard for measuring the level of most biomarkers in the body. Unlike blood, sweat can be measured outside of the body with little inconvenience. While some biomarkers are produced in the sweat gland itself, most are produced elsewhere and must diffuse into sweat. These biomarkers come directly from blood or interstitial fluid which surrounds the sweat gland. However, a two-cell thick epithelium acts as barrier and dilutes most biomarkers in sweat. As a result, many biomarkers that would be useful to monitor are diluted in sweat to concentrations below what can be detected by current biosensors. This is a core challenge that must be overcome before the advantages of sweat biosensing can be fully realized. The objective of this dissertation is to develop methods of concentrating biomarkers in sweat to bring them into range of available biosensors. -
Pressure Ulcer Staging Guide
Pressure Ulcer Staging Guide Pressure Ulcer Staging Guide STAGE I STAGE IV Intact skin with non-blanchable Full thickness tissue loss with exposed redness of a localized area usually Reddened area bone, tendon, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some parts Epidermis over a bony prominence. Darkly Epidermis pigmented skin may not have of the wound bed. Often includes undermining and tunneling. The depth visible blanching; its color may Dermis of a stage IV pressure ulcer varies by Dermis differ from the surrounding area. anatomical location. The bridge of the This area may be painful, firm, soft, nose, ear, occiput, and malleolus do not warmer, or cooler as compared to have subcutaneous tissue and these adjacent tissue. Stage I may be Adipose tissue ulcers can be shallow. Stage IV ulcers Adipose tissue difficult to detect in individuals with can extend into muscle and/or Muscle dark skin tones. May indicate "at supporting structures (e.g., fascia, Muscle risk" persons (a heralding sign of Bone tendon, or joint capsule) making risk). osteomyelitis possible. Exposed bone/ Bone tendon is visible or directly palpable. STAGE II DEEP TISSUE INJURY Partial thickness loss of dermis Blister Purple or maroon localized area of Reddened area presenting as a shallow open ulcer discolored intact skin or blood-filled Epidermis with a red pink wound bed, without Epidermis blister due to damage of underlying soft slough. May also present as an tissue from pressure and/or shear. The intact or open/ruptured serum-filled Dermis area may be preceded by tissue that is Dermis blister. -
Altered Adipose Tissue and Adipocyte Function in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome
Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome C. Ronald Kahn, … , Guoxiao Wang, Kevin Y. Lee J Clin Invest. 2019;129(10):3990-4000. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI129187. Review Series Over the past decade, great progress has been made in understanding the complexity of adipose tissue biology and its role in metabolism. This includes new insights into the multiple layers of adipose tissue heterogeneity, not only differences between white and brown adipocytes, but also differences in white adipose tissue at the depot level and even heterogeneity of white adipocytes within a single depot. These inter- and intra-depot differences in adipocytes are developmentally programmed and contribute to the wide range of effects observed in disorders with fat excess (overweight/obesity) or fat loss (lipodystrophy). Recent studies also highlight the underappreciated dynamic nature of adipose tissue, including potential to undergo rapid turnover and dedifferentiation and as a source of stem cells. Finally, we explore the rapidly expanding field of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, and how adipose tissue communicates with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism both centrally and peripherally through secretion of adipocyte-derived peptide hormones, inflammatory mediators, signaling lipids, and miRNAs packaged in exosomes. Together these attributes and complexities create a robust, multidimensional signaling network that is central to metabolic homeostasis. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/129187/pdf REVIEW SERIES: MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE METABOLIC SYNDROME The Journal of Clinical Investigation Series Editor: Philipp E. Scherer Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome C. Ronald Kahn,1 Guoxiao Wang,1 and Kevin Y. -
The Mesocolon a Histological and Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Mesenteric Attachment of the Colon Prior to and After Surgical Mobilization
ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Mesocolon A Histological and Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Mesenteric Attachment of the Colon Prior to and After Surgical Mobilization Kevin Culligan, MRCS,∗ Stewart Walsh, FRCSEd,∗ Colum Dunne, PhD,∗ Michael Walsh, PhD,† Siobhan Ryan, MB,‡ Fabio Quondamatteo, MD,‡ Peter Dockery, PhD,§ and J. Calvin Coffey, FRCSI∗¶ uring fetal development, the dorsal mesentery suspends the en- Background: Colonic mobilization requires separation of mesocolon from tire gastrointestinal tract from the posterior abdominal wall. The underlying fascia. Despite the surgical importance of planes formed by these D mesocolon is the adult remnant of that part of the dorsal mesentery structures, no study has formally characterized their microscopic features. associated with the colon.1 In the adult human, the transverse and The aim of this study was to determine the histological and electron micro- lateral sigmoid portions of the mesocolon are mobile whereas the as- scopic appearance of mesocolon, fascia, and retroperitoneum, prior to and cending, descending, and medial sigmoid portions are nonmobile and after colonic mobilization. attached to underlying retroperitoneum.2–4 Classic anatomic teaching Methods: In 24 cadavers, samples were taken from right, transverse, de- maintains that the ascending and descending mesocolon “disappear” scending, and sigmoid mesocolon. In 12 cadavers, specimens were stained during embryogenesis.5,6 In keeping with this, the identification of a with hematoxylin and eosin (3 sections) or Masson trichrome (3 sections). In right or left mesocolon in the adult is frequently depicted as anoma- the second 12 cadavers, lymphatic channels were identified by staining im- lous rather than accepted as an anatomic norm.7 Accordingly, the munohistochemically for podoplanin. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
Sweat Glands • Oil Glands • Mammary Glands
Chapter 4 The Integumentary System Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The integumentary system is composed of: • Skin • Hair • Nails • Sweat glands • Oil glands • Mammary glands © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The skin is the most visible organ of the body • Clinicians can tell a lot about the overall health of the body by examining the skin • Skin helps protect from the environment • Skin helps to regulate body temperature © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Integumentary Structure and Function • Cutaneous Membrane • Epidermis • Dermis • Accessory Structures • Hair follicles • Exocrine glands • Nails © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 Functional Organization of the Integumentary System Integumentary System FUNCTIONS • Physical protection from • Synthesis and storage • Coordination of immune • Sensory information • Excretion environmental hazards of lipid reserves response to pathogens • Synthesis of vitamin D3 • Thermoregulation and cancers in skin Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures Epidermis Dermis Hair Follicles Exocrine Glands Nails • Protects dermis from Papillary Layer Reticular Layer • Produce hairs that • Assist in • Protect and trauma, chemicals protect skull thermoregulation support tips • Nourishes and • Restricts spread of • Controls skin permeability, • Produce hairs that • Excrete wastes of fingers and supports pathogens prevents water loss provide delicate • Lubricate toes epidermis penetrating epidermis • Prevents entry of -
There Are 25 Questions, Each Worth 3 Points and a Short Essay Worth 25 Points. DO YOUR OWN WORK !! Use Your Time Wisely 1. T
Mr. Holder Integumentary System – Unit 5 December 3, 2015 ARC TEST 1.0 DO NOT MARK OR WRITE ON THIS QUIZ !! There are 25 questions, each worth 3 points and a short essay worth 25 points. DO YOUR OWN WORK !! Use Your Time Wisely 1. The Integumentary System is divided into how many layers? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 6 2. What are the two major groups of membranes covering the human body? a) Epithelial & Mucus b) Cutaneous & Mucus c) Epithelial & Connective Tissue d) None of these 3. Which internal membrane provides protection for your joints? a) Serous b) Synovial c) Cutaneous d) Mucus 4. These membranes line internal cavities exposed to air & excrete a gooey substance. a) Serous b) Synovial c) Cutaneous d) Mucus 5. The Integumentary System protects the human body from … a) Friction b) Hot & Cold Temperature c) Bacteria d) All of These 6. Which stratum of the epidermis is full of keratin, cornified to prevent water loss? a) Basale b) Granulosum c) Corneum d) None of These 7. Which body system extends into the dermis to provide information to your brain? a) Cardiovascular b) Immune c) Integumentary d) Nervous 8. Subcutaneous tissue includes adipose tissue or fat. It is also known as the … a) Dermis b) Papillary Layer c) Hypodermis d) Reticular Layer 9. The dermis is divided into two layers. Which of these is the thickest? a) Papillary b) Reticular c) Basale d) Hypodermis 10. Which stratum of the epidermis is responsible for new cell production? a) Corneum b) Basale c) Granulosum d) Spinosum Page 1 Mr. -
Skin 1. Describe the Basic Histological Structure of the Skin, Identifying The
Skin lecture notes 1 Lecture objectives: skin 1. Describe the basic histological structure of the skin, identifying the layers of the skin and their embryologic origin. 2. Identify the cell layers that constitute the epidermis and the differences between thick and thin skin. 3. Describe the cellular components of the epidermis and their function: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells: 4. Describe the structural organization of the dermis and the components of the papillary and reticular layers. 5. Identify other structures present in the skin: vessels, skin sensorial receptors, hair follicles and hairs, nails and glands. 6. Understand the mechanism of skin repair 7. Describe histological findings in common skin diseases. Skin lecture notes 2 HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN The skin is the heaviest, largest single organ of the body. It protects the body against physical, chemical and biological agents. The skin participates in the maintenance of body temperature and hydration, and in the excretion of metabolites. It also contributes to homeostasis through the production of hormones, cytokines and growth factors. 1. Describe the basic histological structure of the skin, identifying the layers of the skin and their embryologic origin. The skin is composed of the epidermis, an epithelial layer of ectodermal origin and the dermis, a layer of connective tissue of mesodermal origin. The hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue, which is not considered part of the skin proper, lies deep to the dermis and is formed by loose connective tissue that typically contains adipose cells. Skin layers 2. Identify the cell layers that constitute the epidermis and the differences between thick and thin skin.