NeBIO An international journal of environment and biodiversity Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2017, 191-225 ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) ☼ www.nebio.in
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Ex situ conservation of orchids of Northeast India in Botanical Garden and National Orchidarium, Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong, Meghalaya, India - An updated checklist.
M. Murugesan*, L. R. Meitei, A.A. Mao, E. Wahlang & C. Lyngwa Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong-793003, Meghalaya, India.
ABSTRACT
The paper deals with ex situ conservation of orchids in Botanical Garden, Barapani and National Orchidarium of Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong, Meghalaya, India. A total of four hundred and nineteen species of orchids belonging to ninety four genera collected from different states of North-east India and conserved in the Botanical Garden and National Orchidarium. Each species is given with scientific name, place of collection, flowering fruiting period, habitat and IUCN status if any are provided. To facilitate easy and correct identification, as many as 198 species colour photographs are provided.
KEYWORDS: Ex situ conservation, Orchids, Botanical Garden, National Orchidarium, Botanical Survey of India, Shillong, North-east India. Received 20 July 2017, Accepted 26 August 2017 I *Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Introduction India is considered as one of the most distinct and diverse Sikkim, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh) and Indo-Burma (areas of biogeographic regions of the world. The mainland India is physio- north-east India mainly the southern part of the Brahmaputra geographically divided into three parts i.e. the Himalayan, the River covering parts of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland Indo-Gangetic plain and Peninsular/Deccan region (Chowdhery, and Tripura). These regions are very rich in endemic plant species, 2009). Chowdhery and Murti (2000) recognised 11 biogeographical which are at risk of extinction because of various anthropogenic regions in India. North-east India is one among them and is the pressure on natural habitats (Pal and Singh, 2016). most important biogeographic zone as it is the meeting point of Himalayan mountains with peninsular India. North-east India is a North-eastern states of India are very rich in genetic resources, part of 34 biodiversity hotspots of the world (Mittermeier et al. including orchids. These genetic resources are vanishing very fast 2003) comprising of eight states viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, due to anthropogenic pressure and various developmental Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura and activities are being undertaken in this region. The endemic orchids it lies between 87°32ʹE to 97°52ʹE latitude and 21°34ʹN to are the most vulnerable to such activities, because they have 29°50ʹN latitude. North-eastern states of India constitute limited distribution, poor adaptability, and often population size is approximately 7.7% of India’s total geographical area of 262,251 very small, hence there is an urgent need to direct the research Km2 (Rao, 1997) and supports about 50% of the angiospermic efforts to understand population biology, population genetics, flora, of which about 32% are endemic to this region (Rao, 1997; ecology, and mass multiplication techniques for protection of Rao, 2007; De and Medhi, 2014; De et al. 2016). these species in nature as well as bringing them into cultivation.
The north-eastern region shares its boundary with China in the The orchids belong to the family Orchidaceae constitute second north, Myanmar in the east, Bhutan to the North-west, and largest family of flowering plants and composed of five Bangladesh to the southwest. Physio-geographically, the North- subfamilies, 890 genera and more than 25,000-30,000 species in east India can be divided into three divisions namely, the the world (Cribb et al. 2003; Chowdhery, 2009) which constitutes Meghalaya Plateau, North-eastern hills and the Brahmaputra about 10% of angiospermic plant species of the world (Dressler, Valley. The North-eastern hills constitute approximately 65% of 1981). They are very beautiful and unique and also one of the the total landmass of the North-eastern states of India. This most ecological and evolutionary significant plants and have region is unique, because here the landmass of the southern successfully colonized almost every habitat on Earth. They are hemisphere meets with that of the northern hemisphere and found growing in all habitats except glaciers. North-east India is forms a transition zone (Singh, 2010). The altitude of this region home for about 950 species belonging to 165 genera of orchids ranges between ca. 100 and ca. 7000 m above the sea level and out of the 1350 species belonging to 186 genera which are climate ranges from tropical to alpine. There are two biodiversity reported from India so far. As many as 404 out of 1350 species of hotspots in this region namely Himalayan (covering the states of orchids are endemic to India (Misra, 2007; Hegde, 2017). Also a
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CHECKLIST Murugesan et al » Ex situ conservation of orchids of NE India in BSI-Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong - An updated checklist » NeBIO 8(3): 191-225 ------number of new species being described every year from this Nepenthes House, Medicinal plants, Zingiber, Cyathea, region. Out of 404 species which are endemic to India, 209 Bambusetum, Piper, Citrus, Musa and Wild edible fruits. Also, the species and 6 varieties belonging to 52 genera are endemic in garden possesses an aquatic pond for the conservation of aquatic North-east region. (Pal and Singh, 2016; Hegde, 2017). As many plants. Few dominant genera of orchids which are conserved in as 34 species of orchids from North-east India are listed among the garden are Dendrobium (40 spp.), Bulbophyllum (18 spp.) the threatened plants of India (Nayar and Sastry, 1987, 1988, Coelogyne (17 spp.), Cymbidium (11 spp.), Liparis (10 spp.), 1990; Ahmedullah et al. 1999) and 85 species are endemic to this Oberonia (08 spp.), Paphiopedilum (5 spp.) etc. Besides, many region (Das and Deori, 1983). interesting terrestrial orchids are also conserved.
The diversity and population of orchid is decreasing due to human National Orchidarium, Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional activities such as habitat destruction, degradation and Centre, Shillong fragmentation and over harvesting of selected orchids for National Orchidarium was established in 1959 to conserve the commercial trade (Pant et al., 1999). The increase in population vast wild orchid germplasm. Presently about 300 species of led to increase in demand for food, shelter etc. thus clearing of orchids collected from different parts of north-east India are under forest areas for cultivation, timber, industries, etc. has been conservation in the Orchidarium and office premises. Some of the increasing rapidly destroying many natural habitats (Medhi and noteworthy genera which are conserved are Dendrobium (35 spp.), Chakrabarti, 2009). Orchids are very sensitive to environmental Bulbophyllum (21 spp.) Coelogyne (18 spp.), Cymbidium (14 spp.), change and are a subject of great concern at present for their Liparis (12 spp.), Oberonia (11 spp.), Paphiopedilum (7 spp.) etc. conservation (Medhi and Chakrabarti, 2009; De et al. 2012). All Besides, many interesting species like Anoectochilus brevilabris, the species of family Orchidaceae are listed in the Appendix II of A. roxburghii, Acanthephippium sylhetense, Armodorum Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild senapatianum, Bulbophyllum rothschildianum, Cymbidium Fauna and Flora (CITES) (Chugh et al. 2009). The genus dayanaum, Neogyna gardneriana, Paphiopedilum venustum, P. Paphiopedilum (10 spp.) and Renanthera imschootiana from this fairrieanum, Renanthera imschootiana etc. are also conserved in region are included in Appendix I. To prevent the loss of orchid this orchidarium. species which have been facing threat of extinction, special conservation measures through ex situ method is needed (Sinha et al. 2017). In view of these facts many of the orchid species collected from their natural habitats are being introduced in both Botanical Garden, Barapani as well as National Orchidarium, Shillong.
Ex situ conservation “Ex situ conservation involves preservation and maintenance of samples of living organisms outside their natural habitat, in the form of whole plants, seeds, pollen, vegetative propagules, tissue or cell cultures. These techniques are generally used to complement in situ conservation, but in some cases they are the only possible techniques to conserve certain species” (Ramsay et al., 2000). Among the various ex situ conservation methods the most common are cultivation in botanic gardens, seed storage, and in vitro cultivation. Orchids are one of the economically important group of plants for their uses in floriculture, medicine and food industries. Botanical gardens serve as "Refugio" for many natural plants that are dwindle in their natural habitat and is one of the best ex situ conservation method for orchid germplasm (Sinha et al. 2017).
Botanical Garden, Botanical Survey of India, Eastern regional Centre, Shillong. The Botanical Garden is located about 22 km away from Shillong near Umiam Lake at Barapani having an area of about 25 acres, at Figure 1. Location map of Botanical Garden and National an altitude of 900 m (Fig.1). The garden is enriched by rich Orchidarium, Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, collections of many economic, rare and interesting plants of Shillong, Meghalaya, India. North-east India and germplasm of Musa, Bamboos, Zingibers, Taxus, Pipers, Citrus and Orchids etc. The garden is divided into Materials and methods different sections viz. Nursery, Orchidarium, Fern House, Field trips were conducted to various states of North-east India since the establishment of this centre (1959) to collect RET and 192 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.in
CHECKLIST Murugesan et al » Ex situ conservation of orchids of NE India in BSI-Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong - An updated checklist » NeBIO 8(3): 191-225 ------other economically important plant species by various scientists However, a considerable number of orchids which are planted and co-workers of this centre for ex situ germplasm conservation here are very delicious, habitat and altitude specific and hence in Botanical Garden, Barapani and National Orchidarium, Shillong, could not survive. Recently, Sinha et al. (2017) published the Meghalaya, India. All the orchids which were collected during preliminary checklist on ex situ conservation of orchids with 269 different exploration tours are planted in Botanical Garden and species. However, in the past two years frequent field trips were National Orchidarium. All the data such as scientific name of the conducted to various parts of Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and plant, name of collector, place and date of collection, altitude, Mizoram by various scientists and co-workers of this centre. habitat and short description of the plant were noted. Also, Consequently, another 150 species of orchids are introduced in photographs were taken for all the species. The orchids are both Botanical Garden, Barapani and National Orchidarium. transplanted either on tree trunks in shady areas or in earthen pots which are kept in the Orchidariums. Regular watering and Till date, a total of four hundred and nineteen species belonging monitoring are being done. The plants are continuously monitored to 94 genera are surviving and growing well. Among the 419 for recording phenological data. The list of orchids with its species, 306 species are epiphytic, 88 are terrestrial, 25 grow as scientific name, place of collection, habitat, flowering and fruiting both epiphytic & terrestrial. Among the 94 genera reported, genus period and IUCN status if any are given in Table 1. Dendrobium is the dominant one with 66 species followed by, Bulbophyllum (46 spp.), Coelogyne (25 spp.), Cymbidium (19 spp.), Results and Discussion Liparis (17 spp.) and Eria with 15 species. Similarly the genus such Till now over 600 species of orchids were introduced in both as Anthogonium, Aphyllorchis, Arachnis, Armodorum, Bryobium, Botanical Garden, Barapani and National Orchidarium, Shillong. Bulleyia, Callostylis, Cheirostylis, Cleisocentron, Cleisomeria,
Table 1. List of orchids planted in Botanical Garden and National Orchidarium, Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
S. No. Binomial Name Place of Collection Flowering & Fruiting Habitats 1. Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr. Manipur, Meghalaya February- April E 2. Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann Meghalaya November-January E 3. Acampe rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) P.F.Hunt Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya February-May E 4. Acanthephippium striatum Lindl. Meghalaya, Nagaland May-July T 5. Acanthephippium sylhetense Lindl. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram May-July T 6. Aerides multiflora Roxb. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya April-June E 7. Aerides odorata Lour. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya May-July E 8. Aerides rosea Lodd. ex Lindl. & Paxton Meghalaya July-September E 9. Agrostophyllum brevipes King & Pantl. Meghalaya, Mizoram July-August E 10. Agrostophyllum callosum Rchb.f. Manipur, Meghalaya May-July E,T 11. Agrostophyllum planicaule (Wall. ex Lindl.) Rchb.f. Assam June-August E 12. Anoectochilus brevilabris Lindl. Meghalaya October-December E,T 13. Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. Assam, Meghalaya October-December E,T 14. Anthogonium gracile Wall. ex Lindl. Manipur, Meghalaya July-September T 15. Aphyllorchis montana Rchb.f. Meghalaya May-July T 16. Apostasia nuda R.Br. Meghalaya October-December T 17. Apostasia wallichii R.Br. Meghalaya June-August T 18. Arachnis labrosa (Lindl. & Paxton) Rchb.f. Manipur May-August E 19. Armodorum senapatianum Phukan & Mao Manipur May-July E 20. Arundina graminifolia var graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram May-September T 21. Arundina graminifolia var. revoluta (Hook.f.) A.L.Lamb Meghalaya August-November T 22. Ascocentrum ampullaceum (Roxb.) Schltr. Assam, Manipur April-June E 23. Ascocentrum himalaicum (Deb, Sengupta & Malick) Nagaland November-January E Christenson 24. Brachycorythis galeandra (Rchb.f.) Summerh. Manipur, Meghalaya June-August T 25. Brachycorythis obcordata (D.Don) Summerh. Meghalaya June-August T 26. Bryobium pudicum (Ridl.) Y.P.Ng & P.J.Cribb Meghalaya, Mizoram June-August E,T 27. Bulbophyllum affine Wall. ex Lindl. Mizoram May-July E 28. Bulbophyllum ambrosia (Hance) Schltr. Meghalaya November-January E 29. Bulbophyllum appendiculatum (Rolfe) J.J.Sm. Arunachal Pradesh January-February E 30. Bulbophyllum bisetum Lindl. Meghalaya July-September E 31. Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook.) Spreng. Meghalaya, Mizoram November-January E 32. Bulbophyllum cariniflorum Rchb.f. Meghalaya July-September E 33. Bulbophyllum cauliflorum Hook.f. Meghalaya, Nagaland July-September E 34. Bulbophyllum colomaculosum Z.H.Tsi & S.C.Chen Nagaland March-April E 35. Bulbophyllum crassipes Hook.f. Meghalaya October-December E 193 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.in
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36. Bulbophyllum cylindraceum Wall. ex Lindl. Meghalaya December-February E 37. Bulbophyllum delitescens Hance Meghalaya, Mizoram June-July E 38. Bulbophyllum elatum (J. D. Hooker) J. J. Smith Nagaland May-June E 39. Bulbophyllum fischeri Seidenf. Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim October-November E 40. Bulbophyllum forrestii Seidenf. Meghalaya July-September E 41. Bulbophyllum gamblei (Hook.f.) Hook.f. Manipur February-April E 42. Bulbophyllum griffithii (Lindl.)Rchb.f. Meghalaya August-October E 43. Bulbophyllum guttulatum (Hook.f.) N.P. Balakr. Meghalaya July-September E 44. Bulbophyllum gymnopus Hook.f. Meghalaya, Mizoram December- February E 45. Bulbophyllum helenae (Kuntze) J.J.Sm. Meghalaya July-September E 46. Bulbophyllum hirtum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall. Meghalaya November-January E 47. Bulbophyllum hymenanthum Hook.f. Meghalaya May-July E 48. Bulbophyllum khasyanum Griff. Meghalaya May-July E 49. Bulbophyllum leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl. ex Wall. Manipur, Meghalaya May-July E 50. Bulbophyllum moniliforme E.C. Parish & Rchb.f. Meghalaya June-August E 51. Bulbophyllum nodosum (Rolfe) J.J.Smith Nagaland June-August E 52. Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram June-August E 53. Bulb ophyllum parviflorum E.C. Parish & Rchb.f. Mizoram March-April E 54. Bulbophyllum pectinatum Finet Nagaland March-May E 55. Bulbphyllum picturatum (Lodd.) Rchb.f. Meghalaya March-May E 56. Bulbophyllum polyrhizum Lindl. Mizoram March-May E 57. Bulbophyllum propinquum Kraenzl. Mizoram January-March E
58. Bulbophyllum pteroglossum Schltr. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya November-January E 59. Bulbophyllum repens Griff. Meghalaya May-July E 60. Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.) Lindl. ex Wall. Meghalaya, Mizoram October-December E 61. Bulbophyllum retusiusculum Rchb.f. Nagaland September-December E 62. Bulbophyllum rothschildianum (O'Brien) J.J. Sm. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam March-May E 63. Bulbophyllum scabratum Rchb.f. Meghalaya April-June E 64. Bulbophyllum secundum J. D. Hooker Nagaland May-July E 65. Bulbophyllum skeatianum Ridl. Nagaland April-June E 66. Bulbophyllum sterile (Lam.) Suresh Meghalaya June-August E 67. Bulbophyllum striatum (Griff.) Rchb.f. Meghalaya September-November E 68. Bulbophyllum trichocephalum (Schltr.) T. Tang & F.T. Wang Nagaland June-August E 69. Bulbophyllum umbellatum Lindl. Meghalaya, Mizoram July-September E 70. Bulbophyllum viridiflorum (Hook.f.) Schltr. Nagaland June-August E 71. Bulbophyllum wallichii (Lindley) H. G. Reichenbach Nagaland March-May E 72. Bulbophyllum yoksunense J.J.Sm. Nagaland June-August E 73. Bulleyia yunnanensis Schlechter** Nagaland July-August E 74. Calanthe biloba Lindl. Manipur September-December T 75. Calanthe brevicornu Lindl. Meghalaya April-July T 76. Calanthe clavata Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya November-February T 77. Calanthe densiflora Lindl. Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland August-September T 78. Calanthe hancockii Rolfe Nagaland April-June T 79. Calanthe herbacea Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh July-October T 80. Calanthe mannii Hook.f.***** Manipur April-July T 81. Calanthe puberula Lindl. Meghalaya June-August T 82. Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl. Meghalaya, Mizoram July-October T 83. Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames Manipur, Meghalaya January-April T 84. Callostylis bambusifolia (Lindl.) S.C.Chen &J.J.Wood. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram November-January E 85. Cephalantheropsis longipes (Hook.f.) Ormerod. Meghalaya November-January T 86. Cephalantheropsis obcordata (Lindl.) Ormerod Manipur, Mizoram October-December T 87. Ceratostylis subulata Blume Meghalaya, Mizoram Nagaland June-August E 88. Ceratostylis himalaica Hook.f. Meghalaya, Manipur May-July E 89. Ceratostylis radiata J.J. Smith Nagaland August-September E 90. Cheirostylis griffithii Lindl Mizoram August-October T 91. Chiloschista lunifera (Rchb.f.) J.J.Sm. Mizoram April-June E 92. Chiloschista parishii Seidenf. Nagaland March-May E 93. Chiloschista usneoides (D.Don) Lindl. Meghalaya June-August E 94. Cleisocentron pallens (Cathcart ex Lindl.) N.Pearce & Nagaland June-August E P.J.Cribb 95. Cleisomeria pilosulum (Gagnep.) Seidenf. & Garay Manipur May-July E 96. Cleisostoma appendiculatum (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook.f. Manipur August-October E exB.D.Jacks.
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97. Cleisostoma aspersum (Rchb.f.) Garay Meghalaya June-August E 98. Cleisostoma duplicilobum (J.J. Sm.) Garay Nagaland July-August E 99. Cleisostoma filiforme (Lindl.) Garay Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, July-August E Nagaland 100. Cleisostoma paniculatum (Ker Gawl.) Garay Manipur June-September E 101. Cleisosto ma racemiferum (Lindl.) Garay Meghalaya, Nagaland May-August E 102. Cleisostoma simondii (Gagnep.) Seidenf. Arunachal Pradesh August-October E 103. Cleisostoma subulatum Blume Meghalaya, Mizoram Nagaland March-May E 104. Cleisostoma tenuifolium (L.) Garay Nagaland August-September E 105. Cleisostoma williamsonii (Rchb.f.) Garay Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland April-June E 106. Coelogyne barbata Lindl. exGriff. Meghalaya September-November E 107. Coelogyne calcicola Kerr. Nagaland April-May E 108. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh March-May E 109. Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, March-May E 110. Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl. Meghalaya May-July E 111. Coelogyne flaccida Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, February-May E Nagaland 112. Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl. Meghalaya, Manipur August-October E 113. Coelogyne griffithii Hook.f. Nagaland April-June E 114. Coelogyne hitendrae S.Das & S.K.Jain Nagaland March-May E 115. Coelogyne holochila P.F.Hunt&Summerh. Arunachal Pradesh March-May E 116. Coelogyne longipes Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland March-May E 117. Coelogyne micrantha Lindl. Meghalaya, Nagaland February-April E 118. Coelogyne mishmensis Gogoi Nagaland July-October E 119. Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D.Don) Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, May-July E Manipur 120. Coelogyne occultata Hook.f. Arunachal Pradesh May-July E 121. Coelogyne ovalis Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, September-November E Nagaland 122. Coelogyne prolifera Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, March-June E Meghalaya, Nagaland 123. Coelogyne punctulata Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, March-June E Mizoram, Nagaland 124. Coelogyne radicosa Ridl. Nagaland February-May E 125. Coelogyne raizadae S.K.Jain & S.Das Meghalaya April-May E 126. Coelogyne rigida E.C.Parish & Rchb.f. Meghalaya, Nagaland June-August E 127. Coelogyne schultesii S.K.Jain & S.Das Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland March-May E 128. Coelogyne stricta (D.Don) Schltr. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram March-June E 129. Coelogyne suaveolens (Lindl.) Hook.f. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, March-May E Nagaland 130. Coelogyne viscosa Rchb.f. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram January-May E 131. Conchidium muscicola (Lindl.) Rauschert Meghalaya, Mizoram June-August E 132. Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume Assam April-August T 133. Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur May-August T 134. Crepidium calophyllum (Rchb.f.) Szlach. Meghalaya, Nagaland June-September T
135. Crepidium josephianum (Rchb.f.) Marg. Nagaland June-August T 136. Crepidium khasianum (Hook.f.) Szlach. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya May-August T 137. Crepidium maximowiczianum (King & Pantl.) Szlach. Meghalaya June-August T 138. Crepidium purpureum (Lindl.) Szlach. Meghalaya June-August T 139. Cryptochilus luteus Lindl. Nagaland June-September E 140. Cryptochilus sanguineus Wall. Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, June-September E Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura 141. Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, April-July E Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura 142. Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. Meghalaya March-June E 143. Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f. Meghalaya August-October E 144. Cymbidium devonianum Paxton Meghalaya April-July E 145. Cymbidium eburneum Lindl.*** Meghalaya, Manipur February-May E 146. Cymbidium elegans Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya October-December E 147. Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. Meghalaya December-February E 148. Cymbidium ensifolium var. munronianum (King & Pantl.) Meghalaya April-June E T. Tang & F.T. Wang 149. Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. Meghalaya September-November E
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150. Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f.*** Meghalaya February-April E 151. Cymbidium iridioides D.Don Arunachal Pradesh October-December E 152. Cymbidium insigne Rolfe Meghalaya, Manipur March-May E,T 153. Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. Mizoram May-July E,T 154. Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland March-May E 155. Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. Meghalaya June-August E,T 156. Cymbidium mastersii Griff.ex Lindl. Meghalaya October-December E,T 157. Cymbidi um sinense (Jacks.) Willd. Meghalaya September-November E 158. Cymbidium tracyanum L.Castle Meghalaya, Sikkim July-August E 159. Cymbidium tigrinum C.S.P.Parish ex Hook.***** Manipur May-June E 160. Dendrobium acinaciforme Roxb. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram July-August E 161. Dendrobium aduncum Lindl. Meghalaya April-June E 162. Dendrobium albopurpureum (Seidenf.) Schuit. & Peter Manipur May-July E B.Adams
163. Dendrobium amplum Lindl. Meghalaya October-December E 164. Dendrobium anceps Sw. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya December-February E 165. Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl. Manipur May-July E 166. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C.E.C.Fisch. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,Mizoram, March-June E Nagaland, Tripura 167. Dendrobium arunachalense C.Deori, S.K.Sarma, Phukan Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland March-June E & A.A.Mao 168. Dendrobium bicameratum Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram July-September E 169. Dendrobium brymerianum Rchb.f. Manipur June-August E 170. Den drobium chapaense Aver. Mizoram July-September E
171. Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland July-September E
172. Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe Meghalaya June-August E
173. Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura March-May E
174. Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl. & Paxton Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram March-May E
175. Dendrobium cumulatum Lindl. Nagaland May-July E 176. Dendrobium delacourii Guillaumin Manipur May-July E 177. Dendrobium denneanum Kerr Nagaland May-July E
178. Dendrobium densiflorum Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, April-June E Nagaland
179. Dendrobium denudans D.Don Meghalaya September- November E
180. Dendrobium devonianum Paxton Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland May-July E 181. Dendrobium draconis Rchb.f. Manipur June-September E
182. Dendrobium eriiflorum Griff. Meghalaya October-December E
183. Dendrobium falconeri Hook. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram April-June E
184. Dendrobium farmeri Paxton Arunachal Pradesh May-July E
185. Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura March-May E,T
186. Dendrobium formosum Roxb. ex Lindl. Manipur, Meghalaya April-June E 187. Dendrobium fugax Rchb.f. Mizoram, Nagaland July-September E 188. Dendrobium fuscescens Griff. Mizoram November-December E
189. Dendrobium gibsonii Paxton Meghalaya April-June E
190. Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl. Manipur March-May E
191. Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl. Assam, Meghalaya March-May E
192. Dendrobium infundibulum Lindl. Manipur, Mizoram January-March E
193. Dendrobium jenkinsii Wall. ex Lindl. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland April-June E 194. Dendr obium khasianum Deori Meghalaya, Nagaland March-June E
195. Dendrobium lindleyi Steud. Mizoram June-August E
196. Dendrobium lituiflorum Lindl. Manipur, Nagaland February-April E
197. Dendrobium longicornu Lindl. Meghalaya, Mizoram September-November E 198. Dendrobium macraei Lindl. Meghalaya March-May E 199. Dendrobium mannii Ridl. Manipur April-June E
200. Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura May-July E,T
201. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, April-June E Mizoram 202. Dendrobium numaldeorii C.Deori, Hynn. & Phukan Nagaland June-July E
203. Dendrobium ochreatum Lindl. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram April-June E
204. Dendrobium palpebrae Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh April-June E
205. Dendrobium parcum Rchb.f. Mizoram February-April E
206. Dendrobium parishii Rchb.f. Manipur May-July E 207. Dendrobium peguanum Lindl. Sikkim December-January E
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208. Dendrobium pendulum Roxb. Mizoram January-March E
209. Dendrobium porphyrochilum Lindl. Meghalaya April-June E
210. Dendrobium polyanthum Wall. ex Lindl. Mizoram January-March E 211. Dendrobium praecinctum Rchb.f. Meghalaya May-July E 212. Dendrobium primulinum Lindley Nagaland April-July E
213. Dendrobium pulchellum Roxb. ex Lindl. Manipur March-May E
214. Dendrobium ruckeri Lindl. Meghalaya March-June E 215. Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl. Meghalaya May-July E 216. Dendrobium sociale J.J.Smith Nagaland May-July E
217. Dendrobium spatella Rchb.f. Manipur April-June E
218. Dendrobium stuposum Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya May-July E 219. Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl. Meghalaya May-July E 220. Dendrobium terminale Parish & Rchb.f. Meghalaya August-October E 221. Dendrobium thyrsiflorum B.S.Williams Manipur March-May E
222. Dendrobium transparens Wall. ex Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, March-May E Mizoram, Tripura 223. Dendrobium tuensangense N. Odyuo & C. Deori Nagaland April-July E
224. Dendrobium wardianum R.Warner Manipur, Mizoram March-May E 225. Dendrobium williamsonii Day & Rchb.f. Manipur, Meghalaya April-June E 226. Dienia ophrydis (J.Koenig) Seidenf. Meghalaya June-August T
227. Diploprora championii (Lindl.) Hook.f. Meghalaya March-May E 228. Epigeneium fuscescens (Griff.) Summerh. Meghalaya October-December E 229. Epigeneium treutleri (J. D. Hooker) Ormerod Nagaland October-December E 230. Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl. Manipur, Meghalaya May-July T 231. Eria apertiflora Summerh. Assam, Meghalaya August- October E
232. Eria biflora Griff. Manipur, Meghalaya February-April E 233. Eria clausa King & Pantling Nagaland March-May E 234. Eria clavicaulis Wall. ex Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam December-January E
235. Eria coronaria (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Meghalaya October-December E
236. Eria ferruginea Lindl. Meghalaya May-July E 237. Eria glandulifera Deori & Phukan Meghalaya April-May E 238. Eria globulifera Seidenf. Nagaland April-July E
239. Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume Meghalaya, Manipur July-September E
240. Eria lasiopetala (Willd.) Ormerod Meghalaya, Manipur March-May E 241. Eria merguensis Lindl. Mizoram May-July E 242. Eria paniculata Lindl. Meghalaya February-April E 243. Eria sutepensis Rolfe ex Downie Nagaland April-May E 244. Eria tomentosa (J.Koenig) Hook.f. Meghalaya, Manipur April-July E 245. Eria vittata Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh February-April E 246. Esmeralda cathcartii (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland February-April E 247. Esmeralda clarkei Rchb.f. Meghalaya, Mizoram December-February E
248. Eulophia graminea Lindl. Manipur January-March T 249. Euloph ia pauciflora Guillaumin Meghalaya (New to India) June-August T 250. Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, April-July T Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland 251. Eulophia zollingeri (Rchb. f.) J.J. Smith Nagaland February-May T 252. Flic kingeria abhaycharanii Phukan & A.A.Mao Manipur, Nagaland January-March E 253. Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) D.Don* Meghalaya, Mizoram May-July E 254. Gastrochilus dasypogon (Sm.) Kuntze Assam, Arunachal Pradesh December-February E 255. Gastrochilus distichus (Lindl.) Kuntze Mizoram February-May E 256. Gastrochilus inconspicuous (Hook.f.) Kuntze Meghalaya June-August E
257. Gastrochilus obliquus (Lindl.) Kuntze Manipur October-December E 258. Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. Manipur May-July T
259. Goodyera foliosa (Lindl.) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke Meghalaya, Mizoram August-October T 260. Goodyera hispida Lindl. Meghalaya August-October T 261. Goodyera procera (Ker Gawl.) Hook. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram February-April T 262. Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb.f. Nagaland September-November T 263. Habenaria acuifera Wall. ex Lindl. Manipur. Meghalaya May-July T 264. Habenaria arietina J. D. Hooker Nagaland July-August T 265. Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. Meghalaya September-December T 266. Habenaria khasiana Hook.f. Meghalaya July-September T 267. Habenaria malleifera Hook.f. Nagaland June-July T 268. Habenaria pectinata D.Don. Meghalaya July-August T
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269. HabenariaH reniformis (D.Don) Hook. Meghalaya July-September T 270. Habenaria stenopetala Lindley Nagaland August-October T 271. Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.)Vuikj. Meghalaya June-August T 272. Hetae ria affinis (Griffith) Seidenfaden & Ormerod Nagaland March-April T 273. Hygrochilus parishii (Veitch& Rchb.f.) Pfitzer Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur April-June T 274. Liparis acuminata Hook.f. Meghalaya May-July T 275. Liparis bistriata E.C.Parish & Rchb.f. Meghalaya June-August T 276. Liparis bootanensis Griff. Meghalaya June-August T 277. Liparis caespitosa (Lam.) Lindl. Meghalaya June-September T 278. Liparis cordifolia Hook.f. Mizoram July-September T 279. Liparis deflexa Hook.f. Meghalaya June-August T 280. Liparis distans C.B.Clarke Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, October-December E Nagaland 281. Liparis elliptica Wight Meghalaya September-November T 282. Liparis formosana Rchb.f. Nagaland February-may T 283. Liparis luteola Lindl. Meghalaya April-June T 284. Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. Meghalaya May-July T 285. Liparis odorata (Willd.) Lindl. Meghalaya May-July T 286. Liparis plantaginea Lindl. Manipur, Meghalaya May-July T 287. Liparis stricklandiana Rchb.f. Meghalaya September-December T 288. Liparis viridiflora ( Blume) Lindl. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram September-November T 289. Luisia brachystachys (Lindl.) Blume Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya April-July E 290. Luisia filiformis Hook.f. Meghalaya April-July E 291. Luisia trichorrhiza (Hook.) Blume Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, March-May E Sikkim 292. Luisia tristis (G. Frost) Hook.f. Meghalaya May-July E 293. Micropera mannii (Hook.f.) Tang &F.T.Wang Meghalaya June-August E 294. Micropera obtusa (Lindl.) Tang & Wang Meghalaya July-September E 295. Micropera pallida (Roxb.) Lindl. Meghalaya, Assam March-April E 296. Micropera rostrata (Roxb.) N.P.Balakr. Assam, Meghalaya April-June E 297. Mischobulbum megalanthum Tang & F.T.Wang Meghalaya April-June T 298. Mycaranthes floribunda (D.Don) S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood. Meghalaya May-June E
299. Mycaranthes pannea (Lindl.) S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood Manipur, Meghalaya Mizoram April-July E
300. Neogyna gardneriana (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Meghalaya, Mizoram October-December E
301. Nephelaphyllum cordifolium (Lindl.) Blume Meghalaya May-August T
302. Nephelaphyllum pulchrum var. sikkimensis Hook.f. Meghalaya May-August T
303. Oberonia acaulis Griff. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram June-August E 304. Oberonia caulescens Lindl. Mizoram August-October E 305. Oberonia ensiformis (Sm.) Lindl. Meghalaya October-December E
306. Oberonia jenkinsiana Griff. ex Lindl. Meghalaya October-December E
307. Oberonia mannii Hook.f. Meghalaya April-June E
308. Oberonia mucronata (D.Don) Ormerod & Seidenf. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur Meghalaya, October-December E Mizoram 309. Oberonia obcordata Lindl. Meghalaya October-December E
310. Oberonia pachyrachis Rchb.f. ex Hook.f. Meghalaya February-April E 311. Oberonia pumilio Rchb.f. Meghalaya, Nagaland May-June E
312. Oberonia pyrulifera Lindl. Meghalaya September-November E 313. Oberonia rufilabris Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya September-November E 314. Oberonia teres Kerr Meghalaya June-August E 315. Odontochilus elwesii C.B. Clarke ex Hook.f. Meghalaya June-August T 316. Odontochilus lanceolatus (Lindley) Blume Nagaland June-September T
317. Ornithochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. Mizoram, Meghalaya June-August E 318. Otochilus albus Lindl. Meghalaya November-January E
319. Otochilus fuscus Lindl. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram November-January E 320. Otochilus lancilabius Seidenfaden Nagaland October-November E
321. Otochilus porrectus Lindl. Meghalaya October-December E 322. Panisea panchaseensis Subedi Nagaland August-October E
323. Panisea tricallosa Rolfe Manipur, Mizoram April-July E
324. Panisea uniflora (Lindl.) Lindl. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram April-June E 325. Paphiopedilum druryi (Bedd.) Stein.* Yercaud (Tamil Nadu) November-January E,T 326. Paphiopedilum fairrieanum (Lindl.) Stein* Arunachal Pradesh August-October E,T 327. Paphiopedi lum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein*** Meghalaya April-July E,T 328. Paphiopedilum insigne (Wall. ex Lindl.) Pfitzer** Meghalaya November-February E,T
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329. Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer** Assam, Mizoram September-December E,T 330. Paphiopedilum venustum (Wall. ex Sims) Pfitzer** Manipur, Meghalaya February-May E,T 331. Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein*** Mizoram September-December E,T
332. Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, May-July E Tripura 333. Papilionanthe uniflora (Lindl.) Garay Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, September-October E Nagaland, Sikkim
334. Papilionanthe vandarum (Rchb.f.) Garay Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland April-June E
335. Pelatantheria insectifera (Rchb.f.) Ridl. Manipur April-June E 336. Penkimia nagalandensis Phukan & Odyuo Nagaland February-March E 337. Pennilabium labanyaeanum C.Deori, N.Odyuo & A.A.Mao Meghalaya, Nagaland July-August E 338. Peristylus goodyeroides (D.Don) Lindl. Meghalaya May-July T 339. Peristylus lacertifer (Lindl.) J.J.Sm. Meghalaya August-October T 340. Peristylus mannii (Rchb.f.) Mukerjee. Meghalaya June-August T 341. Peristylus parishii Rchb.f. Meghalaya, Nagaland May-July T
342. Phaius flavus (Blume) Lindl. Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland March-May T
343. Phaius mishmensis (Lindl. & Paxton) Rchb.f. Meghalaya, Nagaland October-December T
344. Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland March-July T 345. Phalaenopsis deliciosa Rchb.f. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim May-July E 346. Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. hookeriana (O.Gruss & Meghalaya August-October E
Roellke) Christenson
347. Phalaenopsis mannii Rchb.f. Meghalaya, Mizoram May-July E
348. Phalaenopsis parishii Rchb.f. Manipur March-May E
349. Phalaenopsis taenialis (Lindl.) Christenson & Pradhan Meghalaya, Nagaland May-July E
350. Pholidota articulata Lindl. Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland April-July E 351. Pholidota chinensis Lindl.**** Nagaland April-June E
352. Pholidota convallariae (E.C.Parish & Rchb.f.) Hook.f. Meghalaya March-May E
353. Pholidota imbricata Lindl. Meghalaya, Mizoram April-June E 354. Pholidota katakiana Phukan Meghalaya April-July E 355. Pholidota pallida Lindl. Meghalaya April-July E 356. Pholidota protracta J. D. Hooker Nagaland October-November E 357. Pholidota rubra Lindl. Meghalaya October-December E 358. Pholidota wattii King & Pantl.***** Arunachal Pradesh June-August E 359. Phreatia elegans Lindl. Meghalaya, Nagaland June-August E 360. Phreatia laxiflora (Blume) Lindl. Meghalaya February- April E
361. Pinalia acervata (Lindl.) Kuntze Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram June-August E 362. Pinalia amica (Rchb.f.) Kuntze. Meghalaya, Mizoram February-April E 363. Pinalia bipunctata (Lindl.) Kuntze. Meghalaya, Mizoram July-September E 364. Pinalia bractescens (Lindl.) Kuntze Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, April- May E Sikkim 365. Pinalia excavata (Lindl.) Kuntze Mizoram May-July E 366. Pinalia graminifolia (Lindl.) Kuntze Arunachal Pradesh, Assam August-September E 367. Pinalia pumila (Lindl.) Kuntze Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, March-May E Sikkim 368. Pinalia spicata (D.Don) S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood. Assam, Meghalaya July-September E
369. Pinalia stricta (Lindl.) Kuntze Assam, Meghalaya January-March E 370. Pleione humilis (Sm.) D.Don Meghalaya January-March E,T 371. Pleione maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. & Paxton Meghalaya September-November E,T 372. Pleione praecox (Sm.) D.Don Meghalaya October-December E,T 373. Podochilus khasianus Hook.f. Meghalaya, Nagaland July-September E 374. Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet Meghalaya June-August E 375. Porpax gigantea Deori Mizoram, Meghalaya May-July E 376. Pteroceras teres (Blume) Holttum Meghalaya April-July E 377. Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe** Manipur, Nagaland March-June E,T
378. Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, March-June E,T Tripura
379. Robiquetia spathulata (Blume) J.J.Sm. Assam, Mizoram July-October E 380. Robiquetia succisa (Lindl.) Seidenf. & Garay. Meghalaya September-November E
381. Saccolabiopsis pusilla (Lindl.) Seidenf. & Garay Manipur January-April E 382. Satyrium nepalense D.Don Meghalaya September-December T
383. Schoenorchis gemmata (Lindl.) J.J.Sm. Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram April-June E
384. Smitinandia micrantha (Lindl.) Holttum Manipur May-August E 385. Spathoglottis ixioides (D.Don) Lindl. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim July-August T
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386. Spathoglottis pubescens Lindl. Meghalaya August-November T 387. Stereochilus hirtus Lindl. Meghalaya, Nagaland August-October E 388. Sunipi a bicolor Lindl. Meghalaya July-September E 389. Sunipia candida (Lindl.) P.F. Hunt. Meghalaya July-September E 390. Sunipia cirrhata (Lindl.) P.F. Hunt. Meghalaya October-December E 391. Sunipia scariosa Lindl. Meghalaya, Nagaland March-May E 392. Taeniophyllum glandulosum Blume Meghalaya May-July E
393. Tainia angustifolia (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook.f. Meghalaya September-December T
394. Tainia latifolia (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Manipur, Meghalaya February-May T
395. Tainia minor Hook.f. Meghalaya, Nagaland March-June T 396. Tainia viridifusca (Hook.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Meghalaya February-May T
397. Thelasis bifolia Hook.f. Meghalaya June-August E
398. Thelasis khasiana Hook.f. Meghalaya June-September E 399. Thelasis longifolia Hook.f. Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim July-August E
400. Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Lindl. Meghalaya May-August E 401. Thrixspermum musciflorum A.S. Rao & J. Joseph Meghalaya June-August E
402. Thunia alba (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura May-July E,T 403. Thunia alba var. bracteata (Roxb.) N.Pearce & P.J.Cribb Meghalaya May-July E,T 404. Thunia marshalliana Rchb.f. Meghalaya, Mizoram May-July E,T 405. Trichotosia dasyphylla (E.C.Parish & Rchb.f.) Kraenzl. Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland May-July E 406. Trichotosia pulvinata (Lindl.) Kraenzl. Meghalaya March-May E
407. Uncifera acuminata Lindl. Meghalaya August-October E 408. Uncifera obtusifolia Lindl. Meghalaya July-September E
409. Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl. Meghalaya June-August E
410. Vanda bicolor Griff. Meghalaya January-May E 411. Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl.***** Manipur, Meghalaya September-December E
412. Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl. Meghalaya April-June E
413. Vanda stangeana Rchb.f. Manipur March-July E 414. Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Manipur March-June E 415. VandopsisV undulata (Lindl.) J.J. Sm. Meghalaya April-June E
416. Vanilla borneensis Rolfe Assam April-July E
417. Zeuxine affinis (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Meghalaya January-March T 418. Zeuxine bidupensis Aver. Nagaland August-October T 419. Zeuxine nervosa (Wall. ex Lindl.) Benth. ex Trimen Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim February-March T *-Critically endangered; **- Endangered, ***-Vulnerable; ****-Near Threatened; *****-Rare; E-Epiphytic; T-Terrestrial.
Conchidium, Corymbarkis, Cryptochilus, Dienia, Diploprora, flowers. Also, the tribal people of North-east India use wild Epipogium, Flickingeria, Herminium, Hetaeria, Hygrochilus, orchids for a variety of folk medicine. Orchids are rich in alkaloids, Mischobulbum, Neogyna, Ornithochilus, Pelatantheria, Penkimia, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates and other phyto-chemicals Pennilabium, Podochilus, Polystachya, Porpax, Pteroceros, (Bulpitt, 2005). These chemical compounds are used for reducing Renanthera, Rhyncostylis, Saccolabiopsis, Satyrium, fever, increasing the white blood cells, curing eye infection, Schoenorchis, Smitinandia, Sapthoglotis, Stereochilus, treating fatigue and head ache and also used as anti-cancer agent Taeniophyllum, Thrixspermum, Trichotosia, Vandopsis, Vanilla and (Bulpitt, 2005; Behera et al. 2013). Orchids like Acampe ochracea, Zeuxine with least number of only one species. Besides, among Aerides multiflorum, A. odoratum, Agrostophyllum brevipes, A. 419 species, 3 species such as Gastrochilus calceolaris, callosum, Arundina graminifolia, Coelogyne corymbosa, C. Paphiopedilum druryi and P. fairrieanum are included under cristata, C. ochracea, C. ovalis, C. punctulata, Dendrobium critically endangered category, 5 species viz., Bulleyia aphyllum, D. chrysanthum, D. chrysotoxum, D. densiflorum, D. yunnanensis, Paphiopedilum insigne, P. spicerianum, P. venustum fimbriatum, D. nobile, Rhyncostylis retusa and Vanda testacea and Renanthera imschootiana are endangered, 4 species are used as medicine for treating various diseases (Behera et al. vulnerable, one is near threatened and 4 are rare (Nayar and 2013; Sinha et al. 2017). Sastry, 1987, 1988 & 1990). Besides, several rare, endangered and threatened species such as Untamed collection of wild orchids for commercial and Aerides rosea, Anoectochilus brevilabris, A. roxburghii, ornamental purposes has increased in North-east India, Agrostophyllum brevipes, Armodorum senapatianum, consequently leading to a number of species have been facing Arundina graminifolia var. revoluta, Bulbophyllum caudatum, B. threat and becoming rare. The flowers of following genus such as, hirtum, B. delitescens, B. forrestii, B. gamblei, B. helenae, B. Aerides, Cleisostoma, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Esmeralda, Eria, rothachildianum, Cephalostachyum mannii, Cheirostylis griffthii, Renanthera, Paphiopedilum, Pholidota, Pleione, Phaius, Cleisostoma simondii, Coelogyne arunachalensis, C. hitendrae, C. Renantheera, Rhyncostylis, Thunia, Vanda and Vanilla have holochila, C. micrantha, C. rhizadae, Conchidium muscicola, ornamental values because of its beautiful and long lasting Corymborkis veratrifolia, Crepidium josephianum, C. khasianum, 200 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.in
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Cymbidium devonianum, C. ensifolium var. munronianum, parcum, D. prophyrochilum, D. ruckeri, D. salaccense, D. Dendrobium chapense, D. delacourii, D. denudans, D. stuposum, D. thyrsiflorum, D. transparens, D. wardianum, Eria devonianum, D. falconeri, D. infundibulum, D. moniliiforme, D. amica, E. glandulifera, E. pannea, E. stricta, Esmeralda cathcarthii,
Figure 2. A. Acampe ochracea, B. Acampe rigida, C. Acanthephippium striatum, D. Acanthephippium sylhentense, E. Aerides multiflora, F. Aerides odorata, G. Anoectochilus brevilabris, H. Anoectochilus roxburghii, I. Anthogonium gracile. 201 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.in
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Figure 3. A. Armodorum senapatianum, B. Arundina graminifolia var. graminifolia, C. Arundina graminifolia var. revoluta, D. Ascocentrum ampullaceum, E. Brachycorythis galeandra, F. Bulbophyllum affine, G. Bulbophyllum ambrosia, H. Bulbophyllum apendiculatum, I. Bulbophyllum careyanum.
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Figure 4. A. Bulbophyllum forrestii, B. Bulbophyllum gymnopus, C. Bulbophyllum leopardinum, D. Bulbophyllum moniliforme, E. Bulbophyllum odoratissimum, F. Bulbophyllum picturatum, G. Bulbophyllum pteroglossum, H. Bulbophyllum rothschildianum & I. Bulbophyllum sterile.
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Figure 5. A. Bulbophyllum umbellatum, B. Calanthe biloba, C. Calanthe clavata, D. Calanthe herbacea, E. Calanthe sylvatica, F. Calanthe triplicata, G. Callostylis bambusifolia, H. Cephalantheropsis obcordata.
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Figure 6. A. Cheirostylis griffithii, B. Cleisomeria pilosulum, C. Cleisostoma paniculatum, D. Cleisostoma racemiferum, E. Coelogyne barbata, F. Coelogyne cristata, G. Coelogyne flaccid, H. Coelogyne griffithii.
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Figure 7. A. Coelogyne holochila, B. Coelogyne micrantha, C. Coelogyne ovalis, D. Coelogyne prolifera, E. Coelogyne punctulata, F. Coelogyne rigida, G. Coelogyne schultesii, H. Coelogyne stricta, I. Coelogyne suaveolens.
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Figure 8. A. Coelogyne viscosa, B. Conchidium muscicola, C. Crepidium callophyllum, D. Cryptochilus sanguinea, E. Cymbidium aloifolium, F. Cymbidium dayanum, G. Cymbidium devonianum, H. Cymbidium eburneum.
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Figure 9. A. Cymbidium elegans, B. Cymbidium ensifolium var. munronianum, C. Cymbidium erythreaum, D. Cymbidium iridioides, E. Cymbidium lancifolium, F. Cymbidium lowianum, G. Cymbidium macrorhizon, H. Cymbidium tigrinum, I. Dendrobium acinaciforme.
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Figure 10. A. Dendrobium albopureum, B. Dendrobium amplum, C. Dendrobium anceps, D. Dendrobium aphyllum, E. Dendrobium arunachalense, F. Dendrobium bicameratum, G. Dendrobium chapaense, H. Dendrobium chrysanthum, I. Dendrobium chrysotoxum, J. Dendrobium crepidatum.
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Figure 11. A. Dendrobium delacourii, B. Dendrobium densiflorum, C. Dendrobium denudans, D. Dendrobium devonianum, E. Dendrobium eriiflorum, F. Dendrobium falconeri, G. Dendrobium fimbriatum.
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Figure 12. A. Dendrobium infundibullum, B. Dendrobium jenkinsii, C. Dendrobium lituiflorum, D. Dendrobium longicornu, E. Dendrobium manii, F. Dendrobium moschatum, G. Dendrobium nobile, H. Dendrobium ochreatum.
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Figure 13. A. Dendrobium palpebrae, B. Dendrobium parcum, C. Dendrobium pendulum, D. Dendrobium polyanthum, E. Dendrobium pulchellum, F. Dendrobium ruckeri, G. Dendrobium spatella, H. Dendrobium stuposum.
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Figure 14. A. Dendrobium thyrsiflorum, B. Dendrobium transparens, C. Dendrobium wardianum, D. Dendrobium williamsonii, E. Dienia ophrydis, F. Diploprora championii, G. Epipogium roseum, H. Eria ferruginea, I. Eria javanica, J. Eria lasiopetala.
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Figure 15. A. Eria paniculata, B. Eria tomentosa, C. Esmeralda cathcartii, D. Esmeralda clarkei, E. Eulophia graminea, F. Eulophia pauciflora, G. Gastrochilus calceolaris, H. Gastrochilus dasypogon, I. Gastrochilus distichus.
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Figure 16. A. Gastrochilus obliquus, B. Goodyera procera, C. Habenaria acuifera, D. Habenaria reniformis, E. Hygrochilus parishii, F. Liparis bistriata.
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Figure 17. A. Liparis bootanensis, B. Liparis cordifolia, C. Liparis deflexa, D. Liparis nervosa, E. Liparis odorata, F. Liparis plantaginea, G. Liparis viridiflora, H. Luisia teretifolia.
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Figure 18. A. Micropera mannii, B. Micropera pallida, C. Micropera rostrata, D. Mischobulbum megalanthum, E. Mycaranthes pennea.
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Figure 19. A. Neogyna gardenaria, B. Nephelaphyllum cordifolium, C. Oberonia acaulis, D. Oberonia mucronata, E. Odontochilus elwesii, F. Ornithochilus difformis, G. Otochilus fuscus, H. Panisea tricallosa, I. Panisea uniflora.
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Figure 20. A. Paphiopedilum farrieanum, B. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum, C. Paphiopedilum insigne, D. Paphiopedilum spicerianum, E. Paphiopedilum venustum, F. Paphiopedilum villosum, G. Papilionanthe teres, H. Papilionanthe vandarum, I. Pelatanthera insectifera.
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Figure 21. A. Peristylis goodyeroides, B. Peristylus parishii, C. Phaius flavus, D. Phaius mishmensis, E. Phaius tankervilleae, F. Phalaenopsis mannii, G. Phalaenopsis parishii, H. Phalaenopsis taenialis.
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Figure 22. A. Pholidota articulata, B. Pholidota convallariae, C. Pholidota imbricata, D. Phreatia laxiflora, E. Pinalia acervata, F. Pinalia amica, G. Pinalia bipunctata, H. Pinalia spicata.
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Figure 23. A. Pleione praecox, B. Polystachya concreta, C. Porpax gigantea, D. Pteroceras teres, E. Renanthera imschootiana, F. Rhynchostylis retusa, G. Robiquetia succisa, H. Saccalobiopsis pusilla.
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Figure 24. A. Schoenorchis gemmata, B. Smitinandia micrantha, C. Sterochilus hirtus, D. Tainia angustifolia, E. Tainia latifolia, F. Tainia minor, G. Tainia viridifusca, H. Thelasis khasiana.
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Figure 25. A. Thunia alba, B. Uncifera acuminata, C. Vanda alpina, D. Vanda bicolour, E. Vanda coerulea, F. Vanda cristata, G. Vanilla borneensis, H. Zeuxine affinis.
Flickingeria abhaycharanii, Gastrochilus calceolaris, G. Saccolabiopsis pusilla, Taeniophyllum glandulosum and Thelasis inconspicuous, Habenaria khasiana, Panisea uniflora, Penkimia longifolia are also conserved. nagalandensis, Paphiopedilum druryi, P. fairrieanum, P. insigne, At present, the rich orchid resources of North-east India are P. spicerianum, P. venustum, Pennilabium labanyaeanum, Phaius vanishing at alarming rate due to various anthropogenic pressures mishmensis, Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. hookeriana, Pholidota associated with developmental activities being undertaken in this katakianan, P. wattii, Podochilus khasianus, Porpax gigantea, region. The decline of orchid population is mainly due to Renanthera imschootiana, Robiquetia succisa, deforestation, deterioration and fragmentation, introduction of 224 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.in
CHECKLIST Murugesan et al » Ex situ conservation of orchids of NE India in BSI-Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong - An updated checklist » NeBIO 8(3): 191-225 ------exotic species, expansion of agricultural land, environmental of threatened plants of India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. pollution, global warming, commercialisation of agriculture and 104ffi109. forestry, cattle grazing, habitat degradation for various De, L.C. and Medhi, R.P. 2014. Diversity and Conservation of Rare and developmental activities, over exploitation and climate change Endemic Orchids of North East India - A Review. Indian Journal of (Maschinski et al. 2006; Soto Arenas et al. 2007). Natural Hill Farming 27(1): 138-153 calamities like floods, forest fire, landslides, soil erosion and De, L.C., Rao, A.N. and Singh, D.R. 2016. Endangered Orchids and biotic activities like shifting cultivation and monoculture are also Their Conservation in North East India. In: Purkayastha J. (eds.) Bioprospecting of Indigenous Bioresources of North-East India. responsible for destruction of habitats (Sinha et al. 2017). Since Springer, Singapore. orchids depend mainly on mycorrhiza for nutrition during De, L.C., Vij, S.P. and Medhi, R.P. 2012. Impact of climate change on germination and early embryonic stages any imbalance in the productivity of orchids. In: Proceedings of 5th IHC, held at PAU, habitat can affect the regeneration and growth of the orchids, Ludhiana, Punjab from 6-9th November, 2012. making them more vulnerable to habitat destruction. Jhum Dressler, R.L. 1981. The orchids, natural history and classification. cultivation is also one of the main reasons of habitat destruction Havard University Press, Cambridge, MA. in North-east India. Orchids are very sensitive to environmental Hegde, S. 2017. Status of orchid conservation in India part ffi II: change and are a subject of great concern at present for their Endemism, Threat Status & Causes of Threat. The Orchid Society conservation (Medhi and Chakrabarti, 2009). Also, the global of Karnataka (TOSKAR) News letter - March 9-14. climate change due to intensive human activities has greatly Maschinski, J., Baggs, J.P.E., Quintana, A. and Menges, E. 2006. affected the orchid growth in many areas of the world. Hence, Using population viability analysis to predict the effects of there is an urgent need to direct the research efforts to climate change on the extinct risk of an endangered limestone understand population biology, population genetics, ecology, and endemic shrub, Arizona Cliffrose. Conservation Biology 20: 218 - mass multiplication technology for protection of the species in 228. nature as well as bringing them into cultivation (Pal and Singh, Medhi, R.P. and Chakrabarti, S. 2009. Traditional knowledge of NE 2016). people on conservation of wild orchids. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8(1): 11-16. Misra, S. 2007. Orchids of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Acknowledgements Dehradun, india. The authors are thankful to Dr. Paramjit Singh, Director, Botanical Mittermeier, R.A., da Fonseca and Brooks, G.A.B. et al. 2003 Hotspots Survey of India, Kolkata, for facilities and encouragement. The and coldspots. American Scientist 91:384. authors are grateful to Dr. N. Odyuo, Scientist-D, BSI, ERC, Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. (Eds.) 1987. Red Data Book of Indian Shillong for providing the list of orchids collected from Eastern Plants. Volume I. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. Nagaland planted in National Orchidarium and Dr. Deepu Vijayan, Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. (Eds.) 1988. Red Data Book of Indian Scientist-C for his help in evaluating the manuscript. The authors Plants. Volume II. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. are also thankful to all the Scientific and technical staff who Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. (Eds.) 1990. Red Data Book of Indian contributed in collection and plantation of orchids in Botanical Plants. Volume III. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. Garden and National Orchidarium since the establishment of this Pal, R. and Singh D.R. 2016. Endemic Orchids of Northeast India. centre. Purkayastha, J. (eds.), Bioprospecting of Indigenous Bioresources of North-East India 31-44. Springer, Singapore. DOI 10.1007/978- References 981-10-0620-3_3. Ahmedullah, M. et al. 1999. Red Data book of Indian Plants. Volume Ramsay, M.M., Jackson, A.D. and Porley, R.D. 2000. A pilot study for IV. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. the ex situ conservation of UK bryophytes. In: BGCI (ed.) Behera, D., Rath, C.C. and Mohapatra, U. 2016. Medicinal Orchids in Eurogard-II European botanic garden congress. EBGC, Las Palmas India and their conservation: A review. Floriculture and de Gran Canaria. 52-57. Ornamental Biotechnology 7(1): 53-59. Rao, A.N. 2007. Orchid flora of north-east India- an update analysis. Bulpitt, C.J. 2005. The uses and misuses of orchids in medicine. Bulletin of Arunachal Forest Research 33:6ffi38. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 98: 625-631. Rao, R.R. 1997. Diversity of Indian flora. Proceedings of the National Chowdhery, H. 2009. Orchid diversity in North-eastern states of India. Academy of Sciences, India Section B 63:127ffi138. The journal of the Orchid Society of India 23(1-2):19-42. Singh, A.K. 2010. Probable agricultural biodiversity heritage sites in Chowdhery, H.J. and Murti, S.K. 2000. Plant Diversity and India: the Northeastern Hills of Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, conservation in India-An over view. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal and Tripura. Asian Agri-History Journal 14 (3):217ffi243. Singh, Dehradun, India. Sinha, B.K., Singh, S.K., Kumar, R. and Panday, S. 2017. Ex-situ Chugh, S., Guha, S. and Rao, U. 2009. Micropropagation of orchids: a conservation of orchids in Experimental Botanical Garden, review on the potential of different explants. Scientia Barapani and Woodland campus, Shillong In: Singh, P. and Dash, Horticultuare 122: 507ffi520. S.S. (eds.) Indian Botanic Gardens Role in Conservation. pp. 296- Cribb, P.J., Kell, S.P., Dixon, K.W. and Barrett, R.L. 2003. Orchid 334. conservation: a global perspective. In: Orchid conservation. Soto Arenas, M.A., Solano Góme, Z.R. and Hágsater, E. 2007. Risk of Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, pp. 1ffi24. extinction and patterns of diversity loss in Mexican orchids. Das, S. and Deori, N.C. 1983. A census of endemic orchids of North- Lankesteriana 7: 114 ffi 121. Eastern India. In: Jain, S.K. and Rao, R.R. (eds.). An assessment © 2017. NECEER, Imphal. All rights reserved
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