The Development of Lithium Tetraborate Compounds for Thermal Neutron Detection
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Research Article LITHIUM TETRABORATE PRODUCTION from the REACTION of BORIC ACID and LITHIUM CARBONATE USING CARBON DIOXIDE Ali Y
Sigma J Eng & Nat Sci 38 (3), 2020, 1121-1132 Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sigma Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Research Article LITHIUM TETRABORATE PRODUCTION FROM THE REACTION OF BORIC ACID AND LITHIUM CARBONATE USING CARBON DIOXIDE Ali YALÇIN1, Mehmet GÖNEN*2 1Süleyman Demirel University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, ISPARTA; ORCID: 0000-0002-8722-4159 2Süleyman Demirel University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, ISPARTA; ORCID: 0000-0001-5780-4622 Received: 26.02.2020 Revised: 30.03.2020 Accepted: 22.05.2020 ABSTRACT In this study, the synthesis of lithium tetraborate in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in an aqueous phase was investigated. A two-step process has been developed in the present study. The first step includes an aqueous phase reaction of lithium carbonate and boric acid in the presence of CO2 at different pressures. The second step involves the crystallization and thermal treating of the product obtained from step one at the temperatures between 300 and 400°C for 1 hour. Characterizations of the samples were performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was characterized that amorphous lithium tetraborate of Li2B4O7.3H2O was synthesized in the first step and then it was converted into Li2B4O7 in the second step. The use of CO2 as a modifying agent in lithium tetraborate synthesis has enhanced the dissolution rate of reactants that induced a fast-aqueous phase reaction. Keywords: Lithium tetraborate, boric acid, CO2, lithium carbonate, two-step process. 1. INTRODUCTION Lithium borates are important compounds that are used as specialty chemicals in the industry. -
Breakthrough Chemistry Simulations for Lithium Processing Contents
think simulation | getting the chemistry right Breakthrough chemistry simulations for lithium processing Using simulation to maximize your investment return in lithium extraction and processing Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Process simulation deficiencies ................................................................................................................ 2 OLI Systems electrolyte thermodynamics .................................................................................................2 OLI Systems lithium initiative .................................................................................................................... 2 Lithium phase 1 and potash chemistry is complete ................................................................................... 2 Fundamental sulfate – chloride systems .............................................................................................. 3 Fundamental hydroxide and carbonate systems .................................................................................. 3 Lithium in acid environments for processing and recycling ................................................................... 3 Lithium borate systems for Li production ............................................................................................. 4 Systems related to Li hydrometallurgical processing, purifications and recycling .................................. -
Zinnwald Lithium Project
Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource Prepared for Deutsche Lithium GmbH Am St. Niclas Schacht 13 09599 Freiberg Germany Effective date: 2018-09-30 Issue date: 2018-09-30 Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource Date and signature page According to NI 43-101 requirements the „Qualified Persons“ for this report are EurGeol. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Bock and EurGeol. Kersten Kühn. The effective date of this report is 30 September 2018. ……………………………….. Signed on 30 September 2018 EurGeol. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Bock Consulting Geologist ……………………………….. Signed on 30 September 2018 EurGeol. Kersten Kühn Mining Geologist Date: Page: 2018-09-30 2/219 Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Date and signature page .............................................................................................................. 2 1 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Property Description and Ownership ........................................................................ 14 1.2 Geology and mineralization ...................................................................................... 14 1.3 Exploration status .................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Resource estimates ................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................... -
Ore Deposits
EARTH SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL Earth Sci. Res. J. Vol. 20, No. 3 (September, 2016 ) : A1 - A10 ORE DEPOSITS Occurrence of Cr-bearing beryl in stream sediment from Eskişehir, NW Turkey Hülya Erkoyun and Selahattin Kadir * Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Deparment of Geological Engineering, TR−26480 Eskişehir, Turkey [email protected] [email protected] *corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords: Beryl, Kaymaz, schist, SEM-EDX, IR. Beryl crystals are found within stream sediments transecting schists in the northeast of Eskişehir, western Anatolia. This paper studied the Eskişehir beryl crystals with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and geochemical analyses. Beryl is accompanied by garnet, glaucophane, quartz, epidote, muscovite and chlorite in the stream sediments. The crystals are euhedral emerald (green gem beryl) and light bluish- green aquamarine, with ideal sharp IR bands. Wet chemical analysis of Eskişehir beryl yielded 61.28% SiO2, 15.13% Al2O3, 12.34% BeO, 0.18% Cr2O3, 1.49% MgO, 1.69% Na2O, 0.98% Fe2O3, and 0.008% V2O3, resulting in the formula (Al1.75Cr0.01Mg0.22Fe0.08)(Be2.90Si6.00)(Na0.32)O18. Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) (barium, strontium), some transition metals (cobalt, except nickel) and High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) (niobium, zirconium, and yttrium) in stream sediments that are associated with beryl exhibited low content about metamorphic rocks. Beryl formation appears to be controlled by upthrust faults and fractures that juxtaposed them with Cr-bearing ophiolitic units and a regime of metasomatic reactions. Such beryl crystals have also been found in detrital sediments that are derived from the schists. Presencia de berilios relacionados con Cromo en corrientes sedimentarias de Eskisehir, noroeste de Turquía RESUMEN Cristales de berilio fueron encontrados en sedimentos de corrientes que atraviesan en esquistos en el noreste de Palabras clave: Berilio, Kaymaz, esquistos, Eskisehir, al oeste de Anatolia. -
Used at Rocky Flats
. TASK 1 REPORT (Rl) IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICALS AND RADIONUCLIDES USED AT ROCKY FLATS I PROJECT BACKGROUND ChemRisk is conducting a Rocky Flats Toxicologic Review and Dose Reconstruction study for The Colorado Department of Health. The two year study will be completed by the fall of 1992. The ChemRisk study is composed of twelve tasks that represent the first phase of an independent investigation of off-site health risks associated with the operation of the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons plant northwest of Denver. The first eight tasks address the collection of historic information on operations and releases and a detailed dose reconstruction analysis. Tasks 9 through 12 address the compilation of information and communication of the results of the study. Task 1 will involve the creation of an inventory of chemicals and radionuclides that have been present at Rocky Flats. Using this inventory, chemicals and radionuclides of concern will be selected under Task 2, based on such factors as the relative toxicity of the materials, quantities used, how the materials might have been released into the environment, and the likelihood for transport of the materials off-site. An historical activities profile of the plant will be constructed under Task 3. Tasks 4, 5, and 6 will address the identification of where in the facility activities took place, how much of the materials of concern were released to the environment, and where these materials went after the releases. Task 7 addresses historic land-use in the vicinity of the plant and the location of off-site populations potentially affected by releases from Rocky Flats. -
Lithium Exploration Commences at Broken Hill
ASX ANNOUNCEMENT 3 June 2016 Lithium Exploration Commences at Broken Hill Exploration for lithium in pegmatites at Broken Hill has commenced Extensive zones of outcropping pegmatite in Silver City tenements covering some 100 square kilometres No systematic exploration for lithium ever undertaken at Broken Hill Important anomalous lithium indicator elements already identified in Waukeroo tin field Broken Hill mining centre provides logistical advantage to new discoveries Silver City Minerals Limited (ASX: SCI) (“Silver City” or “the Company”) has commenced a program of mineral exploration specifically targeting lithium hosted in pegmatites at Broken Hill (ASX Release 11 May 2016). Initial field programs have begun with systematic rock chip sampling and geological mapping of pegmatites associated with areas of tin mineralisation and evaluation of existing airborne hyperspectral data. The purpose of the program is to locate pegmatites which contain lithium minerals with a particular emphasis on spodumene (LiAlSi2O6), the dominant commercial lithium mineral. Current exploration is focussed on pegmatites located within granted exploration tenure on the northern and southern extensions of the Waukeroo tin field. SCI holds title to ten granted exploration licences and three licence applications. Next Steps SCI considers that, through systematic sampling and mineralogical studies, potential for discovery of lithium minerals at Waukeroo and elsewhere in the district is high. Work has commenced with field teams sampling and mapping, including re-sampling of drill chips from the previous tungsten resource drilling. Sampling has also been initiated in areas of the Western zone where extensive pegmatite outcrops have similarly never been assessed for lithium. SILVER CITY MINERALS LIMITED A study using an existing airborne hyperspectral (HyMap) survey is underway to assess the potential for remotely differentiating spodumene in the spectral data. -
Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: a Review
resources Review Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Laurence Kavanagh * , Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd and John Cleary EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny, Road, Co., R93-V960 Carlow, Ireland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (G.G.C.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research. -
High Purity Inorganics
High Purity Inorganics www.alfa.com INCLUDING: • Puratronic® High Purity Inorganics • Ultra Dry Anhydrous Materials • REacton® Rare Earth Products www.alfa.com Where Science Meets Service High Purity Inorganics from Alfa Aesar Known worldwide as a leading manufacturer of high purity inorganic compounds, Alfa Aesar produces thousands of distinct materials to exacting standards for research, development and production applications. Custom production and packaging services are part of our regular offering. Our brands are recognized for purity and quality and are backed up by technical and sales teams dedicated to providing the best service. This catalog contains only a selection of our wide range of high purity inorganic materials. Many more products from our full range of over 46,000 items are available in our main catalog or online at www.alfa.com. APPLICATION FOR INORGANICS High Purity Products for Crystal Growth Typically, materials are manufactured to 99.995+% purity levels (metals basis). All materials are manufactured to have suitably low chloride, nitrate, sulfate and water content. Products include: • Lutetium(III) oxide • Niobium(V) oxide • Potassium carbonate • Sodium fluoride • Thulium(III) oxide • Tungsten(VI) oxide About Us GLOBAL INVENTORY The majority of our high purity inorganic compounds and related products are available in research and development quantities from stock. We also supply most products from stock in semi-bulk or bulk quantities. Many are in regular production and are available in bulk for next day shipment. Our experience in manufacturing, sourcing and handling a wide range of products enables us to respond quickly and efficiently to your needs. CUSTOM SYNTHESIS We offer flexible custom manufacturing services with the assurance of quality and confidentiality. -
Asx Announcement
ASX ANNOUNCEMENT 3 June 2016 Lithium Exploration Commences at Broken Hill Exploration for lithium in pegmatites at Broken Hill has commenced Extensive zones of outcropping pegmatite in Silver City tenements covering some 100 square kilometres No systematic exploration for lithium ever undertaken at Broken Hill Important anomalous lithium indicator elements already identified in Waukeroo tin field Broken Hill mining centre provides logistical advantage to new discoveries Silver City Minerals Limited (ASX: SCI) (“Silver City” or “the Company”) has commenced a program of mineral exploration specifically targeting lithium hosted in pegmatites at Broken Hill (ASX Release 11 May 2016). Initial field programs have begun with systematic rock chip sampling and geological mapping of pegmatites associated with areas of tin mineralisation and evaluation of existing airborne hyperspectral data. The purpose of the program is to locate pegmatites which contain lithium minerals with a particular emphasis on spodumene (LiAlSi2O6), the dominant commercial lithium mineral. Current exploration is focussed on pegmatites located within granted exploration tenure on the northern and southern extensions of the Waukeroo tin field. SCI holds title to ten granted exploration licences and three licence applications. Next Steps SCI considers that, through systematic sampling and mineralogical studies, potential for discovery of lithium minerals at Waukeroo and elsewhere in the district is high. Work has commenced with field teams sampling and mapping, including re-sampling of drill chips from For personal use only the previous tungsten resource drilling. Sampling has also been initiated in areas of the Western zone where extensive pegmatite outcrops have similarly never been assessed for lithium. SILVER CITY MINERALS LIMITED A study using an existing airborne hyperspectral (HyMap) survey is underway to assess the potential for remotely differentiating spodumene in the spectral data. -
Guidelines for XRF Analysis Setting up Programmes for WDXRF and EDXRF
Announcing the publication of a unique new XRF book Guidelines for XRF Analysis Setting up programmes for WDXRF and EDXRF James Willis Clive Feather Ken Turner Website: www.xrfguidelines.co.za Guidelines for XRF Analysis contains everything you’ve ever wanted to know about setting up successful XRF analytical programmes. This book is loaded with detailed analytical guidelines for geological materials, commodities and industrial materials that are suited to analysis by XRF. It is a one stop XRF reference manual, and no XRF laboratory should be without it. Sample preparation describes well-tried and tested methods, and there is sufficient theory to enable the reader to gain maximum advantage from the book. Trace elements, grouped by spectral region, are carefully evaluated, and the authors, with a combined XRF experience of over 130 man years, share with you their accumulated knowledge, “tricks-of- the-trade”, and information on • Optimum settings for WDXRF and EDXRF instrumentation • The most suitable analyte spectral lines • The best background positions to measure • Identification and correction of line overlap, and • Choice of procedures for matrix correction Determine with confidence fluorine to uranium, atomic number 9 to 92, in a wide range of materials. If you are working on any of the following commodities or materials, you need this book. Commodities and materials chapters are self-contained and have all the information needed to analyse: • Silicate rocks • Refractories and ceramics • Exploration samples • Plastics and polymers -
Contact Zone Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Mt. Mica Pegmatite, Oxford County, Maine
University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Spring 5-16-2014 Contact Zone Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Mt. Mica Pegmatite, Oxford County, Maine Kimberly T. Clark University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Part of the Geochemistry Commons, and the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Clark, Kimberly T., "Contact Zone Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Mt. Mica Pegmatite, Oxford County, Maine" (2014). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 1786. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1786 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Contact Zone Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Mt. Mica Pegmatite, Oxford County, Maine A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Earth and Environmental Science By Kimberly T. Clark B.S. -
The Use of Lithium to Prevent Or Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Pavements and Structures
The Use of Lithium to Prevent or Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Pavements and Structures PUBLIcatION NO. FHWA-HRT-06-133 MARCH 2007 Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 Foreword Progress is being made in efforts to combat alkali-silica reaction in portland cement concrete structures—both new and existing. This facts book provides a brief overview of laboratory and field research performed that focuses on the use of lithium compounds as either an admixture in new concrete or as a treatment of existing structures. This document is intended to provide practitioners with the necessary information and guidance to test, specify, and use lithium compounds in new concrete construction, as well as in repair and service life extension applications. This report will be of interest to engineers, contractors, and others involved in the design and specification of new concrete, as well as those involved in mitigation of the damaging effects of alkali-silica reaction in existing concrete structures. Gary L. Henderson, P.E. Director, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this manual. Quality Assurance Statement The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding.