DOCSLIB.ORG

Methods for Geochemical Analysis \

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Methods for Geochemical Analysis \ Methods for Geochemical Analysis \ o 70 n m O n U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1770 o r Methods for Geochemical Analysis Edited by PHILIP A. BAEDECKER Analytical methods used in the Geologic Division laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey for the inorganic chemical analysis of rock and mineral samples U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1770 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL MODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Methods for geochemical analysis. (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 1770) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.3:1770 1. Geochemistry, Analytic. I. Baedecker, Philip A. II. Series. QE75.B9 no. 1770 [QE516.3] 557.3s 87-600387 [551.9] CONTENTS INTRODUCTION P. A. Baedecker INI CHAPTER A Analysis of geologic materials by direct-current arc emission spectrography and spectrometry Al D. W. Golightly, A. F. Dorrzapf, Jr., R. E. Mays, T. L. Fries, and N. M. Cbnklin CHAPTER B Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry Bl F. E. Lichte, D. W. Golightly, and P. J. Lamothe CHAPTER C Atomic absorption methods Cl P. J. Aruscavage and J. G. Crock CHAPTER D Chemical methods of separation for optical emission, atomic absorption spectrometry, and colorimetry Dl S. A. Wilson, J. S. Kane, J. G. Crock, and D. B. Hatfield CHAPTER E Analysis of geologic materials by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry El J. E. Taggart, Jr., J. R. Lindsay, B. A. Scott, D. V. Vivit, A. J. Bartel, and K. C. Stewart CHAPTER F Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Fl R. G. Johnson and B.-S. L. King CHAPTER G Major and minor elements requiring individual determination, classical whole rock analysis, and rapid rock analysis Gl L. L. Jackson, F. W. Brown, and S. T. Neil CHAPTER H Instrumental neutron activation analysis of geochemical samples HI P. A. Baedecker and D. M. McKown CHAPTER I Determination of uranium and thorium by delayed neutron counting II D. M. McKown and H. T. Millard, Jr. CHAPTER J Radiochemical neutron activation analysis of geologic materials Jl G. A. Wandless CHAPTER K Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry Kl J. A. Philpotts Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey Volume Contents INTRODUCTION By P. A. Baedecker The laboratories for analytical chemistry within the the quality of that data and the challenges and complexity Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey are of analytical chemistry as a scientific discipline. The administered by the Office of Mineral Resources. The committee report stated, "...clearly, an increased under­ laboratory analysts provide analytical support to those standing of modern analytical techniques by all potential programs of the Geologic Division that require chemical users of chemical data in the Geologic Division is a highly information and conduct basic research in analytical and desirable goal. Toward that end we are recommending geochemical areas vital to the furtherance of Division that a publication entitled Methods for Geochemical Anal­ program goals. Laboratories for research and geochemi­ ysis be prepared, which will cover all aspects of the cal analysis are maintained at the three major centers in techniques currently available." This volume is in Reston, Virginia, Denver, Colorado, and Menlo Park, response to that recommendation. California. The Division has an expertise in a broad In many respects, the current volume supplants two spectrum of analytical techniques, and the analytical previous publications that were designed to familiarize research is designed to advance the state of the art of scientists within the Geologic Division with the analytical existing techniques and to develop new methods of capabilities that were (or are) available in the laboratories analysis in response to special problems in geochemical of the Division. The first edition of the Manual of Labo­ analysis. The geochemical research and analytical results ratory Services of the Division's Geochemistry and Petrol­ are applied to the solution of fundamental geochemical ogy Branch was published in 1956. That document was problems relating to the origin of mineral deposits and subsequently revised in 1974 by the Office of Geoche­ fossil fuels, as well as to studies relating to the distribution mistry and Geophysics. This volume is more restricted of elements in varied geologic systems, the mechanisms by than either of the above publications in that the previous which they are transported, and their impact on the reports contained sections on geochronology, electron environment. optics, X-ray crystallography and diffraction, mineralogic In 1984, a review of the role of analytical chemistry and petrographic analysis, organic analysis, thermody­ within the Geologic Division was conducted by an ad hoc namics, geophysical methods, and so forth; the coverage committee of senior Division managers. The committee offered by this volume, however, is limited to modern concluded that a lack of familiarity on the part of those methods of inorganic analysis. In the preparation of submitting samples for geochemical analysis with the Methods for Geochemical Analysis, the authors also have wide range of analytical techniques available could result adopted a different approach to the subject matter. in the misapplication of some techniques to various Rather than to provide a simple documentation of avail­ geochemical problems; for example, highly precise able services, they have attempted to treat each topic in analyses could be applied to problems for which only much greater depth. Thus, each chapter contains sections approximate answers are needed or can be obtained in on fundamental principles, an overview of the method as other ways. Conversely, investigators might request too practiced in each center, the limitations of the technique few analyses or data by techniques that are not precise (such as matrix, chemical, and spectral interferences), enough for the problem at hand; for example, potential and the sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of each tech­ waste occurs when data on a desired element, such as nique. The goal was to prepare a single volume that would cesium, is obtained by requesting a broad-spectrum provide the nonchemist reader with a broad coverage of Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, which requires geochemical analysis as a scientific discipline, a good perhaps an order of magnitude more time and effort than understanding of the inherent difficulty of analyzing if cesium alone were determined by the same method or complex geologic matrices that are highly variable in possibly another. In addition to these concerns, analytical composition, and sufficient technical detail to understand chemists often are concerned that those who use analyt­ the factors that can affect the quality (precision and ical data have little appreciation for the factors that affect accuracy) of the analysis of the geologic sample. To again Introduction INI quote the 1984 analytical chemistry review report, "It is As an introduction to the topics covered in this hoped that a widespread familiarization with this docu­ publication and as a guide to alternative methods of ment by members of the Division will provide the basis for analysis, the following table may prove useful. Listed for a more informed dialogue on chemical problems between each element are estimates of sensitivity for the most geologists and analytical chemists." common techniques used for their determination in geo- At this point, I think it worthwhile to repeat a few chemical samples. The term "sensitivity" is a general term sections from the introduction to the 1956 Manual of for the lower limits of measurement for a given analytical Laboratory Services because, although the technology of test and is most often expressed as either a "detection analytical chemistry has changed dramatically, the follow­ limit" or "determination limit." The detection limit is the ing general comments regarding routine and nonroutine minimum concentration of analyte required for a positive analysis and analytical accuracy remain as valid today as decision that an analysis indicates a qualitative detection, they were 30 years ago: and the determination limit is a higher level of concentra­ The service work of the Branch falls into two tion that will give a satisfactory quantitative result with a categories, routine and research (including custom), given relative standard deviation (such as ±10 percent). which are neither completely nor even too sharply Both estimates are dependent on the analytical "noise" separated at any time. Depending on the circum­ associated with measurement above the background or stances, a routine determination may become a "blank" level for a given analytical procedure, and, for research problem, or what was originally a research multielement analytical methods, the sensitivity limits are problem may in time become a routine process. The often matrix dependent and, therefore, may vary from Branch is constantly testing new methods with the aim sample to sample. The sensitivity levels provided by the of developing rapid routine determinations as the geol­ table should be looked upon as "working" determination ogists indicate their need for them....Research determi­ limits for a silicate rock matrix. As stated above, the nations are those made by methods we do not ordinarily method with the greatest sensitivity should not be identi­ use; they may include determinations made on samples fied as the "best" method for any given problem. The of unusual composition, or the analysis for some ele­ most sensitive methods are most often the most labor ment or elements at lower concentration ranges than intensive. The method of choice is based on the answers to previously handled, or the development of new chemi­ the following questions: What minimum levels of preci­ cal, spectrographic, mineralogical, X-ray, or other meth­ sion, accuracy, and sensitivity are required to solve the ods.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History of Geology
    FEBRUARY 2007 PRIMEFACT 563 (REPLACES MINFACT 60) History of geology Mineral Resources Early humans needed a knowledge of simple geology to enable them to select the most suitable rock types both for axe-heads and knives and for the ornamental stones they used in worship. In the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, about 5000 to 2500 BC, flint was mined in the areas which are now Belgium, Sweden, France, Portugal and Britain. While Stone Age cultures persisted in Britain until after 2000 BC, in the Middle East people began to mine useful minerals such as iron ore, tin, clay, gold and copper as early as 4000 BC. Smelting techniques were developed to make the manufacture of metal tools possible. Copper was probably the earliest metal to be smelted, that is, extracted from its ore by melting. Copper is obtained easily by reducing the green copper carbonate mineral malachite, itself regarded as a precious stone. From 4000 BC on, the use of clay for brick-making became widespread. The Reverend William Branwhite Clarke (1798-1878), smelting of iron ore for making of tools and the ‘father’ of geology in New South Wales weapons began in Asia Minor at about 1300 BC but did not become common in Western Europe until Aristotle believed volcanic eruptions and nearly 500 BC. earthquakes were caused by violent winds escaping from the interior of the earth. Since earlier writers had ascribed these phenomena to The classical period supernatural causes, Aristotle's belief was a By recognising important surface processes at marked step forward. Eratosthenes, a librarian at work, the Greek, Arabic and Roman civilisations Alexandria at about 200 BC, made surprisingly contributed to the growth of knowledge about the accurate measurements of the circumference of earth.
    [Show full text]
  • What Use Is Chemistry?
    2 Inspirational chemistry What use is chemistry? Index 1.1 1 sheet This activity is based on a Sunday Times article by Sir Harry Kroto, a Nobel prize winning chemist who discovered a new allotrope of carbon – buckminsterfullerene or ‘bucky balls’. The article appeared on November 28, 2004 and is reproduced overleaf as a background for teachers. The aim is to introduce students to the scope of modern chemistry and the impact that it has on their lives, even in areas that they may not think of as related to chemistry. An alternative exercise for more able students would be to research what was used before chemical scientists had produced a particular new product or material (eg silk or wool stockings before nylon, leather footballs before synthetics, grated carbolic soap before shampoo) and then to write about the difference it would make to their lives if they did not have the modern product. Students will need: ■ Plenty of old magazines and catalogues (Argos catalogues are good as virtually everything in them would not exist without modern chemistry) ■ Large sheets of sugar paper ■ Glue and scissors. It works well if students produce the poster in groups, but then do the written work by themselves. The activity could be set for homework. Inspirational chemistry 3 What use is chemistry? Some years ago I was delighted chemistry-related industries make a to receive an honorary degree £5 billion profit on a £50 billion from Exeter University turnover, the apparent government recognising my contributions to inaction over the looming disaster chemistry – especially the is scarcely credible.
    [Show full text]
  • Standards for Geochemical Analysis of Major, Minor, and Trace Elements in Rock Powders
    50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 1396.pdf STANDARDS FOR GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR, MINOR, AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN ROCK POWDERS. M. Darby Dyar1, Cai R. Ytsma1, and Kate Lepore1, 1Dept. of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke Col- lege, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, [email protected]. Introduction: Analytical geochemistry has long group, Massachusetts; depended on availability of robust suites of rock stand- 2. rhyolitic volcanic glass from Mexico; locality un- ards with well-characterized compositions. Standard known, but likely from Tequila Volcano; rock powders were initially characterized and supplied 3. Hawaiian basalt collected from Kīlauea by Tim Orr to the community by the U.S. Geological Survey, (USGS, HVO); which continues to distribute a few dozen standards. 4. washed SiO2 sea sand (Fisher Scientific); Many other rock standards have subsequently been 5. Columbia River continental flood basalt collected developed by organizations such as the Centre de Re- in Moscow, Idaho by Mickey Gunter; cherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG) 6. rhyolite from Newberry Volcano in Oregon; and Brammer Standard Company, Inc. 7. a 50:50 by weight mixture of diopside and forsterit- Existing standards from terrestrial rocks contain ic olivine to simulate an ultramafic rock; and concentration ranges that may not cover what is present 8. granite from the Vinalhaven intrusive complex, on other bodies. Notably, Ni is a primary constituent of Maine collected by Sheila Seaman. meteorites, and thus may be abundant on ancient sur- For dopants, we used reagent-grade chemicals in the faces with impact craters [1,2]. Yet no commercial form of BN, CBaO3, C, CeO2, CoO, Cr2O3, Cs2TiO3, terrestrial rock standards come close to covering the CuO, Ga2O3, La2O3, LiCl, MnO2, MoS2, Nb2O5, NiO, possible extremes of Ni concentration that could result OPb, RbCl, CaSO4, Sc2O3, SeO2, SnO2, SrO, Y2O3, from impact contamination.
    [Show full text]
  • Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
    Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article LITHIUM TETRABORATE PRODUCTION from the REACTION of BORIC ACID and LITHIUM CARBONATE USING CARBON DIOXIDE Ali Y
    Sigma J Eng & Nat Sci 38 (3), 2020, 1121-1132 Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sigma Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Research Article LITHIUM TETRABORATE PRODUCTION FROM THE REACTION OF BORIC ACID AND LITHIUM CARBONATE USING CARBON DIOXIDE Ali YALÇIN1, Mehmet GÖNEN*2 1Süleyman Demirel University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, ISPARTA; ORCID: 0000-0002-8722-4159 2Süleyman Demirel University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, ISPARTA; ORCID: 0000-0001-5780-4622 Received: 26.02.2020 Revised: 30.03.2020 Accepted: 22.05.2020 ABSTRACT In this study, the synthesis of lithium tetraborate in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in an aqueous phase was investigated. A two-step process has been developed in the present study. The first step includes an aqueous phase reaction of lithium carbonate and boric acid in the presence of CO2 at different pressures. The second step involves the crystallization and thermal treating of the product obtained from step one at the temperatures between 300 and 400°C for 1 hour. Characterizations of the samples were performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was characterized that amorphous lithium tetraborate of Li2B4O7.3H2O was synthesized in the first step and then it was converted into Li2B4O7 in the second step. The use of CO2 as a modifying agent in lithium tetraborate synthesis has enhanced the dissolution rate of reactants that induced a fast-aqueous phase reaction. Keywords: Lithium tetraborate, boric acid, CO2, lithium carbonate, two-step process. 1. INTRODUCTION Lithium borates are important compounds that are used as specialty chemicals in the industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Chartered Status Charteredeverything You Need Tostatus Know Everything You Need to Know
    Chartered Status CharteredEverything you need toStatus know Everything you need to know www.rsc.org/cchem www.rsc.org/cchem ‘The best of any profession is always chartered’ The RSC would like to thank its members (pictured top to bottom) Ben Greener, Pfizer, Elaine Baxter, Procter & Gamble, and Richard Sleeman, Mass Spec Analytical Ltd, for their participation and support . Chartered Status | 1 Contents About chartered status 3 Why become chartered? 3 What skills and experience do I need? 3 The professional attributes for a Chartered Chemist 5 Supporting you throughout the programme yThe Professional Development Programme 5 yThe Direct Programme 7 How to apply 7 Achieving Chartered Scientist status 8 Revalidation 8 The next step 8 Application form 9 2 | Chartered Status ‘Having a professionally recognised qualification will build my external credibility’ Elaine Baxter BSc PhD MRSC Procter & Gamble Elaine Baxter is a Senior Scientist at Procter & Gamble (P&G). Since joining the company, she has had roles in formulation, process and technology development in skin and shaving science. She graduated in 2001, before completing a PhD on synthetic inorganic chemistry of platinum dyes with applications in solar cells. Elaine is currently working towards Chartered Chemist status through the Professional Development Programme. Why do you want to achieve Chartered Chemist status? My role involves science communication with people such as dermatologists, academics and the media; having a professionally recognised qualification will build my external credibility with these professionals. How do you feel the programme has worked for you? Working towards achieving the attributes required for the CChem award has presented me with opportunities to share my industry knowledge and help others.
    [Show full text]
  • Weathering, Erosion, and Susceptibility to Weathering Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack
    Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack To cite this version: Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack. Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering. Kanji, Milton; He, Manchao; Ribeira e Sousa, Luis. Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Springer Inter- national Publishing, pp.291-333, 2020, 9783030294779. 10.1007/978-3-030-29477-9. hal-03096505 HAL Id: hal-03096505 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03096505 Submitted on 5 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published in: Hack, H.R.G.K., 2020. Weathering, erosion and susceptibility to weathering. 1 In: Kanji, M., He, M., Ribeira E Sousa, L. (Eds), Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 1 ed, Ch. 11. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland. ISBN: 9783030294779. DOI: 10.1007/978303029477-9_11. pp. 291-333. Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering H. Robert G.K. Hack Engineering Geology, ESA, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] phone: +31624505442 Abstract: Soft grounds are often the result of weathering. Weathering is the chemical and physical change in time of ground under influence of atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and nuclear radiation (temperature, rain, circulating groundwater, vegetation, etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • Pauling-Linus.Pdf
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES L I N U S C A R L P A U L I N G 1901—1994 A Biographical Memoir by J A C K D. D UNITZ Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1997 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. LINUS CARL PAULING February 28, 1901–August 19, 1994 BY JACK D. DUNITZ INUS CARL PAULING was born in Portland, Oregon, on LFebruary 28, 1901, and died at his ranch at Big Sur, California, on August 19, 1994. In 1922 he married Ava Helen Miller (died 1981), who bore him four children: Linus Carl, Peter Jeffress, Linda Helen (Kamb), and Edward Crellin. Pauling is widely considered the greatest chemist of this century. Most scientists create a niche for themselves, an area where they feel secure, but Pauling had an enormously wide range of scientific interests: quantum mechanics, crys- tallography, mineralogy, structural chemistry, anesthesia, immunology, medicine, evolution. In all these fields and especially in the border regions between them, he saw where the problems lay, and, backed by his speedy assimilation of the essential facts and by his prodigious memory, he made distinctive and decisive contributions. He is best known, perhaps, for his insights into chemical bonding, for the discovery of the principal elements of protein secondary structure, the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet, and for the first identification of a molecular disease (sickle-cell ane- mia), but there are a multitude of other important contri- This biographical memoir was prepared for publication by both The Royal Society of London and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
    [Show full text]
  • Zinnwald Lithium Project
    Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource Prepared for Deutsche Lithium GmbH Am St. Niclas Schacht 13 09599 Freiberg Germany Effective date: 2018-09-30 Issue date: 2018-09-30 Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource Date and signature page According to NI 43-101 requirements the „Qualified Persons“ for this report are EurGeol. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Bock and EurGeol. Kersten Kühn. The effective date of this report is 30 September 2018. ……………………………….. Signed on 30 September 2018 EurGeol. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Bock Consulting Geologist ……………………………….. Signed on 30 September 2018 EurGeol. Kersten Kühn Mining Geologist Date: Page: 2018-09-30 2/219 Zinnwald Lithium Project Report on the Mineral Resource TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Date and signature page .............................................................................................................. 2 1 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Property Description and Ownership ........................................................................ 14 1.2 Geology and mineralization ...................................................................................... 14 1.3 Exploration status .................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Resource estimates ................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ore Deposits
    EARTH SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL Earth Sci. Res. J. Vol. 20, No. 3 (September, 2016 ) : A1 - A10 ORE DEPOSITS Occurrence of Cr-bearing beryl in stream sediment from Eskişehir, NW Turkey Hülya Erkoyun and Selahattin Kadir * Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Deparment of Geological Engineering, TR−26480 Eskişehir, Turkey [email protected] [email protected] *corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords: Beryl, Kaymaz, schist, SEM-EDX, IR. Beryl crystals are found within stream sediments transecting schists in the northeast of Eskişehir, western Anatolia. This paper studied the Eskişehir beryl crystals with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and geochemical analyses. Beryl is accompanied by garnet, glaucophane, quartz, epidote, muscovite and chlorite in the stream sediments. The crystals are euhedral emerald (green gem beryl) and light bluish- green aquamarine, with ideal sharp IR bands. Wet chemical analysis of Eskişehir beryl yielded 61.28% SiO2, 15.13% Al2O3, 12.34% BeO, 0.18% Cr2O3, 1.49% MgO, 1.69% Na2O, 0.98% Fe2O3, and 0.008% V2O3, resulting in the formula (Al1.75Cr0.01Mg0.22Fe0.08)(Be2.90Si6.00)(Na0.32)O18. Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) (barium, strontium), some transition metals (cobalt, except nickel) and High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) (niobium, zirconium, and yttrium) in stream sediments that are associated with beryl exhibited low content about metamorphic rocks. Beryl formation appears to be controlled by upthrust faults and fractures that juxtaposed them with Cr-bearing ophiolitic units and a regime of metasomatic reactions. Such beryl crystals have also been found in detrital sediments that are derived from the schists. Presencia de berilios relacionados con Cromo en corrientes sedimentarias de Eskisehir, noroeste de Turquía RESUMEN Cristales de berilio fueron encontrados en sedimentos de corrientes que atraviesan en esquistos en el noreste de Palabras clave: Berilio, Kaymaz, esquistos, Eskisehir, al oeste de Anatolia.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Burns Woodward
    The Life and Achievements of Robert Burns Woodward Long Literature Seminar July 13, 2009 Erika A. Crane “The structure known, but not yet accessible by synthesis, is to the chemist what the unclimbed mountain, the uncharted sea, the untilled field, the unreached planet, are to other men. The achievement of the objective in itself cannot but thrill all chemists, who even before they know the details of the journey can apprehend from their own experience the joys and elations, the disappointments and false hopes, the obstacles overcome, the frustrations subdued, which they experienced who traversed a road to the goal. The unique challenge which chemical synthesis provides for the creative imagination and the skilled hand ensures that it will endure as long as men write books, paint pictures, and fashion things which are beautiful, or practical, or both.” “Art and Science in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds: Retrospect and Prospect,” in Pointers and Pathways in Research (Bombay:CIBA of India, 1963). Robert Burns Woodward • Graduated from MIT with his Ph.D. in chemistry at the age of 20 Woodward taught by example and captivated • A tenured professor at Harvard by the age of 29 the young... “Woodward largely taught principles and values. He showed us by • Published 196 papers before his death at age example and precept that if anything is worth 62 doing, it should be done intelligently, intensely • Received 24 honorary degrees and passionately.” • Received 26 medals & awards including the -Daniel Kemp National Medal of Science in 1964, the Nobel Prize in 1965, and he was one of the first recipients of the Arthur C.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGY THEME STUDY Page 1
    NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS Dr. Harry A. Butowsky GEOLOGY THEME STUDY Page 1 Geology National Historic Landmark Theme Study (Draft 1990) Introduction by Dr. Harry A. Butowsky Historian, History Division National Park Service, Washington, DC The Geology National Historic Landmark Theme Study represents the second phase of the National Park Service's thematic study of the history of American science. Phase one of this study, Astronomy and Astrophysics: A National Historic Landmark Theme Study was completed in l989. Subsequent phases of the science theme study will include the disciplines of biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics and other related sciences. The Science Theme Study is being completed by the National Historic Landmarks Survey of the National Park Service in compliance with the requirements of the Historic Sites Act of l935. The Historic Sites Act established "a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings and objects of national significance for the inspiration and benefit of the American people." Under the terms of the Act, the service is required to survey, study, protect, preserve, maintain, or operate nationally significant historic buildings, sites & objects. The National Historic Landmarks Survey of the National Park Service is charged with the responsibility of identifying America's nationally significant historic property. The survey meets this obligation through a comprehensive process involving thematic study of the facets of American History. In recent years, the survey has completed National Historic Landmark theme studies on topics as diverse as the American space program, World War II in the Pacific, the US Constitution, recreation in the United States and architecture in the National Parks.
    [Show full text]