ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 Role of Directors in Film Induced Tourism:A Case Study of Tourist Destination in Padma Shri ’s Films

Sriganeshvarun N PhD Research Scholar, School of Mass Communication Vels Institute of Science & Technology and Advanced Studies (Deemed to be University) , Tamil Nadu, India Email: [email protected] Mobile: +91 98862 68149

Dr. Jayaprakash D Associate Professor & Head, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Email : [email protected] Mobile: +91 98651 82238

Abstract: Director is the sole personal responsible for the success of the film. The director work is highly appreciated and acknowledged in the field of cinema. Auteur theory, which was evolved during the French new wave of cinema with the critics writing journal of cahier di cinema, suggested that the audience see the creative vision of artisan’s viz., the director in the cinema. He alone has the control of the visual of what will be seen by the audience. Film induced tourism is the phenomenon which was highly regarded as the new way of marketing a place through film to promote tourism in the respective countries have garnered various literature around the world. In an effort to understand the influence of Auteur and Film induced tourism, this paper find the contribution and efforts of the director Padma ShriMani ratnam in inducing tourism destination as part of his stories which in turn attracts the attention of the audience in remembering the place or act as an catalyst to visit the destination.

Keywords: Auteur, Film Induced Tourism, Padma Shri Mani Ratnam

I. INTRODUCTION Auteur theory specifically talks about the director vision in the creation of visual montages in conveying the story as perceived by the director. Auteur theory validates the work of director as the heart of motion picture (Gestner&staiger, 2003). Grand(2008) defined that many films are the work of the director, right from the start of story gist, script, story discussion, finalizing the suitable actors, which involves the three stages of production viz., pre-production, production and post production. In the present day, directors are even involved in marketing for his or her film events. Director himself is a biggest marketing tool as the film director by himself has the biggest fan following. In some of the movies director himself plays the role of protagonist or antagonist. The acting rendered by the actors in front of the camera is the portrayal of what is expected from the director. The Indian films traditionally has strong musical influence in the film. Each song demands different creative vision from the director as it follows the story line of different plots, emotions and key twist in the film. The original auteur theory, which evolved during the French new wave era, talks about the influence of director in the process of film making which are unique in specific way related to the director and not just the follow up of scripts whether it is good or bad. (Hillier, 1985). As auteur, theory clearly differentiate the director as more of an artist, craftsman who tries to display his audience to knowthemselves via artistic expression (Truffaut, 1984). In this study director, Mani Ratnam was chosen for the case study to see as a director how many films that he has chosen to shoot in famous tourist location as part of the story, knowingly or unknowingly inducing tourism in the minds of the audience.

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Film tourism which is widely called as film induced tourism or movie-induced tourism, film tourism can be defined as “tourist visits to a destination or attraction as a result of the destination’s being featured on television, video, or the cinema screen” (Hudson & Ritchie, 2006, p. 387).

Volome 8, Issue 8, August 2019 468 http://adalyajournal.com/ ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 For example, whenever an audience feels and relate a destination through the medium of film, In case both the gender it is proved to increase the curiosity and both the gender create and form an idea of the place or destination, which eventually creates a wanting to see the place as it is showcased in the film. (Lee & Bai, 2016; Wong & Lai, 2015). Motion pictures and television has a powerful influence on people’s preference and choices. He said that media plays an important role in creating a impact on how people obtain information through images, awareness of destination which inturn form a base of decision making in the minds of people about places to visit and stay. Emphasized the finding of butler that film creates and clarifies information on tourist destination and influence the tourist decision making process. Films are considered and recognizedas an important part of popular culture but also anirreplacable way to make and drag the attention concerning of a destination in such a way that even a marketing department for tourism board cannot offer. Moreover, movies contains the potential in making a place well sorted out tourist destination without any penny spent by the tourism ministry of the country or the state (Macionis, 2007). Therefore, it is not surprising that Morgan and Pritchard (1998) said that marketing a destination as part of a film is the most apt way in product placement from the perspective of tourism. Beeton (2016) described film tourism as “visitation to sites where movies and TV programmes have been filmed as well as to tours to production studios, including film-related theme parks” (p. 11). She applied the word ‘film’ in the wider context of the filming process instead of the mode or location of delivery (e.g., at a cinema, on disk/DVD/video, on television, or a mobile device).

III Methodology: For the purpose of this research producer, writer, director Padma Shri Mani Ratnam was chosen as he is highly regarded as one of the key director in making film which are based on the period based on key issues and relevance. To back the point of choosing Padma Shri Mani Ratnam for the case study is that he has won various awards and recognition from various government and private agencies in recognition of his spectacular work over the year. Many tourist locations were used to shoot as part of the story, which I have seen while growing up. Scenes from the movie and the location pictures were used to come to a conclusion about the influence of Auteur theory and tourist destinations, which directly or indirectly influence the audience of the film. Padma Shri Mani Ratnam has a huge fan following for a director whose films are highly anticipated for its release. Recent film chekkachivandhavanam had star-studded cast with Oscar winner Padma Bhushan A. R. Rahman scoring for the film. After the release of Thalapathy it was Padma Shri Mani Ratnam introduced Padma Bhushan A.R. Rahman through the film Roja that was highly appreciated by many and got the accolades of National award for his first film. Since then Padma Shri Mani Ratnam and Padma Bhushan have done many films together which has been the biggest X factor for all the films.

IV FINDINGS: ROJA Introduction: The film Roja was directed by Mr. Maniratnam and was released in the year 1992. The movie is a typical love story and the struggle between the Individual citizen and Government authorities. The threat of terrorist in India compute with mild romance is the summary of the movie. Locations covered: The location which were covered in the movies are Conoor, Ooty and Manali. At first the director wanted to shoot the movie in Kashmir but due to extreme terrorism in that place the director chose to shoot at Manali. In the Song “PuduVellaiMazhai” the director showed the beauty of Manali with the snow fall. People cannot believe that it has been shot in Manali which looks exactly like Kashmir.

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One more song “ChinnaChinnaAsai” from the same movie which was shown as an Introduction song for the actress MadhuBala. That song was shot in Kutralam Falls (Picture 3 & 4) and Hokenakal falls (Picture 5 & 6) in Tamil Nadu. Picture 3 Picture 4

Picture 5 Picture 6

The first part of the movie was shot in the small village in Pollachi, Tamil Nadu (picture 7 & 8)

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The second half of the movie was shot in Wellington Ooty(picture 9 & 10) and in Manali (picture 11& 12). Where most of us thought that it was shot in Delhi. Picture 9 Picture 10

The Kidnapping scene of the hero in this movie was shot in Hadimba temple in Manali. (Picture 11 & 12) Picture 11 Picture 12

Instead of going to Kashmir the Director showed the replica of Kashmir as Manali and Ooty where no one can imagine that they shoted the film in India. The End scene of the movie was shot in Parson’s Valley Dam which is located in Ooty Tamil Nadu. (Picture 13 & 14)

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Picture 13 Picture 14

O KadhalKanmani: Introduction: It was again a romantic film directed by Mr. Mani Ratnam and was released in the year 2015. The story was about the live in relationship between the couple. Both the actor and the actress hate marriage and the story goes on as the live in relationship will continue or they have to follow the tradition of the Marriage. The cinematographer Mr. P C Sreeram played an important role in this film. Locations Covered The Movie was shot in one of the metropolitan cities like Chennai and Mumbai. The places the director had covered was Gateway of India (Picture 15), Jama Masjid – Gujarat (Picture 16), Flora Fountain – Mumbai, Shabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad (Picture 17). Picture 15Picture 16

Picture 17

The whole Mumbai setup shown in the movie and let you to travel along with them in Mumbai. Hatsoff to the cinematographer P C Sreeram.

Volome 8, Issue 8, August 2019 472 http://adalyajournal.com/ ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 Bombay: Introduction: One more added to the beautiful romantic movie “Bombay” directed by Mr. Mani Ratnam. The movie was about Hindu Muslim marriage. It was an excellent portrayal of Violence, romance, horror and so on. In this movie he beautifully explained about the Inter Religion Marriage and the later on effects of the same. Locations Covered: The director used the Sethumadai House (Picture 18 & 19)which is considered to be a biggest house in the village of Pollachi. Picture 18 Picture 19

The Song “Kannalane” was shot in ThirumalaiNayak Palace in Madurai (Picture 20 & 21) Picture 20 Picture 21

Another song “uyire” shot in the place called “Bekal Fort” (Picture 22 & 23) which is located in , Chandragiri Bridge in Kerala. Picture 22 Picture 23

Volome 8, Issue 8, August 2019 473 http://adalyajournal.com/ ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 The Song “Hallagulla” was shot in Mumbai – Gate way of India. (Picture 24 & 25) Picture 24 Picture 25

The first scene of Heroine introduction where the hero sees the heroine for the first time which was shoted in ChandragiriPuzha River (Picture 26 & 27). Picture 26 Picture 27

The director had explained the beauty of various tourist spot and in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Mumbai. If anybody wants to explore the beauty of several tourist spot they have to watch the movie where they can get an idea about all these beautiful places. Alaipayuthey: Introduction One of the Best movie of Director Mani ratnam is Alaipayuthey. Such a romantic movie where the hero and the heroine loves each other married each other and after marriage they start fighting with each other and how their love continues after a big incident. There is no politics, no terrorist attack. Its just a love drama between the couples. The film was released in the year 2000. Locations Covered: For a change the director used the location of Indian Railway station. The Railway station played an important role in this film. The director shot the film in TambaramRailaway station in Chennai. (Picture 28)

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The Song “EvanooruvanVasikiran” was shot in WESTERN INDIA PLYWOODS GUEST HOUSE – KANNUR, KERALA (Picture 29). Picture 29

Another Song “Snehitane” was shot in Fort Ahilya – in Madhyapradesh. (Picture 30) Picture 30

He also shot this movie in Elliots Beach Besant Nagar (Picture 31). Picture 31

Volome 8, Issue 8, August 2019 475 http://adalyajournal.com/ ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 The most important scence where the hero waits for the heroine for a long time period was shot in the place called Payyambalam beach in Kannur, Kerala. (Picture 32) Picture 32

The marriage scene was shot in Kapaleeshwar temple in Mylapore. (Picture 33) Picture 33

Ravanan: Introduction: The movie ravanan was an epic adventure movie directed by Mr. ManiRatnam. The film was made with the basic story of Hindu Epic “Ramayana” where the Ravana being a villain but in the movie Ravana was acted as hero. Locations covered: The Introduction scene where the heroine attempt to end her life by jumping into the falls was shot in the place Athirapally falls which is located in Thrissur, Kerala. (Picture 34 & 35)

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The Hero’s introduction was shot on Hogenakkal falls in Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu. (Picture 36 & 37) Picture 36 Picture 37

The stay of hero heroine in the forest was shot in the Eucalyptus trees forest located in Ooty, Tamil Nadu. (Picture 38 & 39) Picture 38 Picture 39

The song “Kalvare” was shot in SahebKuthi situated in Kolkatta, West Bengal which is located in the Banks of the river Hooghly. (Picture 40 & 41)

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The Song “Kedakari” was shot in the place called Laxmi Narayanan Temple. Orchha, Madhya Pradesh. (Picture 42 & 43) Picture 42 Picture 43

The Hero kidnap the heroine through boat that particular scene was shot on Rivier Hooghly, Kolkatta. (Picture 44 & 45) Picture 44 Picture 45

The hero’s hide out was shot on the place called Malayatoor Reserve Forest, Idukki, Kerala. (Picture 46)

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Picture 46

The climax scene where the hero dies was shot on MalshejGhat in Pune, Maharashtra. (Picture 47 & 48) Picture 47 Picture 48

For this one film the director has covered so many interesting locations from TamilNadu, Madhyapradesh, Kolkatta, Kerala, Maharashtra. If somebody wants to cover the tourism places from these cities should definetly watch this movie where the director taken us to all the beautiful places from different parts of India. It is very difficult for a single person to find out these many beautiful places in India such as Malayatoor Reserve Forest or SahebKuthi. That’s why we say as “Film Induced Tourism”. KannathilMuthamital Introduction: KannathilMuthamittal a movie directed by Mr.Maniratnam in the year 2002. The story was about the parents who adopt a girl baby belongs to Srilankan. During her birthday the parents decided to reveal the truth about the adoption about that girl. The girl wishes to see her parents. The movie was based on the short story “AmuthavumAvanum” written by Sujatha. The director gave importance to the seaside places in this movie. Locations Covered: The song “Sundari” was shot at Lawrence School Lovedale, Ooty. (Picture 49 & 50)

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Picture 49 Picture 50

Another song “NenjilJilJil” was shot at Dhanushkodi, Rameshwaram ,Mandapam Beach Rameshwaram. (Picture 51 & 52) Picture 51 Picture 52

The little girl and her parents travel to Colombo to show her daughters Original parents. They shot the scene in Golden Buddha Statue, Colombo, Gangaramaya Temple, Colombo. (Picture 53 & 54) Picture 53 Picture 54

One More time the song “KanathilMuthamittal “ was shot with hero and the daughter which was shot in Athirapalli Falls, Thrissur, Ninth Mile, Ooty. (Picture 55 & 56)

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Picture 55 Picture 56

The girl and the family travel to a small town which was shot in Pamban Bridge Rameshwaram. (Picture 57 & 58) Picture 57 Picture 58

One more important scene in the film was shot at Virahamahadevi Park, Colombo. (Picture 59 & 60) Picture 59 Picture 60

AyuthaEzuthu: Introduction: AyuthaEzhuthu is a political movie directed by Mr. Maniratnam. The movie moves around the political path where the student leader wants to become a political leader. It’s a story about 3 different heroes in that one will play a negative roll and the other 2 will play a positive roll.

Volome 8, Issue 8, August 2019 481 http://adalyajournal.com/ ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 Locations Covered: The song “SandaKozhi” which was shot in the house which is nearby the “Howrah Bridge”.(Picture 61 & 62) Picture 61 Picture 62

The Song “Jana ganamana” was shot in the village called Pollachi in Tamil Nadu. (Picture 63 & 64) Picture 63 Picture 64

Another famous song “Hey goodbye nanba” which was shot in Covelong Beach, Chennai. (Picture 65 & 66) Picture 65 Picture 66

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Guru: Introduction Another movie which was directed by Mr. Maniratnam who got inspired by the life of DhirubhaiAmbani and shot a film called “Guru”. In this movie a normal middle class person from a small village who wants to start his own business in a big city called Mumbai. To get a dowry he married a girl and comes to the city Mumbai to start the business with that dowry money. The barriers what he faced in his life to come up was the story written by Mr. Mani Ratnam.

Locations Covered: The song “Aruyire” was shot in the place called “ThirumalaiNayakPalce which is situated in Madurai. (Picture 67 & 68) Picture 67 Picture 68

The hero’s village was shot in the Pollachi town in Tamil Nadu. (Picture 69 & 70) Picture 69 Picture70

The song “Nanare” was shot in a place of Karnataka called “Melkote” in Mandya district and also in Athirapally falls in Thrissur Kerala. (Picture 71, 72, 73 & 74)

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Picture 71 Picture 72

Piture 73 Picture 74

The wedding scene of the hero and the heroine which was taken in the place called Bhutanatha temple in Badami, Karnataka. (Picture 75 & 76) Picture 75 Picture 76

The song Paisa Paisa was shot in the places called MalegittiShivalaya, Badami Karnataka and in the Cave Temple in Badami Karnataka. (Picture 77, 78, 79 & 80)

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Picture 77 Picture 78

Picture 79 Picture 80

In this movie the director has covered so many places from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The hero wanted to settle down in Mumbai but the locations are shot in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu which was not at all related to anything but the director made it as related and shot the film successfully. Uyire: Introduction: Another milestone in Director Mani Ratnam movie was “Uyire”. It is a movie where the hero passes through the seven shades of love. It seems to be another romantic drama in his hit list. Locations Covered: The climax of the movie was shot in PuranaQuila, Delhi (Picture 81 & 82). Picture 81 Picture 82

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The famous “ChaiyaChaiya“Song was shot in Blue Mountain Express, Ooty. (Picture 83 & 84) Picture 83 Picture 84

Another song “Dil se re” was shot in BasangoGompa, Leh, Ladakh (Picture 85 & 86) and also in Pangong Lake, Ladakh, J&K (Picture 87 & 88) Picture 85 Picture 86

Picture 87 Picture 88

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There was a scene where the abandoned bus travelers were travelling in the desert that scene was shot in AlcheyMonastry, Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir (Picture 89&90)

Picture 89 Picture 90

Another song “NenjineleNenjinele” was shot in various places like Periyar Wild Sanctuary,Thekkadi (Picture 91 & 92), Athirapally Falls (Picture 93 & 94) and Boat house at Alleppey in Kerala(Picture 95 & 96) Picture 91 Picture 92

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Picture 95 Picture 96

There was a shot where Aman Chasing a terrorist that was taken in Connaught Palace. (Picture 97 & 98) Picture 97 Picture 98

Volome 8, Issue 8, August 2019 488 http://adalyajournal.com/ ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 V CONCLUSION Director role in film Induced tourism is undeniable. Many tourist destinations were part of Mani Ratnam film, which directly or indirectly influence the audience to visit the destination. Before the era of Internet and the advent of social media, many films were the source of inspiration for many film viewers to visit a destination, which were shown in the film. A lot of debate and need for further study to figure out whether the place was a tourist destination prior to the film or after the release of the film. If it has to be considered that Internet and social media does a better role in promoting tourist destination, No one can deny the role of director in films such as Brave Heart, The Beach and the Lord of the Rings in putting the lesser-known place of the world and making it the most important tourist destination.

REFERENCES

[1] Beeton, S. (2016). Film-induced Tourism (2nd Edition). Channel View Publications. [2] Gestner, David A., and Janet Staiger. Authorship and Film. Newyork: Routleget, 2003, Print. [3] Grant, Barry Keith. Auteurs and Authorship: A Film Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. [4] Hillier, Jim. Cahiers du cinema, the 1950s neo-realism, Hollywood, New Wave, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard university press, 1985. [5] Hudson, S., & Ritchie, J. B. (2006). Promoting destinations via film tourism: An empirical identification of supporting marketing initiatives. Journal of Travel Research, 44(4), 387-396. [6] Macionis, N. (2007). Film-induced Tourism: The Role of Film as a Contributor to the Motivation to Travel to a Destination. (Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University). [7] Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (1998). Tourism promotion and power: Creating images, creating identities. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [8] Truffaut, Francois. Hithcock. Newyork. Simon &shuster, 1984. [9] Wong, J. Y., & Lai, T. C. (2015). Celebrity attachment and behavioral intentions: The mediating role of place attachment. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(2), 161- 170. [10] The pictures were taken from www.filmpia.com and www. Where it was shot.com &www.wherewasitshot.com

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