DOCSLIB.ORG

Wallace, Darwin, and Edward Blyth : Further Notes on the Development of Evolution Theory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wallace, Darwin, and Edward Blyth : Further Notes on the Development of Evolution Theory Wallace, Darwin, and Edward Blyth : Further Notes on the Development of Evolution Theory BARBARA G. BEDDALL 2502 Bronson Road Fairfield, Connecticut You say that you have been somewhat surprised at no notice having been taken of your paper in the Annals. I cannot say that I am, for so very few naturalists care for anything beyond the mere description of species. But you must not suppose that your paper has not been attended to: two very good men, Sir C. Lyell, and Mr. E. Blyth at Calcutta, specially called my attention to it. Charles Darwin to Alfred Russel Wallace, Down, December 22,18571 Alfred Russel Wallace’s paper, “On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species,” was published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in September 1855, near the beginning of his eight-year stay in the Malay Archipelago. His object in presenting his views was, as he wrote, to submit them “to the test of other minds, and to be made aware of all the facts supposed to be inconsistent with them.” His ‘law”-deduced from a series of propositions re- lating to the geographical and geological distribution of or- ganisms-read: “Every species has come into existence coinci- dent both in space and time with a pre-existing closely allied species.” 2 But, although Wallace himself sensed the true importance of his paper, it appeared to arouse little interest, and he re- ceived none of the constructive criticism for which he had hoped. In the summer of 1857 a congratulatory letter finally arrived from his old friend and erstwhile companion, Henry 1. Francis Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Includ- ing an Autobiographical Chapter (London: Murray, 1888), II, 108. 2. Alfred Russel Wallace, “On the Law Which Has Regulated the Intro- duction of New Species,” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [Z], 16 (1855), 190, 186. Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring 1972), pp. 153-158. 153 BARBARA G. BEDDALL Walter Bates, then exploring on the Upper Amazon. Interest otherwise was minimal, as Wallace apparently complained to Charles Darwin in his second letter to him, written in Sep- tember 1857. And Darwin’s restrained reply, that “two very good men, Sir C. LyeII, and Mr. E. Blyth at Calcutta, specially called my attention to it,” hardly conveys the impact it had on these men.3 With the recent publication of Sir Charles LyelPs Scientific Journals on the Species Question, the importance of Wallace’s paper can be more fully assessed. Lye11 read it on 26 Novem- ber 1855, and on 28 November he opened the first of his several notebooks on the species question. The following April he visited Darwin at Down and on the 16th discussed with him the meaning of the paper. Wallace’s law, as he noted at the time, “seems explained by the Natural Selection Theory,” this apparently being the occasion on which Darwin first ex- plained his theory to Lyell. LyeIl’s response was to urge Darwin to publish. Darwin felt it impossible to do justice to his ideas with a brief statement and so embarked on the writing of a book, already more than half-hnished when he received Wal- lace’s second letter in December 1857.4 Edward Blyth, like Wallace, was far removed from this scene of action, having been since 1841 the curator of the museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Calcutta. But he had be- come a valued correspondent of Darwin’s and indeed may him- self have unknowingly i.nfIuenced Darwin’s original fomula- tion of the theory of natural selection, as Eiseley has suggested. BIyth was another of those talented amateurs in which Eng- land seemed to abound, self-taught, dedicated, and perceptive.6 Blyth must have read Wallace’s paper within weeks of writing his letter to Darwin on 8 December 1855, and he de- voted four of the letter’s eight pages to it. He was obviously struck by its evolutionary implications, remarking on the pos- 3. James Mar&ant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences (New York: Harper, 1916), pp. 52-53; and see n. 1 above. 4. Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles LyeU’s Scienti@ Journak on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), pp. xli, xliii, xlv-xlix, 52-55, 65-66, 80; H. Lewis McKinney, “Alfred RusseI Wallace and the Discovery of Natural Selection,” J. Hid. Med. Allied Sci., 21 (1966), 350. See also Barbara G. Beddall, “Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection: A Study in the Development of Ideas and Attitudes,” J. Hi& Biol., I (1968), 299-291,319-320. 5. George Thomas Bettany, “Edward Blyth,” Dictionary of National Biography (London: Oxford University Press, reprinted 1949-1950), II, 738-739; Loren C. Eiseley, “Charles Darwin, Edward Blytb, and the Theory of Natural Selection,” PTOC. Am. Phil. Sot., 103 (1959), 94-158. 154 Wallace, Darwin, and Edward Blyth sible ramifications of the giraffe and elk from the “Deer type” (an example of Wallace’s “common antitype”) and on various examples of geographical distributions by which Wallace might support his contentions. He was clearly unaware of Darwin’s theories, however, inquiring rather if the paper had “at all unsettled your ideas regarding the persistence of species.” 6 The following is a transcription of the first four pages of Blyth’s letter, with explanatory notes (paragraphing has been added) : Calcutta, Dec. 8/55 My Dear Sir, This afternoon I have had the pleasure of receiving yours of 18th Oct., and as the mail closes this evening, I hasten to reply at once. I have not written to you lately, from sheer want of time, but have noted down a few matters to com- ment upon when I found an opportunity. What think you of Wallace’s paper in the Ann. N. Hid.7 Good! Upon the whole! But how about such forms as the Giraffe, which has typicaE representatives in the Siwalik tertiary deposits?7 Or the true Elk (= Moose)? Can we sup- pose a lost series of gradations connecting these genera with the Deer type, & ramifying off to them paulatim [gradually]? Wallace has, I think, put the matter well; and according to his theory, the various domestic races of ani- mals have been fairly developed into species. I think that I before said that the Peacock had not varied for some centuries of domestication in Europe further than as regards albinism, complete or partial; but I overlooked the interesting “sport” of colouring exhibited by the Ja- panned (not ‘Japan) variety which seems to have originated more than once ,-vide especially Sir R. Heron, in the Proc. Zool. Soc.8 A trump of a fact for friend Wallace to have 6. Blyth’s letter is among the Da.rwin papers in the University Library, Cambridge. It is no. 8 of 15 letters received by Darwin from Blyth in Calcutta that are included in vol. 98 as listed in the Handlist of Dar-ruin Papers at the University Library, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 27, and it is published here with the kind permission of the University Library. 7. Paleontologically rich formation in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains. [B. G. B.] 8. Charles Darwin noted in The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, 2nd ed., rev. (New York: D. Appleton, 1892), I, 305307: “There is one strange fact with respect to the peacock, namely, the oc- casional appearance in England of the “japanned” or ‘black-shouldered” 155 BARBARA G. BEDDALL hit upon! The Pave muticus, I may remark, is much more brilliantly coloured in the Malay countries than it is in the Burmese; & the late Ld Derby suspected a distinctness of species.9 Someday I may have an opportunity of seeing further to this matter. In like manner the Malayan and Burmese Jungle fowl is super-coloured than that of India, and moreover it seems to have always a coarser leg, tending to become yellow, the cheek-lappets being also red like the comb, & the bird being so much more easily domesticable, that I cannot help sus- pecting that we owe its domestication to the regions in- habited by this trams-India wild variety.10 You know I have little faith in the aboriginal wildness of the white Chillingham cattle, arguing here from colour alone! Well you remember the innate wildness of the calves, so often insisted upon;11 wherefore I call your particular attention to a paper by Buchanan Hamilton, published in Montgomery Martin’s compilation of his writings, Vol. 1, 504, only for ‘Bos taurus,” read B. indicus. See the same author’s Journey through Mysore, etc., vol. 2, for some kind. On the whole the evidence seems to me, as it did to Sir R. Heron, to be decisive in favour of the . breed being a variation, induced by some unknown cause.” This form is now recognized as one of the two or three mutations that have developed in the blue peafowl, Pave cristatus; see Jean Delacour in A. Landsborough Thomson, ed., A New Dictionary of Birds (London: Thomas Nelson, 1964), p. 628. [B. G. B.] 9. Jean Delacour (Birds of MuZuysia, New York: Macmillan, 1947, p. 72) recognizes a duller race of the green peafowl, Pave muticus, in Burma (speciferus), although James L. Peters (Check-List of Birds of the World, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, reprinted 1963, II, 133) does not. Lord Derby was Edward Smith Stanley, thirteenth Earl of Derby (1775-1851), a well-known zoologist who kept an extensive private menagerie. [B. G. B.] 10. Darwin (V&&ion of Animals and Plants, I, 247-249,258) remarked that “Mr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Edward Blyth
    2012 VOL 6 ISSUE 3 pre-independence Special section: mammalogists SUBSCRIBEcontents NOW! Annual subscription rates for Current Coservation are asphotofeature given. Please note that cheques and demand 19 ROBERT ARMITAGE STERNDALE drafts should be in favour of Dakshin Foundation. DEEPTHI CHIMALAKONDA 03 DESERT FOX Dakshin Foundation 20 THOMAS CAVERHILL JERDON A 001, Samvriddhi Gardenia Apartments ARJUN SRIVATHSA, JOHN MATHEW 88/3special Bytaranyapur section:a pre-inde- Near Sahakar Nagar A block 22 WILLIAM THOMAS BLANFORD Bangalorependence 560 092 mammalogists JOHN MATHEW India. Tel +91GUEST 80 11112 EDITORS: 34567 BHANU SRIDHARAN, AJITH 24 GEORGE EDWARD DOBSON KUMAR, JOHN MATHEW SUMAN JUMANI To suscribe online, visit our website www.currentconservation.or04 Introduction to earlyg mammalogists 26 ROBERT CHARLES WROUGHTON JOHN MATHEW VISHNUPRIYA S For any queries, write to [email protected] 28 REGINALD INNES POCOCK portraits SAPNA JAYARAMAN 09 THOMAS HORSFIELD 31 EDWARD PRITCHARD GEE AMOD ZAMBRE UDDIPANA KALITA SOUTH ASIA INDIVIDUAL12 BRIAN HOUGHTONRS. 200 HODGSON 32 STANLEY HENRY PRATER INSTITUTIONALSHASHANK DALVI RS. 500 VANJULAVALLI SRIDHAR AFRICA,15 THOMAS ASIA, LATIN HARDWICKE AMERICA INDIVIDUALASHWIN VISWANATHAN US $ 10 on book stands : INSTITUTIONAL US $ 25 16 EDWARD BLYTH 34 Major mammal book published AUSTRALIA,BHANU SRIDHARAN EUROPE, JAPAN, NORTH AMERICA J W DUCKWORTH INDIVIDUAL US $ 10 Cover illustration: William Thomas Blanford (1832-1905) INSTITUTIONAL US $ 25 The magazine is produced with support from: Current Conservation carries the latest in research news from natural and social science facets of conservation, such as conservation biology, environmental history, anthropology, sociology, ecological economics and landscape ecology. For more details, visit our website at www.currentconservation.org editor’s note Kartik Shanker South Asia photo feature Desert Fox Vulpes vulpes, Little Rann of Kutch 3 At first glance, an issue on pre-independence mammalogists seems neither current E U 2 1 ISS 20 6 L nor about conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Did Darwin Plagiarize His Evolution Theory? — Bergman
    Countering the critics Did Darwin plagiarize his evolution theory? — Bergman this book de Maillet Did Darwin suggested that fish were the precursors of birds, mammals, plagiarize his and men.7 Yet an- other pre-Darwin evolution theory? scientist was Pierre- Louis Maupertuis Jerry Bergman (1698–1759) who in 1751 concluded in his Some historians believe that all of the major contri- book that new species butions with which Darwin is credited in regard to may result from the Courtesy TFE Graphics Courtesy evolution theory, including natural selection, actually fortuitous recombin- were plagiarized from other scientists. Many, if not ing of different parts most, of Darwin’s major ideas are found in earlier of living animals. works, especially those by his grandfather Erasmus At about this Darwin. Charles Darwin rarely (if ever) gave due same time the French credit to the many persons from whom he liberally encyclopedist, Denis Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) ‘borrowed’. This review looks at the evidence for Diderot (1713–1784), this position, concluding that much evidence exists taught that all animals evolved from one primeval organ- to support this controversial view. ism. This prototype organism was fashioned into all those types of animals alive today via natural selection. George Louis Buffon (1707–1788) even expounded the idea at length that ‘the ape and man had a common ancestry’ and, A common (but erroneous) conclusion is that Charles further, that all animals had a common ancestor.8 Macrone Darwin conceived modern biological evolution, including concluded that, although Darwin put evolution on a firmer natural selection.1 An example of statements commonly scientific basis found in the scientific literature indicating this would be the ‘ … he was hardly the first to propose it.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Blyth, Charles Darwin, and the Animal Trade in Nineteenth-Century India and Britain
    Journal of the History of Biology 30: 145±178, 1997. 145 c 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Edward Blyth, Charles Darwin, and the Animal Trade in Nineteenth-Century India and Britain CHRISTINE BRANDON-JONES 11 York Road London SW11 3PX England Introduction Early professionals in the natural sciences found great dif®culty in establish- ing their social level and a steady income.1 The pursuit of science ± unlike other professions, such as law or medicine ± did not overcome low status, nor did it confer high status. Naturalists also differed from other professionals in that their profession did not usually generate income through fees: they required salaried employment, which in itself diminished their social standing. There was still the assumption that scientists were gentlemen of independent income. This resulted in the pitiful salaries that forced practitioners to take on more than one position, or to accept socially degrading side employment. Many naturalists, such as William Swainson, Alfred Russel Wallace, Henry Bates, John Gould, and Edward Blyth, found it necessary to supplement a scanty income with mercantile activities. Victorian society generally frowned on such activities and they could be easily held against a social marginal scien- tist on his uppers. This state of affairs led Edward Forbes to complain bitterly: ªPeople without independence have no business to meddle with science. It should never be linked with lucre.º2 This paper will illustrate the problems faced by early professional natural- ists, and the way in which they were forced to make a living, by examining the animal trading of the zoologist Edward Blyth, curator of the museum of 1 David Elliston Allen, ªThe Early Professionals in British Natural History,º in From Lin- naeus to Darwin: Commentaries on the History of Biology and Geology, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Darwinian Revolution: Rethinking Its Meaning and Significance
    The Darwinian revolution: Rethinking its meaning and significance Michael Ruse1 Department of Philosophy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 The Darwinian revolution is generally taken to be one of the key (a perhaps undeserved) reputation of a 3-h sermon by a Pres- events in the history of Western science. In recent years, however, byterian minister on a wet Sunday in Scotland. the very notion of a scientific revolution has come under attack, Against this, however, one can point out that the history of and in the specific case of Charles Darwin and his Origin of Species science as a professional discipline is little more than 50 years old there are serious questions about the nature of the change (if there and that you have to start somewhere. In the case of Darwin, was such) and the specifically Darwinian input. This article consid- even 30 years ago there was no real synthesis. The tragedy would ers these issues by addressing these questions: Was there a have been if historians of science had stopped there and gone no Darwinian revolution? That is, was there a revolution at all? Was further. But this is clearly not true. In the past 30 years or more, there a Darwinian revolution? That is, what was the specific staying just with the history of evolutionary thinking, there has contribution of Charles Darwin? Was there a Darwinian revolu- been a huge amount of work on people before and after Darwin, tion? That is, what was the conceptual nature of what occurred on and on his contemporaries like Thomas Henry Huxley [for and around the publication of the Origin? I argue that there was instance, Desmond (4)].
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Darwin's Debt to Malthus and Edward Blyth JOEL S
    Charles Darwin's Debt to Malthus and Edward Blyth JOEL S. SCHWARTZ Department of Biological Sciences Staten lsland Community College of the Oty University of New York Staten Island, New York INTRODUCTION The traditional view of Darwin's development of the theory of natural selection is that Darwin was inspired to formulate his theory by reading Mathus' Essay on Population. 1 According to a different notion, Darwin overemphasized his debt to Mathus regarding natural selection in order to hide the impact of other writers, in particular Edward Blyth, on his own thinking. 2 The purpose of this paper is to examine these conflicting ideas about the history of Darwin's thinking in the development of the theory of natural selection. By focusing on three basic questions, I will attempt to determine the relative merit of both positions. Was Edward Blyth's work an important prelude to Darwin's theory of natural selec- tion? Was Darwin aware of Blyth's work before he read Malthus? How strongly was Darwin influenced by Mathus? EDWARD BLYTH Edward Blyth (1810-1873) was an extraordinary naturalist, a per- sistent observer of nature, and a reader of books about zoology.3 He was neither wealthy nor particularly healthy and in 1841 left England for the more salubrious climate of India, where he was offered the position of Curator of the Museum of the Royal Society of Bengal. Although Blyth continued his activity there and became recognized as the founder of zoology in India, what is relevant to this paper is the 1. Charles C. Gillispie, The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific ldeas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960); Marius J.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters to Charles Darwin from Edward Blyth at Calcutta- a Study in the Process of Discovery
    "Notes for Mr. Darwin": Letters to Charles Darwin from Edward Blyth at Calcutta- A Study in the Process of Discovery BARBARA G. BEDDALL 2502 Bronson Road Fairfwld, Connecticut I What think you of Wallace's paper in the Ann. N. Hist? . Has it at all unsettled your ideas regarding the persistence of species .... Edward Blyth to Charles Darwin, 8 December 1855 x Edward Blyth, curator of the museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Calcutta, had been corresponding with Charles Darwin in England for upwards of a year when he hurriedly wrote out for Darwin a lengthy commentary on a paper that had recently come to his attention. Little did he know that this same paper, "On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduc- tion of New Species," written by his fellow Englishman, Alfred Russel Wallace, and published in September of 1855, marked a milestone not only for Wallace himself, but for Darwin and for Sir Charles Lyell as well. ~ From a series of propositions relating to geological and geographical distributions, Wallace had deduced that "every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a pre-existing closely allied species." z Evolution was clearly implied, although Wallace had not yet worked out a mechanism. Both Blyth and Lyell called Darwin's attention to the paper, and it was at this time that Darwin revealed his theory of natural selection to Lyell, who urged him to publish it. But Darwin, reluctant to put out a brief and unsupported 1. Barbara G. Beddall, "Wallace, Darwin, and Edward Blyth: Further Notes on the Development of Evolution Theory," J.
    [Show full text]
  • December 2020
    Contents Monthly Bulletin, DeCeMBeR 2020 FromtheDeskoftheGeneralSecretary 3 TulikaSen(08May1926-18October2020) 4 Rumjhum Ray Chaudhuri Bird’s-eyeviewofanArtistandArtHistorian 6 Isha Mahammad and Somnath Mukherjee SirWilliamJonesontheStudyofBirds 10 Arun Bandopadhyay BirdsandtheirConnoisseurs,asRevealedintheAnnalsofthe Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal (1832 -1843) 13 Tapati Mukherjee EdwardBlyth:TheUnrivalledOrnithologistandCuratorofTheAsiaticSociety 18 Nibedita Ganguly PreviewofArticlesPublishedonOrnithologicalStudiesinthe Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal from1870to1879 21 Basabdutta Chanda îûyöì?w¡y¡!ôöìeîûþ›y!‡îû?ˆê/ !î!î™yíÅ ¤‚@ýÌ¥é 27 ߺþ›lî¤% ForgottenIndianOrnithologist–Dr.SatyaCharanLaw 32 Asok Kanti Sanyal BirdsinIndianArt:AntiquityandImportance 34 Keka Adhikari Banerjee OrnithologicalRepresentationsinIndianArchaeology:ABriefOutline 38 Anuja Bose TheMindofBirds 43 Debashis Banerjee and Anindita Banerjee পাখির দেশে 47 অ쇁ণ 嗁মার চক্রব쇍釀 PreservingAvifaunalDiversityinSantragachiJheel,Howrah,WestBengal,India 50 Advay Mishra BirdsofEastCalcuttaWetlandsandErstwhileMarshySaltLakes 54 Asok Kanti Sanyal BirdsCapturedthroughLensfromSaltLake(Banabitan) 56 Soumitra Chakraborty ReportonReleaseofanAlbumofBirdsintheCollectionofTheAsiaticSociety 60 Sagarika Sur BirdsfromtheArtists’Gallery 63 Anuradha Bysack / Kanchan Pathak / Sagarika Sur / Sneha Agarwal / Rajkumar Mukherjee / Rekha Chakraborty / Arun Kumar Chakraborty BooksfromReader’sChoice 67 সুজা쇍া খমশ্র/ Basabdutta Chanda RareBooksonBirdsintheCollectionofTheAsiaticSociety(ArrangedinChronologicalOrder)
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin. a Reader's Guide
    OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 155 February 12, 2009 DARWIN A READER’S GUIDE Michael T. Ghiselin DARWIN: A READER’S GUIDE Michael T. Ghiselin California Academy of Sciences California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California, USA 2009 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Alan E. Leviton, Ph.D., Editor Hallie Brignall, M.A., Managing Editor Gary C. Williams, Ph.D., Associate Editor Michael T. Ghiselin, Ph.D., Associate Editor Michele L. Aldrich, Ph.D., Consulting Editor Copyright © 2009 by the California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISSN 0068-5461 Printed in the United States of America Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas 66044 Table of Contents Preface and acknowledgments . .5 Introduction . .7 Darwin’s Life and Works . .9 Journal of Researches (1839) . .11 Geological Observations on South America (1846) . .13 The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842) . .14 Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands…. (1844) . .14 A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia, With Figures of All the Species…. (1852-1855) . .15 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) . .16 On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects, and on the Good Effects of Intercrossing (1863) . .23 The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (1877) .
    [Show full text]
  • List of Biologists
    Scientist Birth-Death Country Humayun Abdulali (1914–2001), Indian ornithologist Aziz Ab'Saber (1924–2012), Brazilian geographer, geologist and ecologist Erik Acharius (1757–1819), Swedish botanist Johann Friedrich Adam (18th century–1806), Russian botanist Arthur Adams (1820–1878), English physician and naturalist Henry Adams (1813–1877), English naturalist and conchologist William Adamson (1731–1793), Scottish botanist (abbr. in botany: Aiton) Michel Adanson (1727–1806), French naturalist (abbr. in botany: Adans.) Monique Adolphe ( born 1932), French cell biologist Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889–1977), British electrophysiologist, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on neurons Adam Afzelius (1750–1837), Swedish botanist Carl Adolph Agardh (1785–1859), Swedish botanist Jacob Georg Agardh (1813–1901), Swedish botanist Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), Swiss zoologist Alexander Agassiz (1835–1910), American zoologist, son of Louis Agassiz Nikolaus Ager (1568–1634), French botanist Pedro Alberch i Vié (1954–1998), Spanish naturalist Bruce Alberts ( born 1938), American biochemist, former President of the United States National Academy of Sciences Nora Lilian Alcock (1874–1972), British pioneer in plant pathology Boyd Alexander (1873–1910), English ornithologist Horace Alexander (1889–1989), English ornithologist Richard D. Alexander ( born 1930), American evolutionary biologist Wilfred Backhouse Alexander (1885–1965), English ornithologist Alfred William Alcock (1859–1933), British naturalist Salim Ali (1896–1987),
    [Show full text]
  • THE RISE of the EVOLUTION FRAUD (An Exposure of the Conspiracy) by Malcolm Bowden (Second Enlarged Edition)
    THE RISE OF THE EVOLUTION FRAUD (An exposure of the conspiracy) by Malcolm Bowden (Second Enlarged Edition) SOVEREIG PUBLICATIOS, P.O. BOX 88 92 BROMLEY COMMO BROMLEY KET BR2 9PF i Copyright © M. Bowden 2008 Copyright Whilst copyright of the text and illustrations are retained by the author, short passages may be quoted and any of the illustrations may be copied without charge or obtaining permission, provided that for each item used the title and the author are acknowledged. As well as this book, this applies to all other works by this author, i.e Ape-men - Fact or Fallacy, Science vs. Evolution, True Science agrees with the Bible and the co-authored book Breakdowns are Good for you. Important ote For current information on the purchase of all books, postage etc. go to - www.mbowden.info. [email protected] ISB 0-9506042-7-5 EA 9780950604275 First Edition 1982 Second Enlarged Edition 2008 Published by Sovereign Publications, Box 88 92 Bromley Common, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9PF, UK Typeset using Greenstreet Publisher 4.01P UK Front cover designed using Xara Extreme Printed by Biddles DEDICATIO This second enlarged edition, is, like the first, dedicated to my wife - who bore the brunt. Acknowledgments I would here like to record my thanks to Dr. Stephen Hayes for proof reading this work, making several useful suggestions, and encouraging me to complete it. .................................. "Instead of a fact we have a speculative hypothesis that says that living species evolved from ancestors which cannot be identified, by some much-disputed mechanism which cannot be demonstrated, and in such a manner that few traces of the process were left in the fossil record - even though that record has been interpreted by persons strongly committed to proving evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Darwin, Edward Blyth, and the Theory of Natural Selection Author(S): Loren C
    Charles Darwin, Edward Blyth, and the Theory of Natural Selection Author(s): Loren C. Eiseley and A. Grote Source: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 103, No. 1 (Feb. 28, 1959), pp. 94-158 Published by: American Philosophical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/985383 . Accessed: 24/10/2013 12:44 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Philosophical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 150.135.118.112 on Thu, 24 Oct 2013 12:44:27 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions CHARLES DARWIN, EDWARD BLYTH, AND THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION LOREN C. EISELEY Professorof Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS voyage of the Beagle. On her deck, impatient PAGE for the sight of home was a tall, spare young I. Introduction.............................. 94 man with the brooding eyes of a philosopher. II. Edward Blyth............................. 96 He had looked much upon savage men and III. Clues to Darwin's knowledge of Blyth........ 97 animals in remote uncharted lands. What he IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Nietzsche and Darwin Babette Babich Fordham University, [email protected]
    Fordham University Masthead Logo DigitalResearch@Fordham Hermeneutic and Phenomenological Philosophies Working Papers of Science 2013 Nietzsche and Darwin Babette Babich Fordham University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fordham.bepress.com/phil_papers Part of the Evolution Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons Recommended Citation Babich, Babette, "Nietzsche and Darwin" (2013). Working Papers. 4. https://fordham.bepress.com/phil_papers/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Hermeneutic and Phenomenological Philosophies of Science at DigitalResearch@Fordham. It has been accepted for inclusion in Working Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalResearch@Fordham. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nietzsche and Darwin Babette Babich As a natural scientist however, one should get out of one’s human corner. … in nature it is not distress which rules but abundance, squandering, indeed to the point of senselessness. The struggle for survival is only an exception, a temporary restriction of the will to life; the great and small battles turn around us on preponderance, on growth and expansion, on power, corresponding to that will to power that is indeed the will of life. — Nietzsche, The Gay Science, §349 At some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilised races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace throughout the world the savage races. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes, as Professor Schaaffhausen has remarked, will no doubt be exterminated. The break will then be rendered wider, for it will intervene between man in a more civilised state, as we may hope, than the Caucasian, and some ape as low as a baboon, instead of as at present between the negro or Australian and the gorilla.
    [Show full text]