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Architecture Glossary A-Frame: a Building with a Steep Pitched Roof Extending from the Foundation to the Roof Ridge Forming an “A” Shaped Front Façade

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Architecture Glossary A-Frame: a Building with a Steep Pitched Roof Extending from the Foundation to the Roof Ridge Forming an “A” Shaped Front Façade Architecture Glossary A-frame: A building with a steep pitched roof extending from the foundation to the roof ridge forming an “A” shaped front façade. Acanthus: A representation of the leaf of a plant native to the Mediterranean region. The leaf form is the distinguishing characteristic of the Corinthian column capital. Adaptive Re-use: Altering a building to accommodate a use other than that for which it was built, for example converting an old warehouse into apartments. Arch: A curved masonry structure over an opening designed to support the weight of the wall above that opening. An arch may be round, elliptical, pointed or trefoil. Parts of an arch Keystone- The wedged-shaped top member of a brick arch that transfers the weight at the top of the arch to the adjacent solid walls. Voussoir- Wedge-shaped stones or brick at either side of the keystone. Springer- Bottom stone or brick where an arch intersects a wall or column. Parts of an arch: Shapes of an arch: basket-handle cusped Gothic horseshoe ogee round Tudor Adobe: Sun-dried brick made of clay with straw as a bonding material. Antebellum: Refers to American historic/cultural era, not a particular building style. In Latin antebellum means “before war” and is used to describe the 30-year time period before the American Civil War. Antebellum architecture is frequently associated with the plantation homes built in the South before the Civil War. These buildings were a mix of many styles popular at the time including the Greek Revival and Federal styles. Arcade: A series or row of arches supported by columns or walls. Architect: A formally trained and licensed designer of buildings. Architects must graduate from an accredited university (5 to 6 years of study) and then work for up to 3 years as an intern under the supervision of a registered architect. In order to become a Registered Architect he/she must pass a 7-part Architectural Registration Examination. The title “Architect” cannot be legally used without passing the examination. The purpose of the examination is to insure that buildings are safe to build and use. The initials RA and / or AIA designate that an individual is a Registered Architect. Architecture Glossary Architecture: The art and science of designing and constructing buildings suitable to their purpose, one of which is beauty. Art Deco: A style popular between 1900 and 1945. Art Deco utilized sleek lines, bands of color, complex geometric shapes, cubic forms, and zigzags, this style symbolized the modern machine age. Art Moderne: A sleek, streamlined almost plain style of architecture popular from 1930-1945. Embraced by the public as a symbol of speed and technology the style was used in many types of public and private buildings. Features may include: a smooth outer skin, horizontal orientation, a flat roof, white walls, and rounded corners often with wrap-around windows. In place of stone ornamentation or wooden trim, aluminum and stainless steel were often used. Glass blocks or horizontal rows of windows or stripes gave these buildings the impression of speed or wind-blown movement. Art Nouveau: An art movement in Europe and America from the 1890s through early 1900s. The name originated with a Paris shop operated by Siegfried Bing who employed the leading designers of that time. The style was based on sinuous organic curves found in nature especially the lily. The movement’s goal was to raise crafts and the decorative arts to the level of fine art. Art Nouveau influenced building design with the addition of fanciful curving wrought-iron grillwork and curved rooflines. Arts and Crafts: An artistic movement in the late 19th century supporting a return to handicrafts and natural forms. Californians Charles Greene and Henry Greene (Greene and Greene) were two of the first American designers to incorporate these ideas in home plans. Popular from 1905-1930 many different types of houses used arts and crafts elements including: prairie-style, bungalows, mission, foursquare, and western stick. The features found in an arts and crafts building can include: wood, stone, or stucco siding, a low-pitched roof, wide eaves with triangular brackets, a porch with stone supports, and many windows often with stained or leaded glass. With open floor plans, the houses had few rooms. Beamed ceilings, built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating with dark wood details are characteristics of arts and crafts influences. Attic: A low story of a building just under the roof. Balustrade: A railing or parapet consisting of a handrail on a series of miniature columns or other upright forms (balusters). Bauhaus: The 1920s German school of architecture led by architect Walter Gropius. The school promoted the theory that architecture could be a force for social change in post World War I Germany. (The word is German for house for building.) Bauhaus architects rejected ornamentation and embraced Classical forms. In the 1930s the Nazis disbanded the school and Gropius fled to the United States. The American version of Bauhaus is known as International(e) Style. A Bauhaus building may have any or all of these features: a flat roof, smooth outer skin, cubic shape, and open floor plans. Specially designed functional furniture in white, gray, beige, or black was another feature of this style. Bead Molding: A rounded, ornamental molding resembling a string of beads. Beam: A horizontal, weight-supporting member of a structural frame. Architecture Glossary Beaux Arts: If it was big, grand, and built in America from 1885-1925, the architectural style was often Beaux Arts. Combining Greek, Roman, and Renaissance ideas this style was a favorite for public buildings and the mansions of the Gilded Age. A Beaux Arts building may have these features: massive, made of stone with columns, balustrades, cornices, pilasters, arches, excess interior ornamentation, and a grand stairway. Blueprints: Reproductions of drawings printed with a process that produced white graphics on a blue background. The blueprinting process is no longer used having been replaced by digital technology. Brick: A masonry unit made of a kiln-burned clay mixture. Builder/contractor: A licensed professional hired to put together a team to construct a home or other building from plans or designs. The team may include the surveyor, excavator, licensed plumbers and electricians, masons, and carpenters. Building Code: A set of laws created by the governing body of a city, county, parish to regulate building construction “to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare” of the people living in the locality. The Chief Building Official is the government official who enforces the code. Built Environment: Man-made surroundings Bungalow: An American home style popular from 1905-1930. There are many different types of bungalows including California, Craftsman, and even Spanish Colonial Revival. William Gibbons Preston designed the first American example in Massachusetts in 1879. California architects Greene and Greene are credited with popularizing the style. A bungalow may have some of these features: 1 and 1/2 stories with all rooms except bedrooms on the first floor, a living room at the center of the house, low-pitched roof, few hallways, and built-in cabinets, bookshelves, and seats. Buttress: A support, usually made of brick or stone, built against the outer wall of a structure to give it strength. California Mission: Popular from 1890-1920 and inspired by historic Spanish churches built by early settlers in California, this style is also known as Mission or Spanish Mission. It became popular when California residents rediscovered their cultural past. Though the style spread across America it was most common in the southwest. The following features are often found in California mission buildings: smooth stucco outer walls, parapets, arched windows or entry doorways, large square pillars and/or twisted columns, ornamental iron work and red tile roof. Cast Iron: A hard, brittle, nonmalleable alloy of iron, carbon, and silicon formed in a mold. In the 18th century with new production methods, cast iron became a cheap and plentiful building material. When the influential NewYork architect James Bogardus advocated its use as a modern material, cast iron became a favorite with Victorian America. Cheaper than stone and paintable, the metal was used extensively in the elaborate facades of Victorian residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Architecture Glossary Classicism: An important architectural language originating in ancient Greece and Roman and still used today. Based on a set of precise rules and architectural elements, Classicism defined standards of beauty. Marcus Vitruvius, Roman architect in the first century BC, established the importance of mathematical principles when building large public structures: “without symmetry and proportion no temple can have a regular plan.” Clay Tile: Roofing material made from fired clay, usually with a curved shape that interlock with the adjacent tiles. Coffer: A recessed panel in a flat or vaulted ceiling Colonial Revival: First appearing at the US Centennial Exposition in 1876, this style was the most popular home built in America through the mid-1950s. Based on elements from both Federal and Georgian architecture, it was considered simpler than Victorian. A Colonial Revival building may have the following elements: 2 or 3 stories, brick and/or wood siding, simple details, gable roof with dormers, pillars and columns, multi-paned and double-hung windows with shutters, fireplaces, and a portico topped with a pediment. This home style was usually rectangular in shape and featured a central entry hall with living areas on the first floor and bedrooms in the upper floors. Column: A supporting pillar that may be structural or decorative. Columns may be a simple vertical shaft or, as in Classical architecture, consist of 3 primary parts governed by strict rules or orders for their design and proportions.
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