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Peoples' Perceptions of Human-Elephant Conflict in and Around Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary

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Peoples' Perceptions of Human-Elephant Conflict in and Around Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary PAKKE PACHYDERMS Ecology and Conservation of Asian Elephants in Kameng Elephant Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh Eds Surendra Varma, Prabal Sarkar and Vivek Menon Department of Environment & Forest, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh Village Forest Development Committee The Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) is a non-profit conservation organization committed to help conserve nature, especially endangered species and threatened habitats, in partnership with communicites and governments. In the long run, it aims to achieve, through proactive reforms in policy and management, an atmosphere conducive to conservation. WTI works through building partnerships and alliances and its strengths lie in its willingness to work with innovative conservation techniques like acquiring land for wildlife and rescue and rehabilitation. The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) works to improve the welfare of wild and domestic animals through out the world by reducing commercial exploitation of animals, protecting wildlife habitats, and assisting animals in distress. IFAW seeks to motivate the public to prevent cruelty to animals and to promote animal welfare and conservation policies that advance the well-being of both animals and people. Suggested citation: Surendra Varma, Prabal Sarkar and Vivek Menon (Eds). Pakke Pachyderms - Ecology and Conservation of Asian Elephant in Kameng Elephant Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh. Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi. Keywords: Human - Elephant Conflict, Conservation, Kameng Elephant Reserve, Pakke - Doimara and Asian Elephants. The designations of geographical entities in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression or any opinion whatsoever on the part of the editors or WTI concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged and appropriate credit given. Reproduction of material in this information product for other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Executive Director, Wildlife Trust of India or by e-mail to [email protected] Copyright @ WTI 2008 Wildlife Trust of India A-220, New Friends Colony, New Delhi – 110 025, India Tele: +91-11-26326025/6 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wti.org.in Photo credits: Front & back cover and title page: C. Loma / Sunil Subba Fig. 1, 1.3, 6.2, 13.1: Vivek Menon Fig. 4.1 & 4.2: Surendra Varma All other photographs: Prabal Sarkar Design and layout: Ranjesh K. Gupta Printed at: Summit Advertising CONTENTS PREFACE 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 CHAPTER 1: Introduction Surendra Varma, Prabal Sarkar and Vivek Menon 9 CHAPTER 2: The status of elephants, forest contiguity and gaps in protected area network in Arunachal Pradesh Bharath Sundaram, Surendra Varma, Arun Venkataraman and Raman Sukumar 19 CHAPTER 3: Project area : Kameng Elephant Reserve Prabal Sarkar & Surendra Varma 25 CHAPTER 4: The Kameng Landscape - through remote sensing and geographical information system Surendra Varma, Prabal Sarkar, Anisha Thapa and Narendra Babu 33 CHAPTER 5: Tree species diversity, similarity and spatial distribution Prabal Sarkar, Surendra Varma and Suresh HS 40 CHAPTER 6: Estimating elephant density and population size in Kameng Elephant Reserve Surendra Varma, Prabal Sarkar and Nidhi Gureja 43 CHAPTER 7: Habitat usage, distribution and feeding behaviour of Asian elephants in Kameng Elephant Reserve Surendra Varma, Prabal Sarkar and Naim Akthar 48 CHAPTER 8: Elephant corridors in Kameng Elephant Reserve Surendra Varma, Prabal Sarkar, Sandeep Kumar Tiwari, Suresh HS Narendra Babu and Anisha Thapa 58 CHAPTER 9 : Extent of human-elephant conflict in Kameng Elephant Reserve Prabal Sarkar, Surendra Varma and Vivek Menon 66 CHAPTER 10: Economic loss and payment of compensation in the Kameng Elephant Reserve Surendra Varma and Prabal Sarkar 75 CHAPTER 11: Relationship between elephant corridors and elephant - human conflict Prabal Sarkar, Naim Akthar and Surendra Varma 82 CHAPTER 12: Conservation action to mitigate conflict in and around Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary Prabal Sarkar, Sunil Subba, Surendra Varma and Vivek Menon 86 CHAPTER 13: Peoples’ perceptions of human-elephant conflict in and around Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary Prabal Sarkar, Surendra Varma and Nidhi Gureja 96 CHAPTER 14: Training and equipping field staff of the Kameng Elephant Reserve and Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary Rakesh Kr Singh and Vivek Menon 103 REFERENCE 106 APPENDIX I : Elephant population in Assam in 1993 and 1997. 110 APPENDIX II : Elephant population in Arunachal Pradesh (Census 2001) 111 APPENDIX III : Species code, scientific and local names, relative abundance and spatial distribution of the plant species enumerated in the Kameng Elephant reserve 112 APPENDIX IV : Altitudinal variation in elephant distribution 114 APPENDIX V : Food plants recorded through feeding signs. 115 APPENDIX VI : Species code, scientific and local names, and number of individuals of the species recorded for the Seijosa corridor region 117 APPENDIX VII : List of plant damage other than crop during study period 119 APPENDIX VIII : Structural damage (in detail) during study period 120 APPENDIX IX : Copy of Questionnaire used for collecting information on Elephant Distribution 121 APPENDIX X : Discussion meeting on the methodology for the proposed elephant census in Arunachal Pradesh 122 APPENDIX XI : Training Program for assessing elephant habitat and distribution 129 QUESTIONNAIRES USED TO COLLECT INFORMATION ON ELEPHANT DISTRIBUTION: - Human-Elephant Conflict Survey – Direct observations through Stay at Village 125 - Human-Elephant Conflict Survey – Direct observations through Village Visit (day visit) 129 - Human - Elephant Conflict Survey – Daily observations by the Resource Person 133 - Elephant distribution - Indirect method (Village Survey) 137 - Elephant distribution – Forest Trail Survey 139 - Elephant Survey – Feeding habits (from elephant dung) 140 - Elephant Survey - Indirect method-Village Survey for Human-elephant conflict 141 PREFACE One of the worst cases of human-elephant conflict in recent years has been that witnessed by the people and elephants of Sonitpur district of Assam where both have lost many a life in the last few years of incessant conflict. Just a few kilometers away, separated only by a state boundary and not by any ecological formation, lies the Pakke Wildife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh. Pakke has similar numbers of elephants but better forest cover. However, deforestation had reached its very boundaries in the late 90s and conflict was only a stone’s throw away. In the early part of this new millennium, WTI was offered an opportunity to work on elephants in Pakke. To begin with, there was little understanding of numbers, density or demography of elephant populations in Pakke, nor was there a clear understanding of the conflict. What was clear was that local Nyshi tribesmen were reporting high levels of conflict and the forest department was besieged with calls for compensation. The elephant project was carried out in Pakke for over five years (2000-2005) and not only did a fairly comprehensive understanding of elephant population dynamics in the area begin to emerge but conservation issues such as resolving the conflict and protecting the corridors that existed in the area were better understood. Simultaneously, the project started conservation action, for WTI projects are not research oriented alone. This is carrying on in some measure to this very day. A watcher compensation scheme was initiated and so were schemes to protect various corridors. Guards were given the first level of anti-poaching training and various small rapid action projects were carried out in the area near Seijosa. This helped win the confidence of the local Nyshi community and forest officials. The project was greatly strengthened by the continuous support of successive DFOs of the area and the Arunachal forest department in general. The Village Forest Development Committees of the local villages and the Gaon Burrhas were also partners in the project. The project was also unique in involving a non WTI, principal investigator Surendra Varma (this model has been tried out with great success in a few other projects as well after this) that extended this partnering concept. This report is a culmination of all that has been learnt and done in Pakke vis-à-vis elephant conservation. Much has changed in the project itself, for example the replacement of the watcher scheme with the grain-for-grain scheme, a unique way of giving relief to those affected by elephant depredations. Even more important to note is, that Pakke has not witnessed any retaliatory killing of elephants by man nor has it claimed a human life in the recent past. This, by itself, is testament to the success of this project Vivek Menon Executive Director 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This small effort towards the conservation of Asian elephant in Kameng Elephant Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh was possible because of the financial assistance of the US Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS) and our international partner, International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). Special thanks goes to these agencies
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