Extensions of Remarks E1207 EXTENSIONS of REMARKS
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Misunderstood and Forgotten: the Greek Naval Mutiny of April 1944 Mark C
Misunderstood and Forgotten 367 Misunderstood and Forgotten: The Greek Naval Mutiny of April 1944 Mark C. Jones Abstract After being driven from Greece by the German military in 1941, the Royal Hellenic Navy (RHN) operated alongside Britain’s Royal Navy (RN) from bases in Egypt, Lebanon, and Malta. In April 1944 the RHN experienced a widespread mutiny, which began in Alexandria, Egypt, over the political composition of the Greek government. This essay explores the importance of the Alexandria mutiny to the RHN. It investigates the role of the navy in the royalist/republican rivalry of the 1920s–1930s, the wartime return to service of republican officers, the RHN’s operations under British direction in the eastern Mediterranean, the political orientation of the government-in-exile, disturbances in the RHN prior to the mutiny, the events of the mutiny itself, the aftermath of the mutiny, how the mutiny affected the RN-RHN relationship, and the significance of the mutiny within the context of naval history in general. Wartime RN records held at the Public Record Office outside London, United States Navy intelligence reports held at the National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, Maryland, as well as unpublished and published secondary sources, provide the basis of this investigation. Multinational naval operations are a common occurrence in today’s world. While the United States Navy is presently the most powerful in the world, it frequently operates with ships from allied navies to reach its security goals. Such allied cooperation dates back to World War II when escort groups in the Battle of the Atlantic were composed of ships from the U.S., Canadian, and Royal Navies along with a handful of Polish, Free French, Norwegian, and Dutch ships. -
GREECE Navy.Pdf
GREECE How to Become a Military Officer in the Greek Armed Forces: The basic education and training of the officers of the Greek Army, Navy and Air Force is primarily the responsibility of three respective academies. The national conscript service contributes also to the training of the future military elites. These academies, which are used to educate and train officers also for foreign armed forces, are now on the way to integrate the acquis of the European Higher Education Area in order to obtain the instruments, which will allow them developing further their exchange capacities. These academies, indeed, provide academic curricula at the first cycle level. In addition, the Army Academy proposes postgraduate curricula as a part of the intermediate – or advanced – education of the Greek officers. The Air Force Academy also intends to develop its educational offer in proposing in the future a master curriculum on flight safety. The vocational training of the future Greek and Cypriot military elites, since they are fully trained in the Greek institutions, is also assured by the academies, in cooperation with the specialist training centres. NAVY Hellenic Naval Academy (http://www.hna.gr/snd/index.html) Academic curricula Military specialisations Naval Sciences and Navigation Seamanship (specialisation offered Weapons (basic (basic education) for line officers or Branch School (Skaramagas, Athens) Bachelor Bachelor Anti-Submarine engineers) Communications Mechanical Engineering Number of cadets first year: 35 Total number of cadets: 200 -
Britain and the Greek Security Battalions, 1943-1944
VOL. XV, Nos. 1 & 2 SPRING-SUMMER 1988 Publisher: LEANDROS PAPATHANASIOU Editorial Board: MARIOS L. EVRIVIADES ALEXANDROS KITROEFF PETER PAPPAS YIANNIS P. ROUBATIS Managing Eidtor: SUSAN ANASTASAKOS Advisory Board: MARGARET ALEXIOU KOSTIS MOSKOFF Harvard University Thessaloniki, Greece SPYROS I. ASDRACHAS Nlcos MOUZELIS University of Paris I London School of Economics LOUKAS AXELOS JAMES PETRAS Athens, Greece S.U.N.Y. at Binghamton HAGEN FLEISCHER OLE L. SMITH University of Crete University of Copenhagen ANGELIKI E. LAIOU STAVROS B. THOMADAKIS Harvard University Baruch College, C.U.N.Y. CONSTANTINE TSOUCALAS University of Athens The Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora is a quarterly review published by Pella Publishing Company, Inc., 337 West 36th Street, New York, NY 10018-6401, U.S.A., in March, June, September, and December. Copyright © 1988 by Pella Publishing Company. ISSN 0364-2976 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS DAVID GILMORE is professor of anthropology at the State Uni- versity of New York at Stony Brook . MOLLY GREENE is a doc- toral candidate at Princeton University . CLIFFORD P. HACKETT is a former aide to U.S. Representative Benjamin Rosenthal and Senator Paul Sarbanes. He is currently administering an exchange program between the U.S. Congress and the European Parliament and is also executive director of the American Council for Jean Monnet Studies . JOHN LOUIS HONDROS is professor of history at the College of Wooster, Ohio ... ADAMANTIA POLLIS is professor of political science at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Re- search . JOHN E. REXINE is Charles A. Dana Professor of the Classics and director of the division of the humanities at Colgate Uni- versity . -
Energy&Defense
SOUTH EAST MED ENERGY&DEFENSE THE ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT FOR THE STAKEHOLDERS “Energy Wars” The Security of the Energy Routes in the South East Mediterranean Authors Dimitrios Kyriakos: Lt. General (ret.) ex-Director of the Greek Cavalry-Tank Directorate Tassos Tsiplakos: South East Med Energy & Defense Strategy Consultant “Energy Wars” If geopolitics is an argument about the future world order, then the easternmost third of the Mediterranean Sea is The EastMed shaping up to be a cauldron of quarreling visions and interests like no other. This region is bound to North by the coast of Cyprus, to the East by the shores of Syria, Lebanon, Israel and the Gaza Strip and to the South by Egypt. pipeline The current situation of Eastern Mediterranean gas development is still fluid, and the instability produced by the war in Syria, as well as the general instability in the Middle East, are adding additional sources of complexity that can A modern dream in undermine the projects discussed by governments and energy companies. an ancient region owever, the study of the interaction between markets, political and se- Hcurity dynamics offers a starting point for understanding strategies. In particular, the geopolitical interests of the Eastern Mediterranean countries he Eastern Mediterranean (EastMed) are bound to affect geoeconomic decisions concerning flows and exchanges TPipeline Project refers to the con- in traded gas. struction of an offshore/onshore natu- The following part will discuss this possibility, while being aware of the ral gas pipeline that connects directly fact that there is no precedent from other parts of the world, of energy func- Eastern Mediterranean gas resources of tioning as an incentive for peace between states in conflict or friction. -
Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean
NAVAL POLICY AND STRATEGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN Copyright of collection © 2000 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Copyright of articles © 2000 contributors CASS SERIES: NAVAL POLICY AND HISTORY ISSN 1366–9478 Series Editor: Holger Herwig The series will publish, first and foremost, fresh quality manuscripts by research scholars in the general area of naval policy and history, without national or chronological limitations. Furthermore, it will from time to time issue collections of important articles as well as reprints of classic works. 1. Austro-Hungarian Naval Policy, 1904–1914 Milan N.Vego 2. Far Flung Lines: Studies in Imperial Defence in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman Edited by Keith Neilson and Greg Kennedy 3. Maritime Strategy and Continental Wars Rear Admiral Raja Menon 4. The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament 1942–1947 Chris Madsen 5. Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas Milan N.Vego 6. The Pen and Ink Sailor: Charles Middleton and the King’s Navy, 1778–1813 John E.Talbott 7. The Italian Navy and Fascist Expansionism, 1935–1940 Robert Mallett 8. The Role of the Merchant Marine in Maritime Foreign Defence Policy Formation Edited by Greg Kennedy 9. Naval Strategy in Northeast Asia: Geo-strategic Goals, Policies and Prospects Duk-Ki Kim 10. Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean: Past, Present and Future Edited by John B.Hattendorf Copyright of collection © 2000 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Copyright of articles © 2000 contributors NAVAL POLICY AND STRATEGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN Past, Present and Future Edited by John B.Hattendorf US Naval War College FRANK CASS LONDON • PORTLAND, OR Copyright of collection © 2000 Frank Cass & Co. -
Greek Deterrence of Turkey: Living to Fight Another Day
Greek Deterrence of Turkey: Living to Fight Another Day by Emmanuel Karagiannis BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 1,770, October 6, 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Greece is facing a serious security challenge from Turkey, a fellow NATO country. The recent deterioration of bilateral relations has generated suspicion and distrust in Athens. The upcoming exploratory talks are bound to fail. The Greek deterrence strategy is shifting significantly because the possibility of conflict is growing. Greece and Turkey are strange neighbors. They are bitter rivals with a history of armed conflict, but are both member-states of NATO. The list of bilateral issues between them has lengthened over the years, including the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus, the status of ethno-religious minorities, the delimitation of territorial waters, the continental shelf/Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and national airspace, and the problem of illegal immigration. Greek-Turkish relations hit a new low on July 21, when the Erdoğan regime announced its decision to send a seismic exploration ship near the Greek island of Kastellorizo. Ankara’s main objective has been to grab as much continental shelf as possible by preventing Athens from declaring an EEZ in the area. Kyriakos Mitsotakis’s center-right government rose to the challenge and mobilized its fleet to disrupt a Turkish oil and gas survey in what it deems the Greek continental shelf. This was the first time since January 1996, when the Imia crisis erupted, that Greece showed a clear willingness to use military force to defend its sovereign rights in the Aegean Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean. -
Greece Announces Major Arms Purchase
Greece announces major arms purchase As Mr Mitsotakis said at the TIF (Thessaloniki International Fair which is not being held this year due to the pandemic, but the venue as a podium for political declarations was kept).: “In recent years, the defense sector has experienced conditions of disinvestment, after a period of high costs and not always targeted armaments procurements. Well, it's time to balance needs and opportunities. It is time to strengthen the Armed Forces as a legacy for the security of the country, but also as the highest obligation to the Greeks who will bear the cost. It is the price of our place on the map. Today, therefore, I am announcing six emblematic decisions that multiply the power, functionality and effectiveness of Greek weapons.” The six decisions announced by PM Mitsotakis: 1. The Hellenic Air Force will immediately acquires a squadron of 18 Rafale fighter jets that will replace older Mirage 2000 fighters. As the Greek PM said these are fourth generation superior aircraft that “strengthen Greek deterrent power... in combination with the modernized F-16” 2. The Hellenic Navy is launching the process for the procurement of four new multi-role frigates, while at the same time, it will modernize and upgrade four existing MEKO frigates. Mr Mitsotakis left open, what these ships will be, and several countries are looking at the tender for their own shipyards, or design bureaus. The new ships will also be accompanied by four MH-60R (Romeo) naval helicopters. 3. The arsenal of the three branches is being enriched as a whole. -
93323765-Mack-Ridge-Language-And
Language and National Identity in Greece 1766–1976 This page intentionally left blank Language and National Identity in Greece 1766–1976 PETER MACKRIDGE 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Peter Mackridge 2009 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mackridge, Peter. -
To Nmrs at SHAPE
Greek Military In ordet to become familiar with the Hellenic the Armed Forces, you can have a look to the Command Structure as it is shown on the slide below. Command Structure Gr. Police ΧΧΧΧΧ Coast Guard (2) HNDGS (2) ΧΧΧΧ HAGS-HNGS-HAFGS C.A.A Civil Aviation.Admin (3) (2) Fire Dep. JORRHQ OTHER COMMANDS (1) (3) ΧΧΧΧ ΧΧΧΧ ΧΧΧΧ ΧΧΧ ΧΧΧ 1st ARMY/ FLEET TACTICAL B΄CORPS HMCII OHQs-EU COMMAND AIR FORCE ΧΧΧ COMMAND A΄ CORPS ΧΧΧ LEGEND D΄CORPS (1) Operational Command ΧΧΧ (2) Operational Command war-crisis C΄CORPS/ (3) Administrative Control NDC-GR In specifics: a. At Strategic Level, Operational Command is laid with the CHOD, supported by the General staffs of the three Services b. At Operational Level there are “7” major HQs and the NDC-GR which is assigned to NATO as FLR HQ. c. In addition there is Joint HQ for Rapid Response operations at Tactical Level. d. In case of open hostilities the CHOD assumes Operational Command, of Police, Coast Guard, Border Police and the Fire Department Furthermore, The Strategic Military Objectives and the Main Operational Tasks, as defined by the National Defence Strategy, can be summarized as: a. Firstly, maintaining and further developing our ability to deter and should deterrence fails to defend against any kind of external threat, preserving the national sovereignty and territorial integrity. b. Secondly, to promote regional and global Security & Stability, contributing to Crisis Management and to defence against asymmetric threats, enhancing military cooperation, maintaining regional presence, participating to international peace support operations and contributing to the development and implementation of confidence building measures. -
Hellenic Army's Preparation for the Balkan Wars
Hellenic Army’s preparation for the Balkan Wars; applying the joint warfare concept Dr Efpraxia S. Paschalidou The First Balkan War Two Balkan Wars took place in 1912 through 1913, the first involving an alliance of Christian states, namely Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro, against the Ottoman Empire. The goal of the allies was the liberation of their still enslaved Christian compatriots. The Second Balkan War involved Greece and Serbia against Bulgaria, and was the result of the latter's aggressive attitude and territorial claims against its former allies 1. The grievous outcome of the Greco-Ottoman War of 1897 followed by the Struggle for Macedonia (1904-1908) and the tensions stirred up in all matters of national importance, proved the absolute necessity for a radical transformation in Greece. A fundamental renewal of the national web and a structural change of the political scene were caused in August 1909 by the Military League, a group of junior officers claiming a revolutionary solution to the chronic problems of the state, the society and the army. Systematic efforts were introduced to reform and equip the military forces 2. The Balkan Wars constitute the first joint operation of the three branches of the Armed Forces with the rudimentary even though substantial participation of the Hellenic Air Force for the first time. The combination of the potential and the operational jointness of all the forces resulted to the achievement of the best outcome namely the liberation of the territories still under occupation and the doubling of the Hellenic territory 3. By the beginning of autumn 1912, the four Christian Balkan states, although they had not signed a common defence pact, were in solidarity and of united purpose against the Ottoman Empire. -
Souda Bay: NATO's Military Gem in the Eastern Mediterranean
Souda Bay: NATO’s Military Gem in the Eastern Mediterranean Dr. Daniel Goure Lexington Institute March 2016 Executive Summary The Middle East is afire, Russia is on the march and France, the United Kingdom, the United States and dozens of other countries are at war with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. The Eastern Mediterranean is at the center of a titanic geo-political and strategic struggle as refugees flood to Europe from the Near East and North Africa. United States air units are deployed to Turkey and Russian forces to Syria. Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the Gulf States and Israel are building up military defenses due to increasing chances of conflict in the region. The U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) need a stronger presence in the Mediterranean to monitor activities, and to prevent attacks on members and partners. The increasing conflict in the Eastern Mediterranean calls for a stronger U.S. Sixth Fleet, but Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral John Richardson, has stated there is no plan to bolster scarce U.S. naval resources in the region. This means the alliance must adapt by developing a new approach to its southern flank, increasing its presence, developing a European Maritime Security Strategy, and building ally and partner relations and regional security architectures. To deter aggression in the region, NATO also needs to boost the military power of its existing members. Greece is one example of a member nation that could increase its involvement, and thereby strengthen NATO’s capabilities. Greece has a long history with the West, and serves as a key geopolitical point for NATO. -
Strategic and Operational Innovations at the Hellenic Armed Forces, As Parameter of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913
Strategic and operational innovations at the Hellenic Armed Forces, as parameter of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913 Dr Efpraxia S. Paschalidou The Balkan Wars took place in 1912 through 1913; the first involving an alliance of Christian states, namely Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro against the Ottoman Empire so as to liberate their still enslaved Christian compatriots, and the second one involving Greece and Serbia against Bulgaria. Establishment of the Joint General Staff In Greece, the military coup of 1909, contributed towards the victories won in the Balkan Wars, because it gave a new and proper impulse to reform the Armed Forces and implement new and well thought-out armament programs. The political and military leadership, foreseeing the upcoming changes in the Balkans and in order to put Greece in a position to liberate the occupied territories undertook coordinated action for the country’s complete preparation. The collaboration of the land and naval forces constituted the fundamental precondition for achieving Greece’s national objectives 1. The Higher Joint Staff of the Land Army and Navy 2 was formed on 17 April 1910. Its task was the drafting of a common plan of operations for the army and the navy, the research in the required military and naval organization and preparations, as well as the ensuring for the complete implementation of that plan, at a given time. Also the gradual reinforcement of the country’s ground defence with the proper defensive works and transportation means, the gradual substitution, repair and selling off the outdated ships and every sort of useless war material whether being for use on land, or sea, the country’s dowry with a complete naval base, perfect industrial factories for manufacturing weapons and gun powder and in general the 1 Efpraxia S.