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Origem E Natureza De Padrões Macroecológicos Em Anfíbios: Antigas Questões, Novas Abordagens

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Origem E Natureza De Padrões Macroecológicos Em Anfíbios: Antigas Questões, Novas Abordagens UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS UFG UNIVERSIDADE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FEDERAL DE GOIÁS ECOLOGIA E EVOLUÇÃO Sidney Feitosa Gouveia Origem e natureza de padrões macroecológicos em anfíbios: antigas questões, novas abordagens Goiânia – GO Fevereiro / 2013 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E EVOLUÇÃO Sidney Feitosa Gouveia Origem e natureza de padrões macroecológicos em anfíbios: antigas questões, novas abordagens Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho, FLS Co-orientador: Joaquín Hortal (Museu Nacional de Ciências Naturais de Madri, Espanha) Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Goiás, como parte das exigências à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia e Evolução. Goiânia – GO Fevereiro / 2013 “O limite do saber humano, em qualquer ramo científico, possui um interesse maior, o qual se incrementa sob a influência da proximidade aos domínios da imaginação.” Charles Darwin. Agradecimentos Agradeço primeiramente ao orientador, mentor, amigo e conterrâneo, José Alexandre Felizola Diniz Filho, pela confiança e oportunidade de conviver e aprender com ele; pela maestria com conduziu o trabalho durante esse (espero que primeiro período de) trabalho; e, sobretudo, por ter compartilhado ideias que me influenciaram e se propagarão nas minhas carreira e mente para sempre. Ao co-orientador Joaquín Hortal, pela amizade, participação ativa no meu trabalho e por ter me recebido e acolhido afetuosamente no Museu Nacional de Ciências Naturais de Madri, durante estágio no exterior. Aproveito e extendo aqui meu agradecimento a sua família, Guida Santos e Pedrinho Hortal. À linhagem de coordenadores do PPGEE, Paulo de Marco Jr., Adriano Melo e Marcus Cianciaruso, pela dedicação ao programa e apreço pela formação de profissionais competentes e transformadores. Aos professores Paulo de Marco Jr. e Luis Maurício Bini pela adoção temporária no PPG. Paulo tem sido uma ‘voz’ sempre presente e próxima, disseminando ideias e questões das qual tirei lições que me fizeram um profissional melhor e uma pessoa melhor. Bini tem sido discretamente generoso, e com uma constante atenção à qualidade e continuidade da nossa formação científica. A todos os demais professores da PPGEE, por disseminar boas lições e ideias que têm influenciado enormemente a minha formação. Ao amigo Ricardo Dobrovolski, grande parceria de república, de conversas sempre interessantes e férteis, de mesas de bares, de novas e boas ideas, de produção científica, de canto de laboratório; certamente uma amizade e colaboração duradouras. Ao amigo Daniel de Paiva Silva, que inspira por sua determinação e dedicação, atenção e afetividade. Ao amigo Fabrício Villalobos, uma excelente surpresa no último ano, trazendo um tempero diferente para nossa casa, misturando pimenta, blues, ótimas ideias e certamente uma prolífica cooperação. A todos os amigos do LETS, pela convivência e ambiente extraordinário de trabalho, em especial para Fernanda Cassemiro, parceria desde minha chegada e que influenciou os rumos dessa tese. Aos amigos dos outros laboratórios pela convivência e amizades construídas e permanentes. A todos os amigos do Edifício Barbosa Lima, moradores, ex-moradores e agregados, especialmente aqueles com quem tive a felidadade de conviver mais proximamente, Eduardo Pacífico, Carol Nóbrega, Leandro Juen, Fábio Carvalho, Bruno Vilela, “as meninas” do apto. 3, e evidentemente à nossa mãe em Goiânia, Tia Isis. A todos os membros das bancas de qualificação e de tese, pelo contribuição no desenvolvimento e aprimoramento das minhas ideias. A todos os amigos do Museu Nacional de Ciências Naturais de Madri, que me receberam de braços abertos, oferecem um ótimo ambiente de trabalho e propiciaram uma agradável permanência em Madri. Aos amigos de Madri Ignácio Morales-Castilla (Nacho) e Raúl Garcia-Valdéz, pelas boas conversas, incontáveis momentos divertidos e acolhimento no sublime grupo de amigos de infância. Aos amigos da Reserva Biológica de Doñana, Sevilha, Miguel Tejedo e Helder Duarte pela recepção, acolhimento, e importante colaboração na minha tese. Faço meus maiores agradecimentos à minha família. Aos meus pais, Sidrack e Neide, pela educação, amor, suporte, incentivo, compreensão, confiança, esperança, constância, presença e generosidade, sempre crescentes. Aos meus irmãos, Cássio, Rafael e Yane, pela compreensão, confiança e constante torcida pela minha carreira. Aos meus sobrinhos, Juan, Sabrina e Arthur, pela alegria com que me preenchem. E à minha nova família, Carine, presente em todos os meus agradecimentos. Agradeço mais uma vez pelo amor, incentivo, suporte e compreensão, a qualquer distância e circunstância. Por promover meus melhores momentos. Agradeço ainda a CAPES pelo suporte financeiro através das bolsas DS no Brasil e PDSE de estágio no exterior. Conteúdo Lista de Figuras ..................................................................................................................................... i Lista de Tabelas .................................................................................................................................. iii Resumo................................................................................................................................................. iv Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ v Introdução Geral ................................................................................................................................ 6 Referências ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Capítulo 1. Nonstationary effects of productivity, seasonality, and historical climate changes on global amphibian diversity .......................................................................................................... 20 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 21 Material and Methods ............................................................................................................. 26 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 33 References ............................................................................................................................... 38 Capítulo 2. Environmental steepness, tolerance gradient, and ecogeographical rules in glassfrogs (Anura: Centrolenidae) ................................................................................................... 44 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 44 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 44 Material and Methods ............................................................................................................. 47 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 56 References ............................................................................................................................... 60 Supplementary Material .......................................................................................................... 65 References ............................................................................................................................... 73 Capítulo 3. Climatic niche at physiological and macroecological scales: thermal tolerance– geographic range interface and niche dimensionality. ................................................................... 76 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 76 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 77 Methods................................................................................................................................... 79 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 83 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 86 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................... 90 References ............................................................................................................................... 91 Supplementary Material .........................................................................................................
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