DOCSLIB.ORG

Ayahuasca, Entheogenic Education & Public Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ayahuasca, Entheogenic Education & Public Policy AYAHUASCA, ENTHEOGENIC EDUCATION & PUBLIC POLICY by Kenneth William Tupper M.A., Simon Fraser University, 2002 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Educational Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April, 2011 © Kenneth William Tupper, 2011 Abstract Ayahuasca is an entheogenic decoction prepared from two Amazonian plants containing controlled substances, including dimethyltryptamine. Traditionally drunk ritually (and revered as a healing ―plant teacher‖) by Amazonian indigenous and mestizo peoples, in the 20th century ayahuasca became a sacrament for several new Brazilian religions. One of these, the Santo Daime, has expanded into Canada, where in 2001 a Montreal-based chapter applied for a federal legal exemption to allow drinking of the brew in its rituals. This dissertation undertakes a critical policy analysis of Health Canada‘s decision on the Santo Daime request, using government documents obtained through an Access to Information request as data. My goals are to illustrate how modern stereotypes about ―drugs‖ and ―drug abuse‖ in dominant public and political discourses may hinder well-informed policy decision making about ayahuasca, and to consider how entheogenic practices such as ayahuasca drinking are traditional indigenous ways of knowing that should be valued, rather than reflexively demonized and criminalized. My research method is a critical discourse analysis approach to policy analysis, an eclectic means of demonstrating how language contributes to conceptual frames and political responses to public policy issues. I combine insights from recent research on language, discourse and public policy to show how ayahuasca has become an unexpected policy conundrum for liberal democratic states attempting to balance competing interests of criminal justice, public health, and human rights such as religious freedom. I trace ayahuasca‘s trajectory as a contemporary policy concern by sketching histories of psychoactive substance use, today‘s international drug control regime, and the discursive foundations of its underlying drug war paradigm. Regarding Health Canada‘s 2006 decision ―in principle‖ to recommend exemption for the Daime brew, I critique how the government defined ayahuasca as a policy problem, what policy stakeholders it considered in its decision making, and what knowledge about ayahuasca it used. To conclude, I explore modern schooling‘s systemic antipathy to wonder and awe, and propose that policy reforms allowing circumspect use of entheogens such as ayahuasca as cognitive tools may help stimulate re-enchantment and appreciation of the need to address human and planetary ecological predicaments of the 21st century. ii Preface The Appendix to this dissertation is the result of research and writing I did during my doctoral program that was published as an article titled ―Ayahuasca healing beyond the Amazon: The globalization of a traditional indigenous entheogenic practice‖ in Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs, volume 9, issue 1, in January 2009 (pp. 117-136). It is reprinted here with the permission of the journal. Other than pagination, I have kept the style, punctuation, formatting and other elements of the text the same as the final published version. iii Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Preface ..................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. viii Dedication ............................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 – Introduction........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 – Goal, Objectives & Overview ...................................................................................... 3 1.2 – Public Interest in Ayahuasca ........................................................................................ 9 1.3 – Psychonautic Drinking ............................................................................................... 12 1.4 – Cross-cultural Vegetalismo ........................................................................................ 14 1.5 – Santo Daime ............................................................................................................... 16 1.6 – Review of the Ayahuasca Literature .......................................................................... 20 Amazonian Cosmologies ................................................................................................. 22 Ethnobotany & Pharmacology......................................................................................... 23 Human Physiology .......................................................................................................... 28 Psychology....................................................................................................................... 35 Health/Medicine .............................................................................................................. 41 Spirituality ....................................................................................................................... 46 Westernization/Globalization .......................................................................................... 50 Chapter 2 – Theoretical Foundations & Methods ............................................................. 61 2.1 – Public Policy .............................................................................................................. 61 2.2 – Discursive Policy Analysis & Critical Discourse Analysis ....................................... 68 2.3 – Epistemic Standpoint.................................................................................................. 77 Chapter 3 – Ayahuasca as Policy Issue in the 21st Century .............................................. 83 3.1 – Pre-modern Psychoactive Substance Use .................................................................. 84 3.2 – Psychoactive Substance Use in Early Modernity ....................................................... 91 3.4 – Professionalization & the Path to Prohibition .......................................................... 114 iv 3.5 – The 20th Century & Modern International Drug Control ......................................... 123 Chapter 4 – Discourses & the Drug War Paradigm ........................................................ 131 4.1 – What is a ―Drug‖? .................................................................................................... 132 4.2 – Drug Metaphors ........................................................................................................ 144 Chapter 5 – The Canadian ―Daime Tea‖ Policy Decision ............................................... 157 5.1 – Canadian Politics & Human Rights ......................................................................... 158 5.2 – The Controlled Drugs and Substance Act & Section 56 .......................................... 160 Exemptions for Medical Purposes ................................................................................. 162 Exemptions for Scientific Purposes ............................................................................... 167 Exemptions ―Otherwise in the Public Interest‖ ............................................................. 171 5.3 – International Context ................................................................................................ 174 5.4 – Céu do Montreal‘s Section 56 Exemption Request ................................................. 182 5.5 – Policy Analysis: Problem Definition ........................................................................ 190 5.6 – Policy Analysis: Actors & Stakeholders .................................................................. 200 5.7 – Policy Analysis: Knowledge & Evidence ................................................................ 209 5.8 – Policy Analysis: Conclusion .................................................................................... 216 Chapter 6 – Conclusion: Entheogenic Education—Ayahuasca as a Plant Teacher ..... 219 6.1 – Wonder & Awe ........................................................................................................ 224 6.2 – Cognitive Tools ........................................................................................................ 236 6.3 – Ritual & Harm Reduction ........................................................................................ 241 6.4 – Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 246 Works Cited ........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2012 St. Peter's Pikeland Ucc Church History
    2012 Author Unknown The wonder of it! Eternity having been set in the tiny acorn of the man called Jesus Christ, waiting to fill the universe with the plantation of mighty Live-oak trees! ST. PETER’S PIKELAND UCC CHURCH HISTORY CHAPTER THREE 1883 THROUGH 2012 When recounting our history – particularly during the latter part of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries – we must recognize and commend the work of our St. Peter’s Angel, Annamae Moore. Officially we call her our Pastoral Coordinator, a role that in many ways only Annamae is uniquely qualified to serve. Our last eight pastors (Siudy, Thompson, Mackey, Langerhans, Hetrich, Lamson, Zehmer and Hanson) have been ably assisted by Annamae. She has an extraordinary bedside manner when calling on the sick or grieving families, she helps every bride with the stress of a wedding day and every Sunday assure that our worship service runs like a finely tuned watch. We thank Annamae for her tireless service and dedicate this chapter of our history to her because she has been and continues to be a major part of our church life. 2 Table of Contents A Message to Our Successors at St. Peters ..................................................................................... 5 Getting to Know St. Peter’s Pikeland in the Larger Context of the United Church of Christ ......... 7 What we believe ......................................................................................................................... 7 UCC Structure:............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Education of a Judge Begins Long Before Judicial Appointment
    T H E EDUCATION O F A JUD G E … The Honourable Brian Lennox, Justice of the Ontario Court of Justice The education of a judge begins long before judicial appointment. Judges are first and foremost lawyers. In Canada, that means that they typically have an undergraduate university degree1, followed by a three‐year degree from a Faculty of Law, involving studies in a wide variety of legal subjects, including contracts, real estate, business, torts, tax law, family, civil and criminal law, together with practice‐ oriented courses on the application of the law. The law degree is followed by a period of six to twelve months of practical training with a law firm. Before being allowed to work as a lawyer, the law school graduate will have to pass a set of comprehensive Law Society exams on the law, legal practice and ethics. In total, most lawyers will have somewhere between seven and nine years of post‐high school education when they begin to practice. It is not enough to have a law degree in order to be appointed as a judge. Most provinces and the federal government2 require that a lawyer have a minimum of 10 years of experience before being eligible for appointment. It is extremely rare that a lawyer is appointed as a judge with only 10 years’ experience. On average, judges have worked for 15 to 20 years as a lawyer before appointment and most judges are 45 to 52 years of age at the time of their appointment. They come from a variety of backgrounds and experiences and have usually practised before the courts to which they are appointed.
    [Show full text]
  • Exorcism and the Law: Are the Ghosts of the Reformation Haunting Contemporary Debates on Safeguarding Versus Autonomy?
    The University of Manchester Research Exorcism and the Law: Are the Ghosts of the Reformation Haunting Contemporary Debates on Safeguarding versus Autonomy? Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Garcia Oliva, J., & Hall, H. (2018). Exorcism and the Law: Are the Ghosts of the Reformation Haunting Contemporary Debates on Safeguarding versus Autonomy? Law & Justice, 180, 51-81. http://www.lawandjustice.org.uk/LJarticles.htm Published in: Law & Justice Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:03. Oct. 2021 Exorcism and the Law: Is the ghost of the Reformation haunting contemporary debates on safeguarding versus autonomy? Javier García Oliva and Helen Hall* Abstract This article explores how secular and Canon Law on exorcism have evolved in tandem in England, each subject to the influence of the other, as well as wider cultural changes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Psychology of Possession
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Wales Trinity Saint David A PSYCHOLOGY OF POSSESSION DR PETER CONNOLLY Introduction : The Nature of Trance Although widespread, the phenomenon of possession does not appear in all cultures. This suggests that possession is a cultural artefact, either in the strong sense of being nothing more than a cultural creation or in the weaker one of culture moulding and shaping universal psychological processes in socially relevant ways. My own approach to understanding possession lies very much within the framework of the weaker version. The hypothesis I will seek to develop is essentially that the phenomena of possession are best understood in terms of the psychological processes associated with the term ‘trance’. I use this term deliberately and in full awareness of the reservations about its usefulness expressed by some psychologists. Among hypnosis researchers there are three broad approaches to explaining the nature of trance. The first is that which emphasises socio-cognitive factors such as role play and imaginative involvement in suggested experiences. In short, this approach explains away any feature of trance which provides it with a distinctive character. This view would be compatible with what I have called the strong version of cultural artifactualism. Another approach emphasizes that trance is a genuine altered state of consciousness which differs from ordinary consciousness in a variety of ways, most notably in that reflexive, executive or ego consciousness – what many hypnotists call ‘the conscious mind’ – is dissociated from unconscious processes. The third approach is more diffuse, combining the first two explanations and, depending on the writer, perhaps adding a few other elements to produce a kind of multi-variable theory.
    [Show full text]
  • National Directory of Courts in Canada
    Catalogue no. 85-510-XIE National Directory of Courts in Canada August 2000 Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Statistics Statistique Canada Canada How to obtain more information Specific inquiries about this product and related statistics or services should be directed to: Information and Client Service, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0T6 (telephone: (613) 951-9023 or 1 800 387-2231). For information on the wide range of data available from Statistics Canada, you can contact us by calling one of our toll-free numbers. You can also contact us by e-mail or by visiting our Web site. National inquiries line 1 800 263-1136 National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1 800 363-7629 Depository Services Program inquiries 1 800 700-1033 Fax line for Depository Services Program 1 800 889-9734 E-mail inquiries [email protected] Web site www.statcan.ca Ordering and subscription information This product, Catalogue no. 85-510-XPB, is published as a standard printed publication at a price of CDN $30.00 per issue. The following additional shipping charges apply for delivery outside Canada: Single issue United States CDN $ 6.00 Other countries CDN $ 10.00 This product is also available in electronic format on the Statistics Canada Internet site as Catalogue no. 85-510-XIE at a price of CDN $12.00 per issue. To obtain single issues or to subscribe, visit our Web site at www.statcan.ca, and select Products and Services. All prices exclude sales taxes. The printed version of this publication can be ordered by • Phone (Canada and United States) 1 800 267-6677 • Fax (Canada and United States) 1 877 287-4369 • E-mail [email protected] • Mail Statistics Canada Dissemination Division Circulation Management 120 Parkdale Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6 • And, in person at the Statistics Canada Reference Centre nearest you, or from authorised agents and bookstores.
    [Show full text]
  • Chanting in Amazonian Vegetalismo
    ________________________________________________________________www.neip.info Amazonian Vegetalismo: A study of the healing power of chants in Tarapoto, Peru. François DEMANGE Student Number: 0019893 M.A in Social Sciences by Independent Studies University of East London, 2000-2002. “The plant comes and talks to you, it teaches you to sing” Don Solón T. Master vegetalista 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter one : Research Setting …………………………….…………….………………. 3 Chapter two : Shamanic chanting in the anthropological literature…..……17 Chapter three : Learning to communicate ………………………………………………. 38 Chapter four : Chanting ……………………………………..…………………………………. 58 Chapter five : Awakening ………………………………………………………….………… 77 Bibliography ........................................................................................... 89 Appendix 1 : List of Key Questions Appendix 2 : Diary 3 Chapter one : Research Setting 1. Panorama: This is a study of chanting as performed by a new type of healing shamans born from the mixing of Amazonian and Western practices in Peru. These new healers originate from various extractions, indigenous Amazonians, mestizos of mixed race, and foreigners, principally Europeans and North-Americans. They are known as vegetalistas and their practice is called vegetalismo due to the place they attribute to plants - or vegetal - in the working of human consciousness and healing rituals. The research for this study was conducted in the Tarapoto region, in the Peruvian highland tropical forest. It is based both on first hand information collected during a year of fieldwork and on my personal experience as a patient and as a trainee practitioner in vegetalismo during the last six years. The key idea to be discussed in this study revolves around the vegetalista understanding that the taking of plants generates a process of learning to communicate with spirits and to awaken one’s consciousness to a broader reality - both within the self and towards the outer world.
    [Show full text]
  • Evoking the Sacred: the Artist As Shaman
    Evoking the Sacred: The Artist as Shaman Dawn Whitehand BAVA (Hons) This exegesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Arts Academy University of Ballarat PO Box 745 Camp Street, Ballarat, Victoria 3353 Australia Submitted in April 2009 The objects of [American] Indians are expressive and most decorative because they are alive, living in our experience of them. When the Indian potter collects clay, she asks the consent of the river-bed and sings its praises for having made something as beautiful clay. When she fires her pottery, to this day, she still offers songs to the fire so it will not discolor [sic] or burst her wares. And finally, when she paints her pottery, she imprints it with the images that give it life and power- because for an Indian, pottery is something significant, not just a utility but a ‘being’ for which there is as much of a natural order as there is for persons or foxes or trees.1 Jamake Highwater 1 Jamake Highwater, The Primal Mind: Vision and Reality in Indian America. (New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc., 1981), 77-8. ii Abstract This thesis examines, via a feminist theoretical framework, the systems in existence that permit the ongoing exploitation of the environment; and the appropriateness of ceramics as a medium to reinvigorate dormant insights. I argue that the organic nuances expressed through clay; the earthy, phenomenological and historic ritual connotations of clay; and the tactile textured surfaces and undulating form, allows ceramics to conjure responses within the viewer that reinvigorates a sense of embedment in the Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Noah Phillips 2012
    Copyright By Noah Phillips 2012 Imperialism, Neo-colonialism and International Politics in Aldous Huxley’s Island By Noah Phillips, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English California State University Bakersfield In Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Masters of English Spring 2012 Signature Page Imperialism, Neo-colonialism and International Politics in Aldous Huxley's Island By Noah Phillips This thesis of project has been accepted on behalf of the Department of English by their supervisory committee: ' Dr. Charles C. MacQuarrie Committee Member TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: Imperialism, Neo-colonialism and International Politics in Aldous Huxley’s Island…………………………………………………….…………………4 CHAPTER ONE: A Review of the Scholarship of Island………………………………………………………….7 CHAPTER TWO: International Politics and 20th Century History in Island: A Historicist Approach to Plot and Character………………………………………………..22 CHAPTER THREE: An Application of Dependency Theory and World Systems Analysis to the Political and Economic Arguments of Island………………………………………………………………...43 CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSIONS: Aldous Huxley, Political Philosopher, Novelist………………………….61 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………........67 3 INTRODUCTION Imperialism, Neo-colonialism and International Politics in Aldous Huxley’s Island The purpose of this thesis is to understand and analyze Aldous Huxley’s presentation of neo-colonialism in his utopian novel Island. Particular attention will be given to his portrayal of economic relations between first world powers and the third world in this novel. Furthermore, his fictional rendition of military intervention and foreign policy by the United States and Britain and the role it has played in the developing world during the 20th century will be the central focus of this thesis. Huxley’s claims and critique presented in Island of the process by which first world powers dominate international politics, world markets and peripheral economies through the use of military intervention and foreign policy will be supported by historical accounts.
    [Show full text]
  • (Title of the Thesis)*
    Dionysian Semiotics: Myco-Dendrolatry and Other Shamanic Motifs in the Myths and Rituals of the Phrygian Mother by Daniel Attrell A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Daniel Attrell 2013 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The administration of initiation rites by an ecstatic specialist, now known to western scholarship by the general designation of ‗shaman‘, has proven to be one of humanity‘s oldest, most widespread, and continuous magico-religious traditions. At the heart of their initiatory rituals lay an ordeal – a metaphysical journey - almost ubiquitously brought on by the effects of a life-changing hallucinogenic drug experience. To guide their initiates, these shaman worked with a repertoire of locally acquired instruments, costumes, dances, and ecstasy-inducing substances. Among past Mediterranean cultures, Semitic and Indo-European, these sorts of initiation rites were vital to society‘s spiritual well-being. It was, however, the mystery schools of antiquity – organizations founded upon conserving the secrets of plant-lore, astrology, theurgy and mystical philosophy – which satisfied the role of the shaman in Greco-Roman society. The rites they delivered to the common individual were a form of ritualized ecstasy and they provided an orderly context for religiously-oriented intoxication.
    [Show full text]
  • Takiwasi: Addiction Treatment in the "Singing House"
    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: O’Shaughnessy, David Michael (2017) Takiwasi: Addiction Treatment in the “Singing House”. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/51692/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/51692/ TAKIWASI: ADDICTION TREATMENT IN THE “SINGING HOUSE” by David M. O’Shaughnessy BSc(SoftEng) ECowan, GDipPsych Adelaide, BHlthSc(Hons) Adelaide A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY College of Medicine and Dentistry August 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work that has been condensed into this thesis could not have been realized without the assistance of numerous organizations and individuals. To begin with, the entire fieldwork and data collection process would have been impossible without the financial support that I received from the Australian Government. In this regard I also owe thanks to James Cook University and the College of Medicine and Dentistry, and especially to Professor Frances Quirk who generously provided financial assistance in order to bring the project to fruition. Over the course of my doctoral candidature, I have had the good fortune of working with a wonderfully diverse supervisory team: Spanning neuroscience to psychology and anthropology, Professor Zoltán Sarnyai, Professor Frances Quirk, and Doctor Robin Rodd have allowed me the freedom to pursue a unique path whilst still providing guidance and support according to their areas of expertise.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete System of Thelemic Magick
    Thelemic Qabalah Volume I Publication in Class C by Frater Apollonius 4°=7□ ATAT Fable Once upon a time there was a Great Wild Beast whose mighty roar could be heard all over a sleepy kingdom. In this kingdom there were many lovely maidens. Each Maiden lived in a wonderful cottage by a lake or a stream or by the ocean or by an echoing valley. The Children of this kingdom knew no mother or father but rather sought sustenance and comfort in the house of one of the many Maidens. Each Maiden gathered about herself all of the beautiful Children that she came in contact with and taught them by the L.V.X. of Her Soul. Each Maiden could hear the roar of the Great Wild Beast and knew that with each roar, new Children would come seeking sustenance and shelter and knowledge. The maidens would leave on porch lights to guide the children to them for the Kingdom was enveloped in eternal darkness save in the presence of a Maiden. If a Child learned well, they became a Maiden and left the cottage, with a light of their own to build and light a cottage of their own. At intervals, a Great Wild Beast would be born and roar for a time. Each Great Wild Beast, nearing the time of His passing, would teach a Maiden how to roar like them and instruct them to pass the roar on until they heard another Great Wild Beast. One day, the Great Wild Beast died and his roar was not heard in the Kingdom for many a year.
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Visions: Sacred Plants, Art and Spirituality
    AM 9:31 2 12/10/14 2 224926_Covers_DEC10.indd INNER VISIONS: SACRED PLANTS, ART AND SPIRITUALITY Brauer Museum of Art • Valparaiso University Vision 12: Three Types of Sorcerers Gouache on paper, 12 x 16 inches. 1989 Pablo Amaringo 224926_Covers_DEC10.indd 3 12/10/14 9:31 AM 3 224926_Text_Dec12.indd 3 12/12/14 11:42 AM Inner Visions: Sacred Plants, Art and Spirituality • An Exhibition of Art Presented by the Brauer Museum • Curated by Luis Eduardo Luna 4 224926_Text.indd 4 12/9/14 10:00 PM Contents 6 From the Director Gregg Hertzlieb 9 Introduction Robert Sirko 13 Inner Visions: Sacred Plants, Art and Spirituality Luis Eduardo Luna 29 Encountering Other Worlds, Amazonian and Biblical Richard E. DeMaris 35 The Artist and the Shaman: Seen and Unseen Worlds Robert Sirko 73 Exhibition Listing 5 224926_Text.indd 5 12/9/14 10:00 PM From the Director In this Brauer Museum of Art exhibition and accompanying other than earthly existence. Additionally, while some objects publication, expertly curated by the noted scholar Luis Eduardo may be culture specific in their references and nature, they are Luna, we explore the complex and enigmatic topic of the also broadly influential on many levels to, say, contemporary ritual use of sacred plants to achieve visionary states of mind. American and European subcultures, as well as to contemporary Working as a team, Luna, Valparaiso University Associate artistic practices in general. Professor of Art Robert Sirko, Valparaiso University Professor We at the Brauer Museum of Art wish to thank the Richard E. DeMaris and the Brauer Museum staff present following individuals and agencies for making this exhibition our efforts of examining visual products arising from the possible: the Brauer Museum of Art’s Brauer Endowment, ingestion of these sacred plants and brews such as ayahuasca.
    [Show full text]