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Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository George chapman's use of the comedy of humours Tyszkiewicz, Rita Marie 1973 Find more at https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/ This document is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. George Chapman• s Use of the Comedy of Humou.rs by Rita Marie 'l'yszklewicz A Thesis Presented to tr1e Ci:';1(itiate Comrnittee in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts in English Lehigh University 1973 -' ,,. This thesis ls accepted and approved 1n partial fulf!,ll:nent of ti1c requirements for the degree of ~ ·- .. •p ,-) ... • ,., jl, f_1: Ma.• .,,J \,i '- ~ '·· . •. J \ .. ""' .,J • £. f'i ,.,: -- ~. ~- ,; --· Table or Contents f__ 1 __ ['_ 1111 I ,w.- ·"Vi • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • 4 .. ; .. r ! ., .. .. {fl , ! i ~ t ., II 'fl"· .. J ~ . ~ .~,;,.:J·-· ,1,:i .. {:tf' I\ 1 . ...... lt.J] ,j .... ,.,I tk oa=-·,-~ .--SK--· l ~" . '"-' l "' • • • • • • • 5i tl:i .,,,,., .. ,~~ ,,. ~ ! ·, . ! C • .. ! Ii I .. ·. i ~ ... ·r I\~ J ~ ' •~ ' I I I ' . ' ~ ~ ' ' • -----... .--...,--.c--==-=, .. "' " " • • • • • • • • • • l 8 .i, -II IV A l ·- • • • 3i, ··- • • • • • • • • • • • • ' • • • _(!.~ .. pl ~ . V tt ' ... l ' • • • • • • • .If .: •• • • ·~: •• • • • 4 E3 •. ·1 ~ r • ·l I ·, .. -·"' VI ~ ,_IC, j • GO·C'J'D 0 l fll) ... ·~· • • • • • • •• ••··. •• • • • ~)9 . L -a I ' ·, ~ f ) t ' ;'. I 1··1 () r ~ .... ....: ~ •.. r {.,_r· : VI - • • • • ... • ···- • ·•' •• •: • •• • 63 c· VI I I Cc>n J~ ll :,; 1C)n • • .f • • • ·- •• •• • •• • • •• • • • 65 Vi ta. • ;. .. • • • •• • ·-~ • •• • • •· • • •: • • • 70 ·• ' ... Abstract Th!s study ls aealgn~d to rocus attention on George ,, ' ·.l ..... ~, ~-~i dev~lop and advance .,...,.... ,·· ·1,'I,., • ,.....1,. ·.-1·' "n~ • '....... ···· ,·.• ,.'"! .J ~ betl1ar1 otiige. The comedies of' Ct1apman \,,hich are discus- ;1 :· (;' 'r !1 t.~ ! ; 1 : !1 ,.ci r, C F~ F.. a r~ 0 f 1\ le ;.: a n cl r i a , - :: ... i - .:,,. "'"" •·. r ,,. ··~ ·1·. i ··f~ · ~ .,~1 . \ y 1 •· ~ 'I • 1~,"'~ ·~ , -.,• I 1' ' ' • .. I, ,. ... .. • , l.... .. ' __I. ' ; (•' ... _£ : :.. _.,. .f \ •~ A n• ~ •.. l,,,'./" ' • <) ·' . ' ' f ' ' . ' 'Jt">,, ' •., -···r·'""~ .. ~-· ..... ~ i , I . • • ' . ' ., ... -.... ,. J L_J ~ ~ ' ·' . ,. -J. ~ ,. J •,__ .... _ ... ii -- • l; r' -'I. 'f .. ""'.. ·, '·l ' "".' ' j T', ~ ' I • ..lJt' .I. A. ..,,. 1... /.)'U ·1·' , -- ..... _ \ . ...; • ~ \.. _, l .. .._.. ~··.Jtl r,tccnth century, was a term i '> . I . "'1\·...... -., ,....- · \ l/·-r n . ".1\./ "·· ...\. I":,,.1 .· ' '- be­ / v ,i body was US d V ,) h) .. +. c, i. ,.._ ,. four fluids which the e 1 lieved to contain: blood, phlegm, choler and melancholy. It was believed that four types of dispositions developed from an overabundance of one or more humours in a person's system: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic. Both George Chapman and Ben Jonson, even though basing their theories of humour comedy on this ancient theory, changed it to suit their own purposes. They did not apply literally the physiological theory of the four humours, but, instead, used a metaphorical conception. They re­ garded a humour as an exaggeration of a normal character trait to the point of .absurdity. •.,i,;,. _,. -1- ....... - --- 5- ·--·· . -i,' ' ~ ~- ... ~ j, . '"~ • ~ I f 1 * . ' ~· ' ~ t ' • . .. ·. ,/ ·, . f · a C ..... ,,. , t • ... .1 , ......... , .. ,,... ~~ 11 .. ~ ,,I- .. ' ... ~ ~ . ,--.-.,-, t j: -- t -, -.- ...... ,; r/l ~ 71 ,,., I ,, ,. -t lj i, ...... .., * ~ If ,,. .... ~-' -~. { .. 'c- •t II fi ~-,o, • ./ ·, f' I('.··. ""I• "ll,,,c ! <,• t. Ii, ~- ; · , .. , .. __. ;; " . ~ ~ . • • rt •. .....:-1-io - ;:;-•..• Ii •. - ~ . t . ' . 'f" '. ••. « ' ' .. f"':'. WO. ;. $'-. i I ~ •• , i ·. ··· • • ·-,,. iippren- to \'" r 1 t e ex c 1 u s 1 v e l y f o r t }1 e c 11 t 1 d l" c n ' :J t i1 e a t r 1..: , cJ 11 l y his May Day comes near being called a comedy of humours. ln his comedies of humour t· \.,, · \,,_ ir•, )~ 1 .,,, l' •-· ".1 r•·_, • t.,~. ,~5 • 1 s the :,, c v c: la t 1 o r1 a nd c. i e v c lo ~) r~1 c r1 ·~ o :~ "-I i • ~ l • ··-~"1 • ~ i, \., .•, ,.,, __-, .. ~ i ,i {.li. .. ,r_..... ~- ~ ' He subordinates everything else to this end. Thus, thls study of Chapman's comedy of humours revolves around the char1 ac te rs. It investir~ates what distinguishes Chapman's humour characters f'rom the other characters found in his comedies. This is not an easy task in most cases, since it is often hard to distinguish between Chapman's humour characters and the stock characters which he borrows from the Roman comedies of Plautus and Terence. It is diffi- cult at times to be precise about where the stock ends and the humour begins. Therefore, since most of the emphasis is placed on the revelation of the eccentric behavior of the characters, plot is relegated to a sub­ ordinate position in Chapman's humour comedies. The plot is either rough and sketchy, or it· compliments the humour -2- .. cha rac to ra. It ta dtrr1cult ror the characters to be- '.'1!'l~ •.•1·•. {"' ".-,., ·,. ,. If ,-.(_flf "'"'"''""" ,~!:1 i_li.'" ·~.il,, ........,\ ".,. r:, ~·,··</··".• t 1 ·,··. t ,, f • • • {....... " r•,. It ,· .. ., • +·· J 'I.._ ·.·· m... 1 nf'I ,.. i' .. c ha r it c t c ?" n do. , H . ,.t;. ,,_,.. ?;,,. J and, thus, ,deserve moat 0 ,~ the at- 1. (.......... ,r •. +.n, tt t ....""' n ~·-.1,,, .. ... fr n 'l,c-./, • ¥. J.~ stu,dy • ...... -3- I Oeorge Chapman was born 1n either 1559 or 1560 in j ; f ··t ~' ~. m- 1 ·u· ,,... fl_.:· , n )._.. ,"'.--' o· t,_,_- • .WI, ~t ·1 h ft.,1 L• .W . • .ia-. .. .,f "I Q ~ i../J i"'II was ~nown to be one 0' ,. This would lead one to believe that George Chapman was a wrote pocm3 and plays for his own personal . I' ' 'i r ' - • , ·1 -- ) l· p 1e-,. ,._. (_ d c , '-' • 1 1. --- ___ l r , , J , since Chapman was the 11 second son". As it turned out, his older br·other Thomas inherited the bulk of the family :'ortll!1l:, a11d "youn[~ George had to be content with one hundr1 ed pounds and t\.;o silver spoons" • 2 Thus, Geo11 ge Chapman was forced by fate to earn some sort of living for himself. Educated at Oxford, where he excelled in Greek and Latin, Chapman was well prepared for a career in litera­ ture. As a member of the military service, Chapman .. participated in the Low Country campaigns. He inaugurated his career as a poet, and had his first work, The Shadow of Night, published as soon as he returned from military service in 1594. Chapman's verse did little to relieve his financial worries, though, and he complained a great -4- ' ; deal about the typo or 11 re that moat poets Mere betng • 'ii,_ (. }'. • ., ~ t \I. 1., ••• . oJ.{ . ,- 1 , , • r • 1 t ,,., ' . t • ., ~ ~ •.·· 1 ~- • ·1 ¥' ~ -..,. '!":' ·• I, I, .... ' 'p, : ,_. J ,...... ~ ·---~ Chapman began his career "': .-- ~ " ,-•;. ,_ ' - ,-. i-.... , -. : ,,.,. ( ) .. -~ ,! (' ... r ·- , t (., ti tH"';';l-- n '-;:- .. .,• • ,.-,.1,.,, .•.• 1 ,. ..__;:' >1.j, • 1 ,/ _,@, • •. f " 'il_ I.Ja n a ,. f" i l * _- •- - -'1 ·~,. 1 ' t ' " ,iJ - ,; .:. Al. ~, a ~.- c , .. • -"'· -\.<' j promlnc:1t compa.ntcn pcrt'orinln.f: at tl1e pul1llc theat?"es at 1 1 0 ·~ t ~ a- DP'"'C- h1p· and ! !1{·~· f'i_,:•1<>,.1,·-ti h1,.,.. ~ V I "\;,: '-' "' ntice nd -Jllll ,a·_,;-: i.:J • -~ J •i-1 ...,_, 1. .. 1 z-• -,.~ .,, .... ..,~- ._ • •··" ·~ .. •· ~ .... his wher~e he \•.'orl<ed under~ ti1e dlrectlon of Pl1111I) 1Ienslowe unt11 15S)9. Dur1ng these early years Chapman \·irate his c o r:1 e ci .L 1...: s : TI1e: 131Lnd Deggar of Alexandr.La ~-1· , 1 , 11 rJ-. 1-1 ,J- ·u ~ (1595-~)6), An 1 l.t... ~ \ u (1599), which were performed at Henslowe's Rose Theatre. All Fools was transferred over to the Blackfriars Theatre, where it was performed by the Children of the Chapel, when Chapman shifted his affiliation after 1599. After 1600, Chapman wrote five more comedies: May Day (1601), The Gentleman Usher (1602), Sir Giles Goosecap (1602), Monsieur D'Olive (1604) and The Widow's Tears (1605), all of which were composed specifically for children's companies, to be acted out at the Blackfriars ' Theatre. He also collaborated with Ben Jonson and John Marston in Eastward Ho (1605), ror which he was imprisoned -5- along wtth Jonson and Ma:~at·on. ma 1 net! lo:/r1 l t c; •i.. •-"1t "'.I t_,_"' -,,,r_1- l. Y ' ,,. 4 ~ 1 n • • ,~ .~. p·c.., .,.... f O·d· '~._. f ii -•- ~J (Jc. \.,, -L} \:--.,,. ~ =~! _ tf- ,Ji,,, · _ 'I l ...... .._.,. /'•; ··:--· ! ,., .....- ..... ,/A , --, .. \. /Ii la f-o, ~ ' " . •:. ,.- .. -, ..,. ·;. " _. ,: ,• -n .,. ti • :r( 4 '•' .,.. • .,, ~ -, ~ l I f •, . '.)• '" ;, l ()' )• c ) .- , •· •· ' •.. _ • •· - .. - ' ~ I ,· -, "" •· f, "' I C . .. ' - , ... --- ~ - ·t ,.. ··- .... - • • !.1 · · • l " I ---·-~,,.,_-,~~---< --~-~- --·· ~-- ~ - ' ' . .. -- - ' .. ,f 1 • f • ~ • ;it t ~ -· ""' ft 'If ~ • ""'· • ~ ' ' +: -~ f .. .,. '\, t • iii ... ~ • ;• ,. ' • ' ....... iii'" "" tlj ·• .. ., ""~ ' t ' of __.. j, 1__ ... " • " ,. i "" • ,, !, " ~ .' , --- --- ), < ' ' ·•· ~- i_ ! ~-- _.j:,·'" .... !"11 .-~.,-,,\ • ',. _ ( f---:i ~) ~-, 'ii, ," 1 ., , i - , -l V' • ~ •~ ·- • , ' • ' .... ,j '· .,.. .. • ... "' • • ;." ., ....... I- .· '· 1.· • ~; ,' ~ ·1 -··,_: • l ,,,.,,. ) !I I I ' ' P ,) l, 1! · r ( - ' ·.,- ! ....' •_.,. • --- "' ,-,, ,I • .. .. .., ·:-· ,-]- : 1 3- y t 1. •• t\. i.,4 - and perhaps most unread \•Jorl-:. Joi1n J·~t:ats inunortal1:::ed it in his poem, "On Flrst Lool<ing Into Chapman's Homer". Chaprnan ,J1ed on r,1ay 12, 163li. itt tl1e t:lmc of his death,
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