DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of New Topologies on R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of New Topologies on R A Study of New Topologies on R Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Masters of Science in Mathematics and Computing Submitted by Sakshi Reg. No.- 301403015 Under the guidance of Dr. Jatinderdeep kaur School of Mathematics Thapar University Patiala-147004(PUNJAB) INDIA July, 2016 ABSTRACT The present dissertation entitled, \A Study of New Topologies on R" comprises certain investigations carried out by me at School of Mathematics, Thapar Uni- versity, Patiala, under the supervision of Dr. Jatinderdeep Kaur, Assistant Professor, School of Mathematics, Thapar University, Patiala. The aim of this work is to find new topologies with this new set of basis B− and B+. The topologies generated from this new set of basis are different from stan- dard, lower limit, upper limit and k-topologies. We compared well known topologies with new topologies on R. The whole work is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 is introduction which includes brief account of definitions and their examples which will be required for the later chapters. In chapter 2, we have studied some main theorems which guar- antees how topology can be generated from given base and vice-versa. The aim of chapter 3 is to study well known topologies on R and their topological properties. In chapter 4, we introduced new topologies on real line and compared them with well known topologies on R. At the end of this dissertation, we have bibliography of research papers and books cited in the dissertation. Contents 1 Introduction to Topology 2 1.1 Introduction . 2 1.2 Basic concepts and definitions . 3 2 Bases for Topology 9 2.1 Introduction . 9 2.2 Main results . 10 2.3 Examples to illustrate main results . 12 3 Some known Topologies on Real Line R and their Properties 14 3.1 Properties of standard topology . 15 3.2 Properties of lower limit topology . 18 4 New Topologies on R and Their Properties 22 4.1 Introduction . 22 4.2 New topologies on R ........................... 22 4.3 Comparison of well known topologies on R ............... 24 4.4 Comparison of new topologies with well known topologies on R ... 26 4.5 Conclusion . 27 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Topology 1.1 Introduction 'Topology' is the area of mathematics which studies continuity and related concepts. Important fundamental notions like open sets, closed sets, limit points and continu- ity are introduced. Originally coming from questions in analysis and differential geometry. L.Euler in 1736, the paper entitled, \seven bridges of konigsberg"[2] is regarded as one of important study in modern topology. In this paper, he pointed out that the choice of route inside each land mass is irrelevant. The only useful property of a route is the sequence of bridges crossed, he recognized that the key information was the number of bridges and the list of their end points which typically development of topology. It is difficult to fix a date for the starting of topology. The first time use of term Topology that we know of appeared in title of a book written by J.W. Listing in 1847. Further, many authors like Cauchy, Riemann and Enrico Betti studied various results in topology. In present time topology is an important branch of pure mathematics. Topo- logical ideas are present in almost all areas of today's mathematics. The subject of topology itself consists of several different branches such as point set topology, algebraic topology and differential topology, which have relatively little in common 2 Topology can be defined as \the study of qualitative properties of certain ob- jects that are invariant under a certain kind of transformation". The motivation insight behind topology is that some geometric problems depend not on the exact shape of the objects involved, but rather on the way the are put together. The square and the circle have many properties in common: they are both same dimen- sional objects and both separate the plane into two parts: inside and outside part. Basic topology is concerned with boundaries . What is an open set? When is a set \in one piece"? When can we \put a set" inside a box"? What is a \boundary"? What is a "neighborhood"? And so on. 1.2 Basic concepts and definitions In this section, some basic definitions are presented. Here, we give a brief account of definitions and results which will be required for the later chapters. However, some of the definitions and notations will be repeated occasionally in various chap- ters for the sake of convenience. Definition 1.1 ([5],p.76) A topology on a set X is a collection T of subsets of X having the following properties: (i) ϕ and X are in T . (ii) The union of the elements of any subcollection of T is in T . (iii) The intersection of the elements of any finite subcollection of T is in T If T is topology on X, then the pair (X; T ) is called Topological space. The elements of T are called open sets. A subset F ⊆ X is called closed sets if its compliment is open. Remark 1.2 Any finite intersection U1 \ U2::: \ Un of open sets is open. It is impor- tant to note that it is in general not true that an arbitrary(infinite) union of open 3 sets would be open. Remark 1.3 Open and closed sets are not mutually exclusive. Infact, subsets that are both open and closed often exist. Example 1.4 (Discrete Topological space) Let X be arbitrary set, if we consider T as the collection of every subset of X, then (X; T ) is called discrete topological space. Example 1.5 (Indiscrete Topology) Let X be a non-empty set, the collection consisting of X and ϕ only is also a topology on X, it is called the indiscrete topology. These two examples are easy to understand. However, some more examples of important topological spaces are given below: Example 1.6 Let X = R, Consider the collection T = fU ⊆ RjU is the union of open intervalsg where open interval is defined as (a; b) = fx 2 Rja < x < bg with a; b 2 R. This topology is called Standard or Euclidean topology on R. Example 1.7 (Co-Finite Topology) Let X be a non-empty set, the collection of subsets of X consisting of the empty set together with those non-empty subsets of X whose complements are finite is called Co-finite Topology. Example 1.8 (Co-Countable Topology) Let X be a non-empty set, the collection of subsets of X consisting of the empty and all those non-empty subsets of X whose compliments are countable is called Co-countable Topology. 4 Definition 1.9 Suppose T1 and T2 are two topologies on the set X and if T1 ⊆ T2, then T2 is Finer Topology than T1 or T1 is coarser than T2 and if T1 ⊂ T2 then T2 is strictly finer than T1. T1 is comparable with T2 if either T1 ⊆ T2 or T2 ⊆ T1. Remark 1.10 Two topologies on X need not be comparable. For example Let X=fa,b,cg, and two topologies on X are T1= fϕ,fag,Xg and T2= fϕ,fbg,Xg. It can be easily noted that neither T1 * T2 nor T2 * T1, then T1 and T2 are not comparable. Definition 1.11 ([5],p.78) If X is a set, a basis for a topology on X is a collection B of subsets of X such that: (i) For each x 2 X, there is at least one basis element B containing x. (ii) If x belongs to the intersection of two basis elements B1 and B2, then there is T a basis elements B3 containing x such that B3 ⊂ B1 B2. Example 1.12 If X is any set, the collection of all one-point subsets of X is a basis for the discrete topology on X. Example 1.13 The collection of all open intervals in the real line forms a base for the standard topology. Definition 1.14 ([4],p.171) Let X be a topological space. A class B of open subsets of X is said to be an open base for X if every open set in X is a union of members of B. Example 1.15 The class of open intervals form an open base for the topological space R of real numbers with usual topology. Definition 1.16 ([4],p.172) Let (X; T ) be a topological space and x 2 X. Then the class Bx of open sets containing points x 2 X is local base if for each open set G 5 containing x, there exists Gx 2 Bx such that x 2 Gx ⊂ G. Example 1.17 Let (R;U) be a topological space and let x 2 R. Then the collection of Bx = (x − ϵ, x + ϵ) : 0 < ϵ 2 R forms a local base at x. Definition 1.18 ([4],p.178) Let (X; T ) be a topological space. The space X is said to be First countable space if for all x 2 X, there exists a countable class Bx of open sets containing x such that every open set G containing x also contains a member of Bx. Example 1.19 Every discrete topology (X; D) is first countable. Definition 1.20([5],p.190) If a space X has a countable basis for its topology, then X is said to be second countable space. Example 1.21 The topological space R of real numbers with usual topology is second countable.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lecture 13: Basis for a Topology
    Lecture 13: Basis for a Topology 1 Basis for a Topology Lemma 1.1. Let (X; T) be a topological space. Suppose that C is a collection of open sets of X such that for each open set U of X and each x in U, there is an element C 2 C such that x 2 C ⊂ U. Then C is the basis for the topology of X. Proof. In order to show that C is a basis, need to show that C satisfies the two properties of basis. To show the first property, let x be an element of the open set X. Now, since X is open, then, by hypothesis there exists an element C of C such that x 2 C ⊂ X. Thus C satisfies the first property of basis. To show the second property of basis, let x 2 X and C1;C2 be open sets in C such that x 2 C1 and x 2 C2. This implies that C1 \ C2 is also an open set in C and x 2 C1 \ C2. Then, by hypothesis, there exists an open set C3 2 C such that x 2 C3 ⊂ C1 \ C2. Thus, C satisfies the second property of basis too and hence, is indeed a basis for the topology on X. On many occasions it is much easier to show results about a topological space by arguing in terms of its basis. For example, to determine whether one topology is finer than the other, it is easier to compare the two topologies in terms of their bases.
    [Show full text]
  • Advance Topics in Topology - Point-Set
    ADVANCE TOPICS IN TOPOLOGY - POINT-SET NOTES COMPILED BY KATO LA 19 January 2012 Background Intervals: pa; bq “ tx P R | a ă x ă bu ÓÓ , / / calc. notation set theory notation / / \Open" intervals / pa; 8q ./ / / p´8; bq / / / -/ ra; bs; ra; 8q: Closed pa; bs; ra; bq: Half-openzHalf-closed Open Sets: Includes all open intervals and union of open intervals. i.e., p0; 1q Y p3; 4q. Definition: A set A of real numbers is open if @ x P A; D an open interval contain- ing x which is a subset of A. Question: Is Q, the set of all rational numbers, an open set of R? 1 1 1 - No. Consider . No interval of the form ´ "; ` " is a subset of . We can 2 2 2 Q 2 ˆ ˙ ask a similar question in R . 2 Is R open in R ?- No, because any disk around any point in R will have points above and below that point of R. Date: Spring 2012. 1 2 NOTES COMPILED BY KATO LA Definition: A set is called closed if its complement is open. In R, p0; 1q is open and p´8; 0s Y r1; 8q is closed. R is open, thus Ø is closed. r0; 1q is not open or closed. In R, the set t0u is closed: its complement is p´8; 0q Y p0; 8q. In 2 R , is tp0; 0qu closed? - Yes. Chapter 2 - Topological Spaces & Continuous Functions Definition:A topology on a set X is a collection T of subsets of X satisfying: (1) Ø;X P T (2) The union of any number of sets in T is again, in the collection (3) The intersection of any finite number of sets in T , is again in T Alternative Definition: ¨ ¨ ¨ is a collection T of subsets of X such that Ø;X P T and T is closed under arbitrary unions and finite intersections.
    [Show full text]
  • Math 553 - Topology Todd Riggs Assignment 1 Sept 10, 2014
    Math 553 - Topology Todd Riggs Assignment 1 Sept 10, 2014 Problems: Section 13 - 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; Section 16 - 1, 5, 8, 9; 13.1) Let X be a topological space and let A be a subset of X. Suppose that for each x 2 A there is an open set U containing x such that U ⊂ A. Show that A is open in X. Proof: Since for each x 2 A there exist Ux 2 T such that x 2 Ux and Ux ⊂ A, we have S A = Ux. That is, A is the union of open sets in X and thus by definition of the x2A topology on X; A is open. 13.3) Show that the collection Tc given in example 4 (pg 77) is a topology on the set X. Is the collection T1 = fUjX − U is infinite or empty or all of Xg a topology on X. Proof: PART (1) From example 4 Tc = fUjX − U is countable or is all of Xg. To show that Tc is a topology on X, we must show we meet all 3 conditions of the definition of topology. First, since X −X = ; is countable and X −; = X is all of X we have X and ; 2 Tc. Second, let Uα 2 Tc for α 2 I. We must look at two cases: (1) X − Uα = X for all α and (2) There exist α such that X − Uα is countable. Case (1): X − Uα = X S T This implies Uα = ; for all α. So X − ( Uα) = (X − Uα) = X and thus, α2I α2I S Uα 2 Tc.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Examples and Counterexamples of Advanced Compactness in Topology
    International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356 www.ijres.org Volume 9 Issue 1 ǁ 2021 ǁ PP. 10-16 Some Examples and Counterexamples of Advanced Compactness in Topology Pankaj Goswami Department of Mathematics, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732102, West Bengal, India ABSTRACT: The examples and counter examples are always usefull for better comprehension of underlying concept in a theorem or definition .Compactness has come to be one of the most importent and useful topic in advanced mathematics.This paper is an attempt to fill in some of the information that the standard textbook treatment of compactness leaves out, and giving some constructive significative counterexamples of Advanced Compactness in Topology . KEYWORDS: open cover, compact, connected, topological space, example, counterexamples, continuous function, locally compact, countably compact, limit point compact, sequentially compact, lindelöf , paracompact --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date of Submission: 15-01-2021 Date of acceptance: 30-01-2021 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. INTRODUCTION We begin by presenting some definitions, notations,examples and some theorems that are essential for concept of compactness in advanced topology .For more detailed, see [1-2], [7-10] and others, in references .If X is a closed bounded subset of the real line ℝ, then any family of open sets in ℝ whose union contains X has a finite sub family whose union also contains X . If X is a metric space or topological space in its own right , then the above proposition can be thought as saying that any class of open sets in X whose union is equal to X has a finite subclass whose union is also equal to X.
    [Show full text]
  • Point Set Topology
    Point Set Topology A. Topological Spaces and Continuous Maps Definition 1.1 A topology on a set X is a collection T of subsets of X satisfying the following axioms: T 1. ∅;X ∈T. T2. {Oα | α ∈ I}⊆T =⇒ α∈IOα ∈T. T3. O; O0 ∈T =⇒ O∩O0 ∈TS. A topological space is a pair (X; T )whereXis a set and T is a topology on X. When the topology T on X under discussion is clear, we simply denote (X; T )by X.Let(X; T ) be a topological space. Members of T are called open sets. (T 3) implies that a finite intersection of open sets is open. Examples 1. Let X be a set. The power set 2X of X is a topology on X and is called the discrete topology on X. The collection I = {∅;X} is also a topology on X and is called the indiscrete topology on X. 2. Let (X; d) be a metric space. Define O ⊆ X to be open if for any x ∈ O, there exists an open ball B(x; r) lying inside O. Then, Td = {O ⊆ X | O is open} ∪ {∅} is a topology on X. Td is called the topology induced by the metric d. 3. Since Rn is a metric space with the usual metric: n d((x ; :::; x ); (y ; :::; y )) = (x − y )2; 1 n 1 n v i i ui=1 uX t Rn has a topology U induced by d. This topology on Rn is called the usual topology. 4. Let X be an infinite set.
    [Show full text]
  • MATH 411 HOMEWORK 3 SOLUTIONS 2.17.6. Let A, B, and A
    MATH 411 HOMEWORK 3 SOLUTIONS ADAM LEVINE 2.17.6. Let A, B, and Aα denote subsets of a space X. (a) Show that if A ⊂ B, then A¯ ⊂ B¯. By definition, A¯ is the intersection of all closed sets containing A. Since B¯ is a closed set that contains B and hence A, it must therefore contain A¯. (b) Show that A [ B = A¯ [ B¯. The set A [ B is a closed set that contains A [ B, so it contains both A and B, and therefore it contains both A¯ and B¯. Therefore, A [ B ⊃ A¯ [ B¯. Conversely, A¯ [ B¯ is a closed set (since it is the union of two closed sets) that contains A [ B, so it contains A [ B. (Note that we had to use the fact that finite intersections of closed sets are closed!) S S ¯ (c) Show that Aα ⊃ Aα; give an example where equality fails. S Just as in (b), the set Aα is a closed set that contains each Aα, so it contains each ¯ S ¯ Aα, and thus it contains Aα. (But we can't do the converse because an arbitrary union of closures isn't necessarily closed!) As a counterexample, let A be the closed set [ 1 ; 1] ⊂ . Then S A¯ = S A = i i R i2N i i2N i (0; 1], while S A = [0; 1]. i2N i 2.17.11. Show that the product of two Hausdorff spaces is Hausdorff. Let X and Y be Hausdorff spaces. For any two distinct points (x; y) and (x0; y0) in X × Y , we may assume that they differ in at least one coordinate.
    [Show full text]
  • Math 131: Introduction to Topology 1
    Math 131: Introduction to Topology 1 Professor Denis Auroux Fall, 2019 Contents 9/4/2019 - Introduction, Metric Spaces, Basic Notions3 9/9/2019 - Topological Spaces, Bases9 9/11/2019 - Subspaces, Products, Continuity 15 9/16/2019 - Continuity, Homeomorphisms, Limit Points 21 9/18/2019 - Sequences, Limits, Products 26 9/23/2019 - More Product Topologies, Connectedness 32 9/25/2019 - Connectedness, Path Connectedness 37 9/30/2019 - Compactness 42 10/2/2019 - Compactness, Uncountability, Metric Spaces 45 10/7/2019 - Compactness, Limit Points, Sequences 49 10/9/2019 - Compactifications and Local Compactness 53 10/16/2019 - Countability, Separability, and Normal Spaces 57 10/21/2019 - Urysohn's Lemma and the Metrization Theorem 61 1 Please email Beckham Myers at [email protected] with any corrections, questions, or comments. Any mistakes or errors are mine. 10/23/2019 - Category Theory, Paths, Homotopy 64 10/28/2019 - The Fundamental Group(oid) 70 10/30/2019 - Covering Spaces, Path Lifting 75 11/4/2019 - Fundamental Group of the Circle, Quotients and Gluing 80 11/6/2019 - The Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem 85 11/11/2019 - Antipodes and the Borsuk-Ulam Theorem 88 11/13/2019 - Deformation Retracts and Homotopy Equivalence 91 11/18/2019 - Computing the Fundamental Group 95 11/20/2019 - Equivalence of Covering Spaces and the Universal Cover 99 11/25/2019 - Universal Covering Spaces, Free Groups 104 12/2/2019 - Seifert-Van Kampen Theorem, Final Examples 109 2 9/4/2019 - Introduction, Metric Spaces, Basic Notions The instructor for this course is Professor Denis Auroux. His email is [email protected] and his office is SC539.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Exam: Topology August 31, 2007 Answer five of the Seven Questions
    Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Massachusetts Basic Exam: Topology August 31, 2007 Answer five of the seven questions. Indicate clearly which five ques- tions you want graded. Justify your answers. Passing standard: For Master’s level, 60% with two questions essentially complete. For Ph.D. level, 75% with three questions essentially complete. Let C(X, Y ) denote the set of continuous functions from topological spaces X to Y. Let R denote the real line with the standard topology. (1) (a) Give an example of a space which is Hausdorff, locally-connected, and not connected. (b) Give an example of a space which is Hausdorff, path-connected, and not locally path-connected. x (2) Consider the sequence fn(x) = sin( n ). Determine whether or not the sequence converges in each of the following topologies of C(R, R): the uniform topology, the compact-open topology, and the point-open (pointwise convergence) topology. (3) Let X = R/Z be the quotient space where the integers Z ⊂ R are identified to a single point. Prove that X is connected, Hausdorff, and non-compact. (4) Prove the Uniform Limit Theorem: “Let X be any topological space and Y a metric space. Let fn ∈ C(X, Y ) be a sequence which converges uniformly to f. Then f ∈ C(X, Y ).” (5) (a) Let f : X → Y be a quotient map, where Y is connected. Suppose that for all y ∈ Y , f −1(y) is connected. Show that X is connected. (b) Let g : A → B be continuous, where B is path-connected. Suppose that for all b ∈ B, g−1(b) is path-connected.
    [Show full text]
  • MATH 411 HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS 2.13.3. Let X Be a Set
    MATH 411 HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS ADAM LEVINE 2.13.3. Let X be a set, and let Tc = fU ⊂ X j X − U is countable or all of Xg T1 = fU ⊂ X j X − U is infinite or empty or all of Xg: Show that Tc is a topology. Is T1 a topology? For Tc, it is clear that ; and X are in Tc. If Uα is any collection of sets in Tc, then [ \ X − Uα = (X − Uα); α α which is an intersection of countable sets, hence countable. Likewise, if U1;:::;Uk are sets in Tc, then k k \ [ X − Uα = (X − Uα); i=1 i=1 which is a finite union of countable sets, hence countable. (Cf. Example 3 on page 77.) We claim that T1 is not a topology provided that X is an infinite set. (If X is finite, then T1 is just the indiscrete topology.) Choose some x0 2 X, and consider all of the 1-point sets fxg for x 6= x0. These sets all have infinite complement. On the other hand, the union S fxg equals X − fx g, which has complement fx g, x6=x0 0 0 so it is not open. 2.13.6. Show that the topologies of R` and RK are not comparable. The set [2; 3) is open in R`, but it is not open in RK ; any open set in RK containing 2 must contain an interval (2 − , 2 + ) for some > 0. The set (−1; 1) − K is open in RK , but it is not open in R`, since any open set in R` containing 0 must contain an interval [0; ) for some > 0, and therefore contain elements of K.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematics 5853 Examination I September 28, 2004
    Mathematics 5853 Name (please print) Examination I September 28, 2004 Instructions: Give brief, clear answers. I. Let X = R and let T = {U ⊆ X | ∃M ∈ R, (M, ∞) ⊆ U} ∪ {∅} (where (M, ∞) means {r ∈ R | r > M}). (10) 1. Prove that T is a topology on X (you do not need to worry about special cases involving the empty set). X is open since (0, ∞) ⊂ X. The empty set is open by definition of T . Suppose {Uα}α∈A are open sets. Choose a (nonempty) Uα0 . For some M,(M, ∞) ⊆ Uα0 . Therefore (M, ∞) ⊆ ∪α∈AUα, so ∪α∈AUα is also open. Suppose {Uα1 ,...,Uαn } are open. For each i, choose Mi with (Mi, ∞) ⊆ Uαi . Put M equal to the n n maximum of the Mi, then (M, ∞) ⊆ ∩i=1Uαi , so ∩i=1Uαi is open. 2. Prove that with this topology, X is not Hausdorff. In fact, no two points can have disjoint open neighborhoods. For if U and V were open neighborhoods of two distinct points, then as in part 3 of the proof that T is a topology, there exists an interval (M, ∞) ⊆ U ∩ V , and U and V are not disjoint. II. Let S be a collection of subsets of a set X, such that X = ∪S∈S S. Define B = {S1 ∩ S2 ∩ · · · ∩ Sn | Si ∈ S}, (10) that is, the collection of all subsets of X that are intersections of finitely many elements of S. Verify that B is a basis. By hypothesis, X = ∪S∈S S. Let B1 = S1 ∩ · · · ∩ Sm and B2 = T1 ∩ · · · ∩ Tn be two elements of B, and suppose that x ∈ B1 ∩ B2.
    [Show full text]
  • Topology: Notes and Problems
    TOPOLOGY: NOTES AND PROBLEMS Abstract. These are the notes prepared for the course MTH 304 to be offered to undergraduate students at IIT Kanpur. Contents 1. Topology of Metric Spaces 1 2. Topological Spaces 3 3. Basis for a Topology 4 4. Topology Generated by a Basis 4 4.1. Infinitude of Prime Numbers 6 5. Product Topology 6 6. Subspace Topology 7 7. Closed Sets, Hausdorff Spaces, and Closure of a Set 9 8. Continuous Functions 12 8.1. A Theorem of Volterra Vito 15 9. Homeomorphisms 16 10. Product, Box, and Uniform Topologies 18 11. Compact Spaces 21 12. Quotient Topology 23 13. Connected and Path-connected Spaces 27 14. Compactness Revisited 30 15. Countability Axioms 31 16. Separation Axioms 33 17. Tychonoff's Theorem 36 References 37 1. Topology of Metric Spaces A function d : X × X ! R+ is a metric if for any x; y; z 2 X; (1) d(x; y) = 0 iff x = y. (2) d(x; y) = d(y; x). (3) d(x; y) ≤ d(x; z) + d(z; y): We refer to (X; d) as a metric space. 2 Exercise 1.1 : Give five of your favourite metrics on R : Exercise 1.2 : Show that C[0; 1] is a metric space with metric d1(f; g) := kf − gk1: 1 2 TOPOLOGY: NOTES AND PROBLEMS An open ball in a metric space (X; d) is given by Bd(x; R) := fy 2 X : d(y; x) < Rg: Exercise 1.3 : Let (X; d) be your favourite metric (X; d). How does open ball in (X; d) look like ? Exercise 1.4 : Visualize the open ball B(f; R) in (C[0; 1]; d1); where f is the identity function.
    [Show full text]
  • Topology Sol 2014-15.Pdf
    Topology B.Math (Hons.) II Year Semester II, 2014{15 http://www.isibang.ac.in/~statmath/oldqp/QP/Topology%202014-15.pdf Final Exam Solution Question 1. (a) Define the notions of sequential compactness and limit point compactness. (b) Prove that the Lebesgue covering lemma holds for a sequentially compact metric space. Answer. (a) Sequentially compact: Let T = (S; τ) be a topological space and X ⊆ S. Then X is called sequentially compact in T if every infinite sequence in X has a sub-sequence which converges to a point in X. Limit point compact: Let T = (S; τ) be a topological space and X ⊆ S. Then X is called limit point compact or weakly countably compact if every infinite subset of X has a limit point in X. (b) Lebesgue covering lemma: If the metric space (X; d) is compact and an open cover of X is given, then there exists a number δ > 0 such that every subset of X having diameter less than δ; is contained in some member of the cover. Now, we prove that Lebesgue covering lemma holds for a sequentially compact metric space. Proof: Let U be an open cover of X and suppose, to the contrary, that there is no such δ. Then for every n 2 N, 1=n is not a Lebesgue number, that is, there is a subset Sn ⊂ X such that diam(Sn) < 1=n but Sn is not entirely contained in any of the elements of U. (In particular, Sn is not empty.) For each n 2 N, we choose 0 one point xn 2 Sn.
    [Show full text]