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The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus Leucocephalus), the Only North

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The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus Leucocephalus), the Only North 10 e. The bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the only North American representative of the sea eagles (Grossman and Hamlet 1964), is restricted to North America. The breeding range formerly included most of the continent, but the species currently nests primarily in Alaska, Canada, the Pacific Northwest States, the Great Lakes States, Florida, and Chesapeake Bay. Winter range extends from Alaska, western Canada, and southern Nova Scotia south to the Caribbean and Mexico (American Ornithologists Union 1957). Eagles were last; Qbservmd breeding in Nevada ic 1888 at eyramid Lake ( Linsdale 1936). Some wintering of eagles occurs in Nevada, primarily in the western portion of the State. Decline of bald eagles throughout their range has been positively linked to reproductive failure due to organo-chlorine pesticides. Other mortality causes include shooting, lead poisoning from feeding on contaminated waterfowl, electrocution by power lines, and habitat destruction. Since DDT and other organo-chlorines were banned in the early 1970's, eagle reproduction seems to have improved. Currently, the greatest-threat to bald eagles is destruction of habitat from land development, logging, mineral exploration, and other human activities ( U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service 1982). The Newland* Project area includes the Stillwater Wildlife Management Area ( Stillwater), a known wintering area for bald eagles. Wetlands in Stillwater are supported by water from several sources, including seepage from unlined canals, oxcess irrigation returns, and spills from Lahontan Reservoir. Wintering eagles at Stillwater prey upon fish and waterfowl. Mid-winter eagle counts from 1954 to 1984 indicate that the number of eagles using the area varied considerably from year-to- year but averaged 5 to 15 birds. During the winters of 1986 and 1987, 35 to 40 bald eagles were present on the refuge. Based on mid-winter counts, the number of eagles can not be directly correlated with the amount of water reaching StillWetter in eny given yonr ( P=r•ueal Comments, Steve Thompson, Wildlife Biologist, Stillwater, August 1986). Analysis of Impacts The Service calculates that the draft preferred alternative Procedures would result in an annual average wetland loss of 7,000 to 9,000 acres (Navarre 1987). Of this total, 5,815 acres would be on Stillwater. Concurrently, water quality would be degraded in remaining wetlands. All losses of wetlands would adversely impact migratory bird and forage fish populations. In turn, this could also negatively affect bald eagle numbers and/or usage at Stillwater. Procedures may have some detrimental SigliellialegialeadatiftlatalaggatiNSWIAMIlailliEMMDMINO*01*Mlw1111011110ago 1411`3517■41.70.4........ 11 effects on overwintering eagles during some years, but individual eagles would be expected to disperse to other areas. No known bald eagle nesting occurs anywhere in Nevada, and even the complete loss of overwintering bald eagle use at Stillwater would not jeopardize the species as a whole. Effects of the Newlands Project, and possible Procedures, on the endangered cui-ui were analyzed as follows: 1. Use of Reclamation's Truckee-Carson Hydrologic Model to calculate hypothetical monthly flows in the Truckee River system which would have occurred during each year from 1901 to 1980 (80- yesr period of r000rd) under each ur the eight diversion criteria. The model also computes 80-year annual averages for such parameters as Pyramid Lake inflow, shortages to the Carson Division of the Newlends Project, and spills at Lahontan Dba. 2. Incorporation of a Cui-ui Index Subroutine into the model to compare the relative impacts of different water management plans on the species. The subroutine combines actual historic hydrologic data with known and attributed biological characteristics and population dynamics of cui-ui to calculate the response of a hypothetical cui-ui population. The Cui-ui Index Subroutine tracks the reproductive response of a hypothetical cui-ui population to changes in environmental conditions over time. It is the latest of many attempts over the past 3 years to quantify the impacts of various water management plans on the survival of the species. The version used in this analysis is based upon the Habitat Evaluation Subroutine included in the 1986 draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Newlands Project Operating Criteria and Procedures which utilized prescribed lower Truckee River inflow to Pyramid Lake as the sole parameter affecting cui-ui reproduction. The new version is more sensitive to hydrologic variability because it uses a greater array of biological and physical information. It calculates the number of swim-up larvae recruited to the population each year (i.e., new year class) and the number of individuals remaining in each year class by incorporating the following parameters: river access, attraction flows, instream flow/temperature relation, fecundity rates, egg viability, temperature tolerance of eggs and larvae, annual mortality rates, and population size. Because of the numerous assumptions used in the subroutine the population projections should not be considered as absolute. The calculated number, however, can be used as a comparative index to compare the relative impact of various Procedures. Even if the values used in some of the assumptions were to change, the relative impacts of the different Procedures on cui-ui would be similar and would not affect conclusions. The subroutine is initiated with a known number of male and female cui-ui in each year class. For this analysis, we began 12 the subroutine with the number of estimated to be present in the summer of 1987 so that the simulated impacts on the population would reflect current conditions. The elevation of Pyramid Lake, established at the 1987 level of 3,814 feet mean sea level, was adjusted annually for inflow and evaporation. The 1987 Stampede Reservoir storage of 90,000 acre-feet was also incorporated at initiation of the subroutine. The occurrence and size of a spawning run depend upon the total inflow to Pyramid Lake from January through April (attraction flow), Z.he number of adults in the population, and lake elevation at the beginning of May. The relation of these variables to one another is based on observations at Marble Bluff Fish Facility from 1980 through 1987 and an estimate of the adult population during these years. These data indicated a curvilinear relation between the percent of the adult female population entering the spawning run and total inflow from January through April. The percentage also depends upon the passage avenue available. For example, if Pyramid Lake's elevation is below 3,812 feet mean see level bei above 3,783 feet mean sea level, passage is only available through the Pyramid Lake Fishway. At these elevations, less than 0.1 percent of the population would enter the fishway with total inflow of 51,000 acre-feet, 1.2 percent at 176,000 acre-feet, and 4.6 percent from 349,000 to_676,000 acre-feet. When the lake's elevation exceeds 3,811 feet mean sea level, passage is usually available over the delta and the spawning run percentages increase. With a total inflow of 60,000 acre-feet, 4.7 percent of the adult female population enter the spawning run, while 12.0 percent enter at 491,000 acre-feet, and 23.9 percent at 716,000 acre-feet. No spawning runs are predicted below these low elevations and inflows. There is no minimum number of adults required to initiate the run. The number of males and females in each year class, including the new year class, are reduced by natural mortality each year. Females of prime reproductive age (7 to 30 years) are represented proportionately in the annwning run. For oxample, if lAttetmAiiiii voluwe and lake elevation indicate that 6.0 percent of the adult female population would enter the run, then 6.0 percent of the females in each prime reproductive age class are assumed to enter the run. Percentages are reduced for older than prime reproductive age. Because Pyramid Lake Fishway and the river trap at Marble Bluff Fish Facility have restricted passage capacities, the maximum run size was limited to 30,000 through the fishway or 150,000 through the river trap Run ciao in then reduced by 12.6 percent, based on studies which indicate that some fish are swept over the Marble Bluff Dam spillway before spawning. The total number of eggs deposited is estimated by multiplying the number of female spawners by the average fecundity rate for their respective ages and then reducing the total by 10 percent 13 for egg retention. The number of swim-up larvae produced by these eggs depends upon the age of the female (i.e., egg viability), water temperature during incubation, and variability of instream flow. The historic cui-ui population in Pyramid Lake may have numbered in the millions (Snyder 1917; La Rivers 1962). The adult female cui-ui population is now approximately 50,000 to 75,000 individuals which consists mostly of old females from the 1969 year class. The fate of the cui-ui depends on their reproductive success in recent years and the future availability of water. The status of the population is directly tied to the spawning runs which have occurred since 1980. If year classes fail to develop or prove to be relatively small, the population would be expected to decrease drastically in the next few years as the 1969 year class gradually ages and dies. However, if the year classes are relatively strong, the population will be more secure. For the 80-year period of hydrologic record, the alternative diversions you have suggested result in 14 possible combinations of allowable diversions (7) and diversion criteria (2) are possible (Table 2). For any given allowable diversion, Criteria H always: 1. maintains a higher average Pyramid Lake inflow and elevation; 2. diverts significantly less water from the Truckee River; 3.
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