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Luminol System Yufei Hu,A,B Gongke Lia* and Zhujun Zhangb

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Luminol System Yufei Hu,A,B Gongke Lia* and Zhujun Zhangb Research article Received: 17 April 2010, Revised: 14 June 2010, Accepted: 20 June 2010, Published online in Wiley Online Library: 23 October 2010 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/bio.1230 A flow injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of lincomycin in serum using a diperiodato-cuprate (III)–luminol system Yufei Hu,a,b Gongke Lia* and Zhujun Zhangb ABSTRACT: In this paper, the novel trivalent copper–periodate complex {K5[Cu(HIO6)2], DPC} has been applied in a luminol- based chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. Coupled with flow injection (FI) technology, the FI-CL method was proposed for the determination of lincomycin hydrochloride. The CL reaction between luminol and DPC occurred in an alkaline medium. The CL intensity could be greatly enhanced by lincomycin hydrochloride. The relative CL intensity was proportional to the concentra- tion of lincomycin hydrochloride in the range of 1 ¥ 10-8 to 5 ¥ 10-6 gmL-1 and the detection limit was at the 3.5 ¥ 10-9 gmL-1 level. The relative standard deviation at 5 ¥ 10-8 gmL-1 was 1.7% (n = 9). The sensitive method was successfully applied to the direct determination of lincomycin hydrochloride (ng mL-1) in serum. A possible mechanism of the lumonol–DPC CL reaction was discussed by the study of the CL kinetic characteristics and the spectra of CL reaction. The oxidability of DPC was studied by means of its electrochemical response. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Keywords: chemiluminescence; K5[Cu(HIO6)2]; flow injection; lincomycin hydrochloride; serum Introduction to the determination of lincomycin in pharmaceutical injection with a detection limit of 3.6 ¥ 10-8 gmL-1. There is no distinction Lincomycin [methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(1-methyl-4-propyl-2- of the detection limits between the proposed methods in this pyrrolidinecarboxamid-o)-1-thio-d-erythro-a-D-galactooc- study and that in Yang et al. (18). For the different CL systems, topyranoside] produced from Streptomycin Lincolnensis is a there are different mechanisms of reaction. The aim of the basic lincosamides antibiotic (1). It is a well-established broad- present study was to build a sensitive and selective chemilumi- spectrum antibiotic drug used in human and veterinary medi- nescence method for the direct determination of lincomycin in cine. It is particularly active against Gram-positive pathogens. real samples without any pretreatment and to deduce the pos- Lincomycin hydrochloride has been used in various illnesses, sible mechanism based on the electrochemical response data, including oral and upper respiratory tract and skin infections (2). the kinetic characteristics and the spectra of CL reaction. Drug residues from pharmaceutical products in patients may Chemiluminescence is an attractive analytical method that cause allergic reactions or bacterial resistance. Therefore, it is promises higher sensitivity, wider linear ranges and simpler important to develop an efficient analytical method for the instrumentation (19). Until now, CL has attracted increasing direct analysis of lincomycin in biological samples. Various attention in fields such as clinical and pharmaceutical science, determination methods of lincomycin have been proposed, environmental science and food analysis (20). The oxidation reac- including microbiological assay method (3), chemical assay (4) tion of luminol (3-aminophthalhydrazide) in alkaline medium is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV one of the most efficient CL reactions. It has been widely used in detection (5,6), electrochemical detection (7–9) or mass spec- quantitative analysis of many inorganic and organic compounds trometry detection (10–12), gas chromatography (13), capillary (21). In the luminol-based CL system, the commonly used electrophoresis (14,15) and chemiluminescence (16–18). The originally used microbiological assay method and chemical assay are non-specific and less accurate. The structure of linco- mycin (Fig. 1) is characterized by poor UV absorbance in the low wavelength range (200–220 nm). Special derivatization pretreat- * Correspondence to: G.Li, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, PR China. ment is necessary for UV or fluorescence detection. These chro- E-mail: [email protected] matographic methods with spectrometric detection always suffer from limitations such as special instrumentation and com- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 plicated and time-consuming pretreatments. The chemilumi- Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China nescence (CL) method (16) lays particular emphasis on the b Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Science, Southwest Univer- set-up of the electrophoresis–electrochemiluminescence micro- sity, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of chip, not on the CL system itself. This method (17) was applied China 313 Luminescence 2011; 26: 313–318 Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Y. Hu et al. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the CL-FIA system. chloride was purchased from Chongqing Institute for Drug Control (Chongqing, China). All chemicals were prepared from analytical-grade material using double distilled water through- out the work. Scheme 1. Structure of lincomycin. The 0.01 mol L-1 luminol stock solution was prepared by dis- solving 1.772 g luminol in 1 L 0.1 mol L-1 carbonate buffer and allowed to stand for approximately 24 h before use. The DPC oxidants include hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, potassium perman- stock solution (0.01 mol L-1) was prepared by oxidizing Cu (II) in ganate, ferricyanide, periodate, persulfate, hemoglobin and myo- the alkaline medium according the known method (35). In brief, globin (22–28). In recent years, there has been renewed interest KIO4 (0.23 g), CuSO4·5H2O (0.125 g), Na2S2O8 (0.14 g) and KOH in the development of new oxidant reagents for the luminol- (0.8 g) were added to 30 mL water. The mixture was heated to based CL reaction, which can widen the application of CL analy- boiling for about 20 min on a hot plate with constant stirring. The sis. Transition metals in uncommon oxidation states such as boiling mixture turned intensely red and the boiling was contin- Ag(III) and Cu(III) have been reported. They can be stabilized by ued for another 20 min for the completion for the reaction. The chelation with suitable polydentate ligands (29,30). The studies mixture was then cooled and diluted to 50 mL with distilled mainly focus on the kinetics and mechanics (31,32) of the oxida- water. The stock solution obtained was stored under refrigeration tion reaction by calculating the rate constant and activation and was found to be fairly stable for several months. DPC solu- parameters. Diperiodatocuprate (III) {K5[Cu(HIO6)2], DPC} is a weak tions were freshly prepared before use. The complex was con- oxidizing agent in alkaline medium with the reduction potential firmed at 415 nm by UV–vis spectrum with a molar absorptivity 0.42 V (vs SCE) (33). For its unique catalysis effect, a sensitive and (e) of 6230 Ϯ 100 L3 mol-1 cm-1. selective CL method for H2O2 analysis has been built based on the reaction of luminol–H2O2–DPC (34). In the paper, it was found that the CL intensity of luminol–DPC Apparatus reaction can be greatly enhanced by lincomycin. DPC was obtained by complexation of trivalent oxidation of copper and The schematic diagram of the flow-injection CL employed in this periodate in strong alkaline medium. The CL reaction of luminol work is shown in Fig. 1. Two peristaltic pumps (HL-2, manufac- with a low concentration of 10-7 mol L-1 oxidized by the trivalent tured at Huxi Instrument and Meter Plant, Qingpu, Shanghai, copper–periodate complex, DPC, occurred in alkaline medium, China) were used to deliver all the chemicals at a flow rate of which made the CL system selective. The enhanced light emis- 2 mL min. The polytetrafluorothylene (PTFE) flow tubes (0.8 mm sion of luminol–DPC by lincomycin can be used for the quantita- i.d.) were used to connect all the components in the system. tive analysis of lincomycin concentration in serum sample. Injection was made using a 16-port injection valve (Hanzhou, Therefore, a novel more sensitive and selective chemilumines- China) equipped with a loop of 75 mL. The CL signal was moni- cence method has been developed for trace analysis of lincomy- tored by a BPCL ultra-weak luminescence analyzer (Institute of cin in serum by coupling flow injection analysis (FIA) techniques Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China) consist- without pretreatment of the sample. The electrochemical ing of a flat coil glass flow cell facing the window of the photo- response of DPC was used to describe its oxidation capacity. A multiplier tube (PMT). Data acquisition and treatment were possible mechanism of the proposed CL reaction is discussed by performed with BPCL software running under Windows 98. The the study of the CL kinetic characteristics and the chemilumines- UV-absorbance was detected with a UV–Vis-2001 spectropho- cence spectra. tometer (Hitachi Ltd, Japan). The CL spectrum was obtained with the LS45/55 fluorospectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Ltd, America). A CHI832 electrochemical workstation (ChenHua Ltd, Experimental Shanghai, China) was used to test the electrochemical character- istics of copper metal chelate complex. Reagents and chemical The reagents used were: cupric sulfate (CuSO .H O) and potas- 4 2 Procedure sium hydroxide (KOH) purchased from Chongqing Chemical Reagent Company (Chongqing, China); potassium periodate As shown in Fig. 2, the DPC solution, a standard lincomycin (KIO4) purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Company hydrochloride solution or a sample containing lincomycin hydro- (Shanghai, China); and potassium persulfate (Na2S2O8) pur- chloride and luminol solution were respectively delivered chased from Shanghai Aijian Chemical Reagent Company through the system at the rate of 2.0 mL min-1 by the peristaltic 314 (Shanghai, China).
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