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Home , The Nominations

1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7915

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE Harris H. Barnes, Jr. Richard F. Ladd objection, the nomination is confirmed. Harry E. Pratt to be United States district Archie B. Norford George F. Lewis judge for division No.4, District of Alaska. Thomas M. Brown Herbert E. Roser THE NAVY Robert J. McKirnan Wilford L. Stone MUNICIPAL COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF Philip T. Ku jovsky Frank H. Griffin, Jr. The legislative clerk proceeded to read COLUMBIA sundry nominations in the Navy. J ames L. Cullen John B. Green Ellen K. Raedy to be associate judge of the Richard H. Jeschke, Maurice S. Dampier Mr. BARKLEY. I ask unanimous con­ municipal cgurt for the District of Columbia. Jr. Eugene J. Adams sent that the nominations in the Navy CIRCUIT COURTS, TERRITORY OF HAWAII John E. Shepherd, Jr. Bidwell C. McClel- be confirmed en bloc. Charles E. Cassidy to be third judge of the James T. Pearce land, Jr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. 'Without First Circuit, Circuit Courts, Territory of LeRoy Bald Benjamin W: Dulany objection, the nominations in the ~~avy Hawaii. William L. Dick Frederick Knoth, Jr. are confirmed en bloc. Eugene C. Swift Benjamin H. Sweney UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS SergeS. Gorny Alexander Kositch THE MARINE CORPS Leslie E. Given to be United States attorney Robert S. Stubbs 2d Warren A. Butcher The legislative clerk proceeded to read for the southern district of West Virginia. James K. Roberts Donald R. Hall sundry nominations in the Marine Corps. J ohn J . Boyle to be United States attorney John P. Sawyer 2d Odia "E" Howe, Jr. for the western district of Wisconsin. Mr. BARKLEY. I ask unanimous Harry B. Persinger, Paul M. Hupf Frank E. Flynn to be United States attorney Jr. Robert A. Heath consent that the nominations in the for the district of Arizona. Robert D. Thurst on Hugh C. Kiger Marine Corps be confirmed en bloc. UNITED STATES MARSHALS James B. Ord, Jr. James P. Jacobson The PRESIDING O FFICER. Without Louis G. Nickell 3d objection, the Ma-rine Corps nominations J ames H. Patterson to be United States m arshal for division No. 3, district of Alaska. are confirmed en bloc. J . Henry Goguen to be United States mar­ Mr. BARKLEY. I ask that the Presi­ shal for the district of Massachusetts. dent be notified forthwith of the nomina­ John J. Farrell to be United States marshal 'SENATE tions confirmed this day. for the district of Minnesota. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without CHIEF, BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS, DEPARTMENT THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 1943 obj2ction, the President will be notified OF THE NAVY ' forthwith. Rear Admiral DeWitt C. Ramsey to be Chief (Legislative day of Wednesday, Septem· That completes the Executive Calen­ of the Bureau of Aeronautics with the rank of ber 15, 1943) dar. rear admiral, for a term of 4 years. RECESS DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY The Senate met at 12 o'clock noon, on Mr. BARKLEY. As in legislative ses­ APPOINTMENTS FOR TEMPORARY SERVICE the expiration of the recess. sion, I move that the Senate take a recess To be vice admirals The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. Arthur B. Cook Harris, D. D., offered the following The motion was agreed to; and

1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7927 Evacuation and evacuees spread these diffi­ air experts of the world. His statements risen, the percentage of Luftwaffe losses has culties over the whole of the Reich. Exact are consistent with those of every other increased. Furthermore, Luftwaffe rep:ace­ figures of the total number of evacuees are expert. He · says that within 90 days ment power is being undermined by Ameri· unavailable. Estimates oscillate between can precision bombing of Nazi aircraft pro­ 1,250,000 and 4,000,000. Housing and food these gallant, heroic men could end the duction and repair centers. problems in evacuation areas are aggravated whole titanic conflict with the loss of a The commanding officer of an American by the wild flight of people _trying to escape few thousand lives, saving · millions of bomber st ation in England recent ly esti­ from air danger, government controls, and casualties. mated that our Flying Fortresses alone bad regimentation or evacuees. Where to send Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will "knocked out plants producing 50 to 75 per­ these millions becomes more and more diffi­ the Senator yield? cent of the FW- 190 fighters." Since then the cult. Recently evacuees were sent into Polish Mr.. DOWNEY. I yield. Me- 109 fighter plants at Wiener-Neustadt areas and temporarily housed in camps for­ and Regensburg have been blasted. Imagine merly occupied by Jews. Our advance into Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator what might h ave happened during the Blitz Italy will more and more restrict areas in fot his generous comment with respect of Britain if th.e Luftwaffe had extinguisheq Germany which can be considered safe. to the young men from my State. With­ even 50 percent of the Spitfire and Hurricane production. EFFECTS ON MORALE out making any invidious ·comparisons, I may suggest at this time that both be­ The Luftwaffe's strength in combat planes Last but not least the effects of bombing fore the actual outbreak of the war, and combat reserve is today reduced to 5,000 on general morale do not concern only the while we were in preparation for it, and from 6,000 peak of 1941; while its general bombed areas, but also the threatened di&­ reserve, once 3,000, is known to have melted tricts. Sometimes the fear of bombing is since the war began, there has been a away. · worse than the bombing itself. In addition,. greater percentage of men from Texas No doubt about it, the Luftwaffe is in pretty there are indirect results of bombing which in the armed forces than from any oth­ bad shape; now, if ever, is our golden chance are often overlooked. Bombing affects not er State in the Union. to knock it out of the skies. If our bard­ only the morale of the home front, but also Speaking of aircraft, and the training pressing airmen can be reinforced at once, that of the fighting fronts. The German of men for the air service, I wish to sug­ they will seal the fate of Germany as in­ soldier no longer can maintain the illusion gest to the Senator from California that evitably as they sealed the fate of north that by his fighting be can protect his home. Africa and Sicily when they eradicated Ger­ The German industrialist may escape bomb­ in Texas we have gre~ter aviation train­ man air power in those theaters. ings, but must worry constantly that his cap­ ing facilities for the Navy than are lo­ The trouble is that the British bombing ital assets may be dest royed at any time. cated in any other part of the world, and offensive is still less than half the size con­ Thus, for the first time, the German indus­ that each year the magnificent training sidered necessary to make it decisive-but t rialists feel the horrors of war. institution at Corpus Christi, Tex., is their production of big bombers is not suf­ Evr.cuation from bomted districts into training thousands of capable flyers. ficient to permit any increase. In the United Austria has done much to alienate Austrians The State is dotted all over with aviation St ates we are turning out more than enough and Germans. big four-engined bombers to do the job, but The Germans know well that they now re­ 'training camps for the A~my. Spea-king these bombers are still being sq1;.andered in ceivE. what they gave to the British. There of aviation, I have no doubt that Texas heroic but relatively small-scale attacks all iJ3 a word going around in Germany: "Hitler is providing not only from its own sons over the map, instead of being massed for has started the .total war, but the Allies carry but from the sons of other sections of the repeated and overwhelming raids on the in­ 1·~ out." entire United States, the great bulk of dustrial heart of our German enemy ..· For the pilots and the daring spirits who will instance, the n-qmber of American .precision Mr. President, one of the latest articles carry on the kind of war which the Sen­ bombers sent on each European mission this considerirlg the possibility of defeating ator has been so eloquently advocating. summer (between 200 and 300) bas been only Germ~ny by ~ir power alone is in the one-third the number needed-and poten­ Reader's Digest for October, written by Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I am tially available-both to ground ob­ Francis Vivian Drake, a veteran fighter very happy to have that comment from jeetives most effectively and exterminate pilot of World War No. 1, authoritative the distinguished Senator tram Texas. Luftwaffe fighters in the prpce,ss. spokesman for air power in World War He may justly take great pride in what Even as it is, our Fortresses and Liberators he has stated. have m ade the Luftwaffe pay a .bitter price No.2, author of The Air Plan and Verti­ for every attempt to resist them. Here is cal Warfare. This short article which I I will make a further comment.which tpeir . box score over northwestern Europe am about to read is entitled "Smash the may be of interest to the Senator. In alone for the first 7 months of 1943: Luftwaffe and End the War'': the State of Texas there is located a naval aviation school which is training (From the Reader's Digest] United personnel of the highest quality. Our States Nazi SMASH THE LUFTWAFFE AND END THE WAR! Navy alone has aircraft exceeding 18,000 bomben f ghters (By Francis Vivian Drake) in number. The aircraft of our Navy lost destroyed The Nazis' loss of fi ghter planes on all are now rated at approximately twice fronts has lately been averaging a minimum the efficiency and fighting power of that JanuarY------14 22 of 700 and 800 per month which is roughly of the entire Japanese Navy. J!'ebruary ------17 47 equal to their rate of fighter product ion. If March.------16 141 I continue tcr read from Mr. Drake's .A. p riL ------~------'Zl 143 this loss rate remains const ant, the Luftwaffe May------69 348 will be breaking even. If, on the other hand, article: June·------80 321 July______108 the Allies should step up their air offensive Such is the magnificent opportunity now EOO to a point where they were destroying 1,200 or· 1------1------within our grasp-if only we would concen­ Total __ ------~ 331 1, 527 more of the German fi ghters monthly, the trate the bulk of our big fighting bombers Luftwaffe would literally sink out of sight at once against Germany, instead of scatter­ (This table does not include 1, ~06 fighters ''probably" within 90 days for lack of planes and pilots. ing them over so many fronts. The public . destroyed or damaged, nor any shot down by the 331 With the LuftwaffP. annihilated Germany is inclined to believe that they are already bombers lost, which are believed to have accounted for would be deprived of any practical means of concentrated, that a decisive air offensive is at least 1 or ? enemy r lar:es apiece.) preventing every city in the Reich from suf­ already under way. This is not true. We Ae a result of their losses· in the British­ fering the fate of Hamburg. are still withholding bombers already pro­ American bombing offensive, the Germans I should like to say to the distin­ duced; we are still hitting Germany with have been forced to switch their production only one-third to one-fifth the power avail- priorities to fighter planes. And this is very guished senior Senator from Texas [Mr. able and necessary. · significant, because it indicates that, for the CoNNALLY] that many of these heroic If a real attack were made, the German time being at least, Germany has been obliged young men who are now saving the General Staff would be up against a problem to abandon plans for any heavy aerial offen­ world come from. the great State of unprecedented in history. It would have sives. , At this critical stage of the war, such Texas~ I am not surprised. Texas has to decide whether to "stick it out" until a defensive policy is a policy of desperation. always produced virile men. She has industrial Germany had become on~.- horri- · That is why American and British airmen produced great football teams. She has fying ruin, or to surrender immediately and are impatient to exploit their present terrific produced magnificent fliers, almost un­ save what it could of Germany's working opportunity. assets- upon which depend all Germany's rivaled in the world. The fliers from hopes for post-war recovery. Mr. President, Mr. Drake is confident the southern part of the United States A variety of facts support the case for that we possess the air power, if we would are of extraordinary effi ciency and valor. concentrating our bombers and stepping up but use it, to rapidly force the surrender Let me say to the Senator that I am air war against Nazi targets now. As the or destruction of Germany. He is not so reading an article by one of the great intensity of Allied strategic bombing has confident of the intention of our generals t7928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 30 to employ our bombers for that purpose. At any rate the Eighth-having won its diminishing. So pressed is the Luftwaffe Had he been present at recent hearings two-edged victory-now files and fights as it that its black-painted and thinly armored was designed, trained, and meant to fight; night fighters now go up with the sturdier of the Military Affairs Committee on the independently, precisely, and by day. day fighters against the Eighth. pending measure, his hopes would not The story behind this great war drama you Yet it is not the virtues of American have been i~creased. We turn now to are now watching-the biggest air show of heavies fighting alone, but the cooperatiOn another writer who is entirely optimistic all time-goes back to the last war. 'The with the night-flying R. A. F. that counts both about our power to destroy Ger­ astonishing growth of the flight arm within most. In a sense they are like two knight­ many and about the purpose and will of the space of that one conflict, plus the de­ doctors working on Hitler's fetid dragon. our high command to accomplish that velopment of aeronautical science in the The R., A. F. the anesthetist that slugs the end. The writer to whom I now refer is historic post-war decade, enlivened by Billy body into unconsciousness and paralyzes it. Mitchell and climaxed by Lindbergh, made Then the Eighth comes along and with sur­ W. B. Courtney, speaking by radio it apparent to all except die-hard land-and· gical precision cuts off the limbs and extracts from London, in the Collier's magazine sea-bound militarists that air power would be the poison fangs. of September 25. While all of Mr. decisive next time. The R. A. F. does not bomb in formation. Courtney's article is most valuable and On the professional military side, pressure Every plane shifts for itself over the target. interesting, I shall quote only limited ex­ to absorb its forces seems to be something In their hundreds they confuse and spread cerpts: the United States must always expect in one the defenses, burn and crush and devastate form or another from international allies. the whole military or industrial area in hour­ [From Collier's of September 25, 1943] You will recall Pershing's fight to preserve long earthquakes. THE DESTRUCTION OF GERMANY the integrity of the A . . E. F. as a strictly The Eighth Air Force bombs in formation American undertaking. The Eighth Air Force all letting go at the same instant at specifi~ (By W. B. Courtney) had a comparable fight against a few British things like docks, small factories, airplane . You will shudder many times in the days and Americans who thought it should aban­ plants, hangars, utilities-targets too circum­ just ahead, though you may be safe at don its inc!ependent daylight existence and scribed to be found at night. A formation home thousands of miles away. The in­ join its personnel, equipment, and production of say 100 Yank heavies will la;y all its bombs ability of your eyes to see or your ears to to the R. A. F.'s from 30,000 feet by this method within a hear across the Atlantic will not exempt On the lay side, the English public had circle, the diameter of which is about the your sensibilities from sickening thunders good reason for lacking faith in the daylight length of three football fields. The roar, the and visions. technique of their new allies. Just 3 yean jar, the terror of hundreds of tons of heavy You will behold the sad and horrifying ago the English people watched the daylight explosives going off in a single cataclysm but wholly justifiable and inescapable bombers of the Luftwaffe hosed from the in a space not much larger than the Yankee tragedy of a great, modern nation being skies over Kent ,and Surrey by English fight­ Stadium is for you to imagine. literally crumbled upon the face of the ers until the survivors were glad to scurry The R. A. F. is still dropping three or four planet, and the sins of vicious men being back to the continent with their rudders times as many bomb-tons as the Eighth. scoured from their land by its rubble. Rome between their wheels. The Eighth will catch up. But the present will be repeated a hundredfold and London Howev~r. ~uch authoritative English lead­ difference in tonnage is evened by the exact­ a thousandfold in the cities of the Reich. ers as Air Chief Marshals Portal and Harris ness, the intense focusing of the Americans' Air bombardment will so pulverize Ger­ saw the different values of the American the­ smaller deliveries. The R. A. F., for instance, many in the next 6 months that a genera­ ory of daylight precision bombing and per­ could not have done the Ro:rpe job nor the tion of diligent rebuilding will scarcely re­ ceived at. once a war chance that's little Eighth that at Remscheid. store her. The sum total of all the world's short of providential. That is the manner in For the first time in the his'tory of air earthquakes of recorded times concentrated which daylight precision or spot bombing power, a complementary bombing was done upon the Fatherland couldn't raze and burn and night area or saturation bombing com­ on a mature scale upon the late city of Ham.: and convulse it more thoroughly. plement, fill out and complete each other. burg. That erstwhile greate15t seaport of the That both types of bombing should be Reich was the sixteenth largest city in the This is the ' definite, :n'ieasurable, terrible world; exceeded in size by only 3 American promise now given by allied air power as 'it available to our side, making possible a round-th_e-cloo:t 24-hour-a-day thrashing of cities and second to Berlin in population. grows swiftly toward full strength. Merely The late Essen was in the first 75 of the routine work remains to be done in co­ our common enemies, is the most felicitous discovery wi.thin Allied power in this war. earth's greatest cities. operating the bombers of the R. A. F. and The ordeals of Hamburg and Essen are over the Eighth United States Air Force, aided It is literally a miraculous gift of heaven that guarantees .victory. for ~his war. Their lines in the atlas are by their fighter and tactical commands, blank. Soon I think we can refer to the late backed by the workers and the resources of . The third cause of delay was that the Eighth, after slowly gathering its strength Berlin--or Hanover or Bremen or Frankfort our aviation industry. or Leipzig. Today there's surplus evidence­ · Such a triumph has been quickened by a over half a year, was robbed for north Africa. Thenceforth, the Eighth was really acting in from aerial reconnaissance photos, from in­ victory within victories, the vindication of telligence sources, and from the "Rhine daylight precision bombing which is Ameri­ support of the north African expedition, a matter hitherto unrevealed. In bombing whine" seeping to neutrals-that human ca's greatest single contribution to the ap­ existence as we've known it is now utterly plication of air force upon our enemies. This U-boat nests, it was protectin'g the flank of great convoys to Africa. That those convoys impossible when air force in great propor­ victory has been won by the Eighth United tions is applied round the clock. If men States Air Force, not over Germans, Japs or had no losses from U-boat action was due in large measure to the shellacking of the sub­ continue to live in German cities listed on the Italians, but against the home front critics allied master plan for destruction they will of our equipment, leadership, and methods ~ marine pens by the Eighth. Latest figures show about 6 German fight­ have to crowd out the deepest-burrowing A HOME-FRONT VICTORY ers destroyed for every 4-engined Yank. ·moles and worms. Fighting airmen here b~lieve that when the Merely as figures, these are not in our favor. Day and night bombing has many advan­ post-war summing up takes place, the win­ In crews they mean 9 or 10 American tages, but the greatest of all is its theft of all ning of American and British faith to our specialists downed for every 6 German pilots. ease and order and familiarity of daily life. Air Corps' long-cherished theory of daylight In money, the Germans can probably build Londoners knew that, although their nights· precision bombing will loom as the initial 20 of their fighters for the price of 1 Fortress. would be tough, day would bring respite when major achievement of Maj. Gen·. ·Ira C. Eaker However, the overwhelming strength of the R. A. F. fighters cleaned the skies. Ger­ and his combat kids. American production redressed the balance in mans have no such assurance. They have Just a year ago four-engined Yank-built our favor. American industry works without neither day nor night--only the bleakness of and Yank-operated "heavies" first opened fear of bombs. German industry struggles unmeasurable time. Never to leave home and their bomb hatches over the Nazi-infested under the handicaps of a disorganized nation, family in the morning knowing they'll be continent. They were planes of the Eighth constant raid interruptions, the killing of there that night. Never to know, when they Air Force, which is the aviation section of workmen. It is likely that for every German start the day's work, if they'll be alive to ETOUSA-that European Theater of Opera­ pilot dead in combat, scores of skilled avia­ finish it. Never te have complete rest. Never tions, United States Army. It was a very tion workers are killed in raids. So Germany to be without fear. Never to be clean. Never small air force then. It has grown impres­ cannot afford her losses, whereas we could to have normal, decent social contacts or com­ sively-from 12-plane jabs to 300-plane hay­ afford 10 times as many as we have. The forts or recreations. Civilians never with makers. In its first year the Eighth spewed Luftwaffe is compelled to come up and meet time to rebuild what's knocked down, to put almost 16,000 tons of explosives upon more the American heavies, for home morale, if together what's been torn apart, to heal than 100 targets, brushed 1,728 enemy fight­ for nothing else. Our crews say they do so bodies that have been hurt. Soldiers and ers from the skies and damaged about 900 with courage and resolution. airmen alerted 24 hours a day, all victims of more, carried out 82 attacks in the full light The Luftwaffe is trapped by the law of desperate weariness and the neurosis recog­ of day. But even as you read this the Eighth diminishing returns, with a battered home nized by doctors of Europe as worse than the Will be sluicing as many bombs over Germany front that cannot keep up with its losses. shell shock of the last war-they are "siren 1n a single month as it did all last year. This is the reason Allied casualties have been happy." 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE Our Air Corps now has left hemisphere conclusions that our high command will 3,000 in all, with the power to drop 40,000 defense far behind. We've high altitude refrain from crushing Germany. by the tons a month upon German · indust ry and fighters. Soon we'll have heavy bombers ca­ use of available air power so that they lines of communication, might have a deci­ pable of ranges and loads double, perhaps will not lose the opportunity to play the sive effect within a period of 6 months or a triple, those of the Fortresses and Liberators. year. Even the present heavies can be fixed with game of war with far-flung armies and This plan was advocated some 10 months wing racks to carry three times as many navies. I am rather of the opinion that ago by armchair strategists and editors. In bombs for special jobs. And our tactical ancient concepts of military strategy so brief, this air plan calls in its first phase for commands are shoving the enemy's favorite influence the thinking of our high com­ the use of a total force of 3,000 United States­ weapon, the dive bomber, down his throat mand that it has been impossible for its British heavy bombers, with 1,000 operational with a venegance. members to comprehend that major war and 2,000 in combat reserve. Planes avail­ But war is the least predictable of the power has passed from the land .and sea able for each attaclr, 1,000, losses 3 to 5 arts. There's never . been an unanswerable percent. In 8 day and 10 night att acks to the skies above and that final deci­ per month, losses would be 370 in combat, . weapon. Our airmen know the Germans may sions may now be forced by the total de­ turn up a counter to day-and-night comple­ or say 500 from all operational causes. Such mentary bombing or to daylight precision struction of cities, transportation, utili­ a force could drop 40,000 tons of bombs per bombing. They'll have to hurry. ties, and production centers without month; could continue indefinitely. Berlin's numbered days as a real place upon which no people can exist; no defense Present estimates indicate that there are the m ap promise something beyond an ulti­ can be made; no army can be maintained. 1,500 heavy bombers available for this task­ mate demonst ration of the power of round­ But whatever the motivation of our United St ates and British. In 2 months the-cloclt bombing. Berlin in modern times high command, if they much longer con­ 3,000 could be available. It might be, and came to be more than the capital of Ger­ probably would be necessary to skimp de­ many, more than the heart, brains, and nerve tinue to absorb huge amounts of our pro­ liveries of heavy bombers to other fronts. center of the monster. .It was the false-front duction in futilely building a land army· But this would be sound, following the age­ showcase that Hitler erected upon rotten beyond our ability to use it, if they con­ old military policy of concentration of force. national morale left by the defeat and revo­ tinue thereby to hamper the building of It has been pointed out that the loss rate lution of the last war and the inflationary our air power to maximum capacity, if would drop with the increase in Allied air years of aftermath. In it he displayed h is they longer delay to force the surrender strength. Taking the present rate, as dem­ successes and sold the Germans his bill of onstrated by the war, of 5 German fighters of Germany by the full use of our bomb­ destroyed for the loss of 1 American bomber, goods. The decayed foundations are still ers, then the day will not be long delayed there and will be revealed when Berlin passes the first 60 days of operations would re­ from reality into dust. Not only German when the voice of America will be raised sult in the loss of 1,200 German fighters, courage but that most important. thing, Ger­ in horror and indictment, proclaiming the to our loss of 240 bombers. German fighter man hope, will then collapse. waste and sacrifice inherent in the strat­ strength might be expected to grow pro­ egy of our high command. I hope and gressively weaker; our and British bomber BERLIN WILL MARK THE END strength progressively stronger. If German Based on what I know from years of work as pray that, before it is too late, our Gov­ forces did not come up and fight, our Amer­ a correspondent in Germany, from sitting ernment will review and replan our ican-British losses would be cut to a fraction, 1n air -raid shelters with German people and mHitary program so that it may be made and our forces could proceed unopposed ex­ being in the field with German soldiers, I am consistent with rational principles of cept by antiaircraft fire. t aking bets without qualifications, without modern warfare that should now be pat­ "on the other hands" and "we shall sees," ent to all; and to that end, I urge that SECOND PHASE· that with the end of Berlin will come the end Congress by the passage of the pending In the second phase, the Air Force would of the Nazis. Whether it will also mean the Wheeler bill, will indicate to our military be brought up to a strength of 4,000 bomb­ end of the European war depends on diplo­ ers-2,000 operational, the balance in com-bat matic and political frc;:mts as much as mili- leaders their desire to force the destruc­ reserve. Average loss now would be 3 per­ tary. · tion or surrender of our enemies with the cent per raid; replacements necessary, 560 per And this bombing you are now seeing holds smallest possible loss of our young men month. Tons dropped per month would be an even further promise. Killing of men has and the least possible injury to the peo­ 80,000; in 60 days, 160,000. Total casualties. not stopped wars. The spectacle of utt er ples of Europe. over Germany a.re estimated at 20,000, many devastation of a homeland might. That's the of whom would escape death by parachute, wish, at any rate, ef your .flying young m en Herewith are excerpts from the Cald­ as they do new. A total of· 4 to 6 months who are now visiting history's greatest reign well article and let me repeat I do not has been set from the beginning of the first of t error on Germany-where live the only agree with all of his statements: phase to the final collapse of Germany, al­ people who'd really like to see the Eighth Am POW ER WITH LAND AND S E A FORCES ways provided that the intensity of the at­ United StatEs Air Force abandon daylight (By Cy Caldwell) tacks be maintained. bombing. Now, this has all the earmarks of a well­ Controlling factor in American war effort reasoned, logical plan. From the remarks of [At this point Mr. DOWNEY yielded has been the neces1:1arily long lines of commu­ ·such experienced airmen as General Spaatz, to Mr. McNARY. who .suggested the ab­ nication to war fronts, requiring production General Eaker, and Air Marshal Harris it sence of a quorum, and the roll was of vast shipping services and huge naval seems evident that it would find ready ac­ called, after which Mr. DOWNEY yielded building not only for their protection but ceptance in the controlling air minds of to Mr. LODGE, who addressed the Sen­ to counterbalance Japan's naval strength. tlle United States Army Air Forces and the Expansion of ground forces in artillery, Royal Air Force. That, of course, is a guess, ate, and whm;e remarks appear earlier in tanks, and enough infantry to help air and today's proceedings.] based on casual statements these officers have naval forces seize control of such bases for m ade from time to time to the press, but it's Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I wish future operations, as Sicily, is never ques­ a reasonable guess. Do the General Staff now to pres·ent to the Senate an article t ioned . What airmen, in general, take ex­ · accept the air plan as being feasible? They by Cy Caldwell from the authoritative ception to-and declare to -be an old-fash­ don't say. Aero Digest of August 1943. From the ioned concept of warfare--is the production Let us suppose that the controlling war data and the conclusions presented by of a huge ground army, evidently intended council of the United Nations, which in­ Mr. Caldwell we must believe he is of for the invasion of the Continent itself. Air­ cludes the political heads of our countries men claim, a:t;1d with reason, that this is an as well as the top military leaders, accepts the opinion Germany could be r a pidly expensive way to fight a war, from the stand­ conquered or destroyed by a concentra­ this plan in its entirety. Let us suppose point of loss of life. An air force of 50,000, that, appalled by the loss of life in various tion of Allied air power, but while Mr. say the air ent husiasts, or perhaps even landing operations around the globe, the Courtney in his Collier's article happily 100,000, with their attendant ground crews council decides to try to reduce Germany by assumes such a policy of the high com­ and supply services, can accomplish what an air power alone, succeeds in smashing that army of a million men on the ground cannot mand, Mr. Caldwell is rather dogmati­ nation's wm t~ continue the war, and forces cally con'fident that our generals and ad­ accomplish, wit hout the loss of more than it to sue for peace. In that event, the ground mirals will never be willing to admit the half of their strength. forces would simply sit comfortably by while futility of navies and land armies and COSTLY JOB air power won the war. Not a single. life will insist on their utilization in far­ This may dr may not prove to be true. need be lost in the ground armies-provided Indications are that invasion of the Conti­ the air plan were successful. The armies flung ventures by land and sea even nent, even preceded by tremendous air-force would simply march in to the wrecked conti­ though the surrender of our ·enemies preparation, will be costly in life. Invest­ nent and accept surrender. could be forced at small loss by the use ment an d blockade by air, on the other hand, Better still, General Eaker or General of air power exclusively. would -seem to be relatively inexpensive in Spaatz or Air Chief Marshal Harris might In advance, I wish to declare that I life loss. It is, for instance, conceivable that simply parachute to some convenient spot am not in agreement with Mr. Caldwell's a force of heavy bombers numbering some such as Unte!' den Linden, and accept the . "

7930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 30 surrender of Germany personally. In that bombers would drop a total of 240,000 Nearly all of these cities already have event, the huge ground army that we have tons during the 4 months, which sheuld 'been cruelly hit and hurt by precision built would look rather foolish, sitting in be plenty, it would appear, to force Nazi and saturation bombing, and Hamburg, · Sicily or England or north Africa, waiting Essen, Cologne, and Hannover have been patiently until the bold airmen assured them surrender. that the war was over, and they could go Have the English and American forces largely depopulated as a result. It .will horne, after having enjoyed a nice trip to sufficient aircraft and flying personnel to be noted that their aggregate population Europe and a rest on the shores of the blue implement the proposed program? We before this war was approximately 16,­ Mediterranean . have indeed, and a safe margin beyond '700,000, and that Hamburg had about 10 HUMAN NATURE that. But have we enough flyers and percent of the total number; that is, _Does it not at once appear that no general, fighters and bombers for the destruc­ 1,675 ,000. Since Hamburg was crumbled Briti::h or American, could for one moment tion of Germany and to supply the needs by the explosive power of 10,000 tons of entertain such a prospect? Does it not also of MacArthur and China at the same bombs, we might reasonably expect that app<:p them by glider and para­ It is as follows: chute behind every t;ortified line-and give what we could now hurl on Germany them a bayonet and a hand grenade tq use within 4 months, that is, 24,000 tons, THE ~YTH OF "FORTRESS EUROPE" when they come to personal grips with "the would have blasted and burned the Eng­ (By Maj. Alexander P . de Seversky) enemy. lish metropolis from the face of the Orthodox military writers assume that Nazi If this reasoning proves to. be· 'correct, · Germany, having lost the initiative in the then we may expect to see all forces used earth. war, may elect to fight it defensively. It concurrently in the invasion and conquest It is doubtful that the Reich could will sh orten its lines wherever possible and of continental Europe. This is not to say endure even 60 days of saturated and dig in for a prolonged siege. And German that the independent bombing of Germany precision bombing as proposed . and not propaganda has accepted this assumption. will be neglected. On the contrary, it un­ the slightest chance that she could with­ The very phrase Festung Europa-fortress doubtedly will be intensified, for the gen­ Europe-now so prominent in Dr. Goebbels' erals are well aware by now that without stand such terrible destruction for 2 new threats and alibis, implies a siege behind adequate air softening no army can land on months beyond that. innpregnable walls. According to the Nazi a hostile shore against an enemy only half The 20 largest cities in greater Ger­ version, the enemy's successes in the Medi­ as strong but firmly entrenched in fortified many contained, before this war, an ag­ terranean and on the Russian front have no't positions. However, there seems to be no gregate population of 16,700,000. Here really breached the fortress within which doubt whatever that the independent bomb­ they are: the Germans can survive against the entire ing ot Germany. will not be given .priority ln Berlin ______:;: ______outside world. British-American high command thinking, 4,242,501 The whole idea, however, is nothing nnore but will be meshed into the great strategic Vienna------~- . -­ 2,091, 541 than a hang-over from the past. If Goebbels plan, which obviously includes concurrent 1,675,703 Hamburg~unlch ______------_ expresses serious German military opinion in ground invasion. Co ogne ______773,095 the talk of Festung Europa, then such opin­ Irrespective of what air plans are ad­ 756,605 ion is as backward as the view-held in vanced, what book.S are written, what edi­ Leipzig------715,668 Germany and by some of our own com­ torials are composed, the generals will hurl DresdenEssen ______~------_ 654,461 mentators after the Battle of Britain-that their forces in, let the loss of life be what it 642,129 strategic bombing is of no military value. Breslau ______: _ may. FTankfurt ______625, 198 But more likely German propaganda is 555,857 puffing up the possibilities of defensive war­ Mr. President, Mr. Caldwell, in dis­ Dti::seldorf ------498,600 fare to bolster a tottering morale, without cussing a hypothetical plan to bomb Dortmund------­ 540,875 real faith in it. Germany out of the war, assumes the Hannover------444,926 Because tht fact is tc£.t air power has availability of 3,000 Allied bombers for S tuttgart------420,533 forever ended the concept of impregnable Duisburg ______306,895 fortifications. In the epoch of surface war­ a 60-day period and 4,000 thereafter for ~urennberg ______another 60 days and uses as an index the 412,745 fare a strong wall was enough to keep out l{onigsbergVVuppertal------______408,602 an enemy. The ~aginot Line is the last current rate of losses in bombing opera­ 328,241 great monument to that epoch. Since the tions over Germany. We could expect Brem.en ------­ 323,331 adverit of air power, a wall is not enough. in this 4-month period a loss of almost ChennnitZ------350,734 A roof, too, is required, otherwise destruc­ 2,000 Allied units. These would be re­ tion will rain down on the besieged area from placed during the operations. Such TotaL------16, 700, 240 overhead. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORP-SENATE 7931 The question, therefore, Is whether the trated, continuous, and thorough this bom­ with the bayonet and the man in the tank. Germans can provide their European fortress bardment the smaller will be the total effort The victorious nations would continue to with a roof of defensive air power; whether and sacrifice needed to cause a collapse. pile up surface weapons and maintain im­ they can establish what some refer to as a However, it should be remembered that mense standing armies, aespite the fact that "vertical front." And the answer is that from the point of view of the old surface they have been made largely superfluous, ex­ they cannQt do it. Bombers will always crash strategy, Europe is still a fortress-and that cept as follow-up ·and auxiliary services by through, and given an attacker with adequate many Allied military men still see the scene the air weapon. History might t hen repeat air power of the proper types, an effective primarily from that point of view. If we ac­ itself tragically. Because the First World roof over the fortress is out of the question. cept the Goebbels fiction and proceed to War ended in the trenches, France staked its It has always been a sound milit ary prin­ storm the European ramparts instead of life on a supertrench, the Maginot Line. ciple that the most effective defense is a ignoring them, then the myt h will suddenly · Should this war be ended by surface opera­ vigorous offensive. - become a deadly reality. Then we shall no tions, there would be the sam<. danger that In aerial warfare this principle amounts longer be fighting on our terms but on Ger­ the"victors would maintain faith in two-'di­ to a law to which there are few if any ex­ many,s terms, and the Germans will be able mensional strategy, leaving it to others to ceptions. To make its "fortress" hope come to fight back. exploit air power to the full. true, Germany must ward off Allied demoli­ There may be any number of valid political To airmen, judging the picture solely from tion from the skies-the kind of round-the­ reasons-why an invasion of western Europe­ the military angle and without reference to clock bombardment of which it has already a storming of the fortress-should be under­ political factors, it seems entirely unneces­ had substantial samples. But this it can do, taken. There were other occasions in this sary to accept the fortress concept. They in the final analysis, only by stopping the war when political considerations were at believe that only a small fraction of the in­ air offensive at its source, which means an variance with strictly military good sense. dustrial potential and manpower represented offensive against Allied a.irfields, factories, The British attempt to defend Holland and by a full-parade lnvasion, if translated into fuel concentrations, an.d other sources of air Belgium, for instance, was essentially a po­ true air power and given full opportunity to power. litical obligation, without much hope of im­ operate in line with its own strategy, could There are those who . cite the Battle of proving the military position and with a huge knock out Germany from above. The sur­ Britain as proof that successful defensive ac­ risk of disaster. The British defense of face forces would then enter Festung Europa tion on the home grounds is possible. The Greece, likewise, was largely the fulfillment as occupying forces rather than invasion Royal Air Force, they point out, succeeded in of a moral and poiltical obligation, under­ forces. defeating the ·Luftwaffe in a battle fought taken with the knowledge that in splitting -. over the British Isles. Why could not Ger­ the small British forces the entire African Mr. President, so far in this address man defensive aviation in the same way de­ ·position was endangered. I have not mentioned the Russian front. feat the Allied onslaught from above, thus Furthermore, the top leadership of our war I hope no one will concll;de from that. adding a roof to its fortress walls? effort today is composed for the most part of omission that I do not grant to the Rus­ Theoretically that is conceivable. Practi­ men of an old military school, considerably sian nation the major credit for having cally, we know that the Battle of Britain was set in its ways. They are responsible for helped to bring Germany to her present unique. The attacking aircraft were so de­ the channelling of an overwhelming portion plight. It is probable that of all the· ficient in military characteristics that, look­ of our national wealth and labor power into surface weapons. Quite naturally they are punishment inflicted on the Allies 90 ing back at the episode, we can only marvel percent has been absorbed by Russia. at the military stupidity of Marshal Goering itching to employ those accumulated weap­ and his aviation associates. They sent in ons-the great navies, the millionfold Her resistance and recuperative power swarms of bombers that were virtually un­ armies, the mountains of equipment. have amazed the world and her sledge­ armed in broad daylight, against British Spit­ Despite the accomplishments of air power hammer blows against the Hitler hordes fires and Hurricanes armed to the teeth. The in limited doses with inadequate planes, have helped to -weaken the whole of qualitative gap between the invaders and the such men are sincerely worried by an honest Germany so that she is now prone for defenders was so wide that it was almost Uke lack of faith in all-out aerial strategy-ex­ the fatal and final blow by our air power. a mob of savages with bows and arrows at"' cept as an "extra" method on an experi­ If it is argued that Russia may soon tacking a contingent of white men armed mental basis. An unshakable faith in sur­ drive through to her own frontiers arid with guns. What is more, German strategic face procedures, plus the desire to justify in dramatic and victorious operations their rest there, and perhaps even make peace ideas in the Battle of Britain were all false. with her enemy, and that anticipating Instead of concentrating for a knock-out blow former decisions in building what is essen­ against the opposing air power, in the air tially a ·surface war machine, therefore im­ the possibility of such an · event we and on the ground, Goering squandered pel them to plunge into an old-style mile­ should continue to create a greater land, planes and lives on blasting populatiol}_ cen­ by-mile frontal attack on Festung Europa. army, then I reply that such·a possibility ters and other morale targets. By the time these words see print indeed, should but energize us to seek the quick­ Given a discrepancy in weapons and stra-. it is not impossible that the frontal attack est possible destruction of Hitler and tegic good sense such as saved tne British may have been decided upon. Even if suc­ that by powerful and ruinous air blows. cessful, it will involve a high price in allied Isles, it is possible to throw a cover of air If a Russian peace should release the power over an area. But Germany today can­ lives and materiel. The enemy will then retreat and contract its "fortress." Every millions of Nazi soldiers now on the not hope for any such discrepancy in its eastern front so that they could be favor. Both sides have learnetl ~ , lot from contraction, by shortening the lines to be de­ the Battle of Britain and a score of other en­ fended, wil~ tend to strengthen the walls of thrown against the British and Ameri­ gagements -since then. Neither side can the "fortress." Under the most favorable cans on the western, then, indeed, would count on mistakes of major proportions by circumstances, it will be a long and costly our invasion of Germany be most haz­ its ..opponents. Today the forces are ­ enterprise; the experience in Tunisia, where . ardous and the most fearfully destruc­ nologically more or less evenly matched, even nearly everything was stacked in our favor, is tive to our own forces. if we. give Germany credit for maximum proof of how slow surface operations neces­ The military hordes of Hitler might strength. Under those conditions there can sarily are. Those who are impatient with air power, which has had only an inadequate op­ so well defend their European fortress be no such thing as an impregnable defense. that we could never shake it by ground Bombardment aviation will penetrate, even if portunity with retarded equipment, will face losses are heavy, and for all practical purposes a more harrowing test of their patience when attack; certainly the magnificent Ger­ the Germans will be trapped -in a fortress a full-pa'rade invasion gets going. man Army could exact a price of Amer­ without a roof. Should Germany succeed in repelling a ican and British lives that. would be The' logic of modern air power forces us to major invasion on the western coast of Eu­ appalling. And if it should happen in a specific conclusion: If the Germans go over rope, t:Ue game will not be up. The Allied an invasion, when we were prepared to to a purely defensive strategy, their doom will cause would suffer a terrific moral blow. But. meet only a portion of the German be sealed. Such strategy is today a myth, "Fortress Europe" will be as accessible as ever to third-dimensional strategy aiming fcrces, suddenly the whole weight was and those who preached it only a few years thrown at us, then national tragedy and ago seem as anachronistic as if they belonged directly at Germany's solar plexus. We to the era of Caesar or Napoleon. · would then have to undertake out of neces­ terrible disaster might well ensue. sity, and after the expenditure of myriad Even if peace .:>n the eastern front n lives, the kind of war that is now open to us should release millions of the Reich sol­ The only plan, from the vantage point .of as a matter of intelligent choice. diers for use against us, they would be of air power, is to ignore this fortress. We must Should the German Festung be stormed little value against our airc.raft. German cont inue to bomb across its walls and to de­ and overwhelmed, at a hideous price in cas­ molish the core of Axis strength, which is the ualties, the myth of surface strategy of the airpower, of course, now held on the complex of industries, communication lines, preaviation epoch would be perpet~ated. - It eastern line, if freed to defend German and other strategic objectives in Germany wou.ld then be solemnly attested by old-style cities against air attack, would make our proper As in the case of any territory under military leaders and writers that this war, operations more difficult. For that very artillery bombardment, the more concen- like the previous o:pe, was won by the man reason a decision should be forced and 7932 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 30 gained by air blows and at once. Too have committees of tlie United States ing to help me in my effort to have a long have we waited now; further delay Senate inquire into this rather tragic full, candid, ard complete investigation cannot be justified. and important issue. of this issue, I, of course, must abide by Mr. Churchill in his latest address sug­ Mr. BARKLEY. I am not going to what he says, but if history shall write gested t b. t possibility, or even probability, consent that the resolution shall be con­ and record that through a tragic blunder of new and more destructive German sidered now in any form. it is not the as to our air policy the lives of hundreds weapons to be employed against our air logical and orderly way in which to pro­ of thousands, or milliOns, of American, forces. WgJ.Ild the probability of a more ceed. There are many objections to giv­ Canadian, and British boys are wasted potent Nazi defense against our bombing ing consent to the consideration of a and destroyed, I should never like to feel justify the delay of concentrated air resolution of that sort at this time, a that I had not been willing at least to blows or of great additions to our present resolution undertaking to instruct two have tlie facts fully revealed in the light land forces which it is admitted cannot s'tanding committees of the Senate to of day by a congressional investigation. add to our striking power against Ger­ hold joint sessions, and to make a joint Mr. BARKLEY. If the Senator will many for 12, 15, or 18 months? report, and all that; I cannot consent to yield to me, I should like to make one In every war there is always the pos­ it. I shall insist that the resolution go simple observation. I do not wish to sibility of novel methods, new equipment, to the Committee on Military Affairs for enter into any controversy at this time more potent we~pons, that might increase consideration. with the Senator from California over the power of one side or another. · This The PRESIDING OFFICER. Objec­ his theory thf\t the war can be won in very fact should have energized our high tion has been made. the air alone. Of course, that would con­ command to have sought the destructi.on Mr. BARKLEY. I appreciate the sin- tribute nothing to the real winning of of Hitler by air long before this as recom­ - cerity of the Senator from California, but the war, no matter how long he and I mended bY. Marshal Harris. Our military we have got to proceed in an orderly might indulge in a controversy of that leaders will now be guilty of most extreme way, and it seems to me it is not con­ sort. neglect if with the present probability of ducive to orderly legislation to interrupt I do not believe the strategy of this new German antiaircraft weapons, as the consideration of a bill which has been war can be worked out on the ftoor of suggested by Mr. Churchill, we do not debated by the Senate for 2 or 3 days the United States Senate, Nor do I be­ apply to her the crushing power which in order to adopt a resolution of any neve it can be worked out by an ex parte we now have in overwhelming abundance. kind providing for holding another inves- · resolution sponsored by a single Senator. tigation before we can proceed further Mr. President, if I may address myself We have spent millions upon millions with the subject under consideration. I of dollars educatfng our military and to the distinguished Senator from Ken­ think we ought to proceed in the regular tucky at this stage of my address, 1 wish . naval leaders. Throughout the whole to ask unanimous consent that I may wa~. history of this Nation we have main- , submit my resolution and that it may be · Mr. DOWNEY. If the distinguished tained at West Point a training .center immediately considered and adopted. I Senator will defer to me for a moment let for the training of military officers, and desire to say to the distinguished majority me say I can understand and perhaps ·at the Naval Academy at Annapolis a leader that the minority leader fMr. Mc­ concede that the 1.ttitude of the Senator ~chool for the training of naval officers. NARY] told me he would raise no objectwn in respect to deferring a vote upon the After those men get their academic edu­ to that procedure; the distinguished Sen­ fathers' draft bill while this investigation cation in those institutions, they spend ator from Massachusetts [Mr. WALSH], was being made is correct. the remainder of their lives in the uni­ chairman of the Committee on:Naval Af­ He probably very sincerely and hon­ -form of their country, studying warfare, fairs, made the same statement; the dis­ estly believes what our Army chiefs say, the history of warfare, and the strategy that we need these fathers for essential ~inguished Sena or from Montana [Mr. of warfare. If after the expenditure of WHEELER]~ wit,ose bill is pending before military -purposes. I cannot agree with all that money and time we cannot trust the Senate, iuiQ. :.which will be affected that, but, of course, the Senator's view­ those men, u·pon whom rests the re­ made the same· stitement. .I regret that point is different, consequently I can un­ sponsibility of winning the war where they are not on the ftoor to speak for derstand why he would want action taken the fighting is and will be, then we are themselves. . ' upon the Wheeler bill at the earliest pos:­ sunk. Mr. BARKLEY. Much as I re~pect all sible time. But I must admit I stand in I frankly say that, much as I respect the gentlemen named by the Senator some amazement that he objects to the the Senator from California and much from California, it has no bearing upon resolution as I have.offered to amend it. as I respect the Senate of the United my attitude and no influence upon my For 2 days I have submitted the state­ States, I should not be willing to stake attitude whatever. I do not think the ments of air experts and _of the high the victory of the American Nation in pending bill ought to be laid aside for ranking air-power men in England and the war upon strategy which could be the purpose of considering a resolution the United States. 'I have submitted worked out here, either by a single Sen­ which has not been considered, which here the statement of Donald Nelson, ator, or by us all together. involves possibly calling here important -and other data, all of which re~eal, so Whether such an investigation as the Army and Navy officers, holding an in­ ,plainly that;anyone should be able to un­ Senator proposes would result in any­ definite investigation and submitt;ing a derstand their meaning, that if our high thing; I do not know, I am not saying. report. The resolution itself undertakes command goes through with its present Certainly I should not be willing to to say when consideration of the pending plans, American boys and British and accept as conclusive, or even as persua­ b1il shal1 be again resumed. It seems to Canadians by the hundreds of thousands, sive, the sug estion that General Arnold, me to be very unwise to pursue that wi.thout justification, will be crippled, head of our Air Corps, or General Mar­ course, and I shall have to object. killed, scarred, and burned. If it were shall, who enjoys the unlimited confi­ Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I then merely the junior Senator from Cali­ dence of the American people, and I be­ wish to offer to our distinguished ma­ fornia talking, I could understand the lieve of all the world, because of his·mili­ jority leader to strike out of the reso­ Senator from Kentucky would think that tary ability, or that Admiral King, lution the provision which would attempt what I said was not of enough impor­ Admiral Leahy, and all our other mili­ to defer action on the pending measure. tance to set in motion the machinery of ~ tary and' naval officers, have 'not given until the committee had made its re­ this body; but I have quoted here from consideration to this whole subject and port. Lil{ewise, if the Senator will not ,Winston Churchill, who, in effect, says all the possibilities involved in the type otherwise consent to the adoption of the almost identically the same thing. From of warfare necessary to be adopted and resolution by unanimous .consent, I will the head of the British bombing com­ the instruments with which it has to be agree to strike out the provision suggest- ' mand, and in magazine articles purport­ fought in order to win the war as com­ ing that we should call high ranking air ing to spealt the opinions of our own air pletely and as promptly as possible. officers for this investigation. Then, I chiefs, I have still in my files statements Even in his address·to the joint session understand from what the majority of every important air-power expert that of the two Houses of Congress, as I re­ leader has said that by making the reso­ I know to the same effect. · call, Prime Minister Winston Churchill lution acceptable to him by these last two I say to the distinguished Senator that stated that he did not know, or was not qua l ~ fi::ations, he would ·be willing to if under those conditions he is not will- in a position to assert, whether Germany 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SE-NATE 7933 ceuld be defeated by air, but that they power to advance those armies, and we Mr. BARKLEY. I have no objection to were feeling the situation out, and that have on the other hand many of the that, I will say to the Senator, although there was no harm in trying to see, so far ranking officers of the air power in both I had received, information from the as they could, what could be done in the the British and American services sup­ author of the bill which is pending, who air. They are alert to that situation. ported by civilian experts who say that has temporarily left the floor, that the They are informed about it, not only the high command is wrong. If the Senator from California intended to con­ from the standpoint of the training of Senate of the United States. and the clude his remarks this afternoon, and men, but also from the standpoint of the House of Representatives of the United that the Senator from Montana would production of airplanes. They are fa­ States, when an issue-of this kind is pre­ resume tomorrow. miliar with all that. They know what sented, are not willing to begin an imme­ Mr. DOWNEY. l must admit that the situation is. They know what they · diate investigation, then indeed we have that had been my expectation. I · could can depend upon, they know how many ceased to be. the representatives of our not conceive that any Senator would planes they can get and where they can people. not immediately want a prompt and get them, and it seems to me it is a mis­ Mr. President, I wish the Senator from fair consideration of this issue. take for us here to assume that these men Kentucky·, whom I admire so deeply, and M . BARKLEY. Mr. President, I have who are charged with the responsibility for whom I have such a daep affection, objected to consideration of the resolu­ of conducting the war, literally and ac­ would not say that I on the floor of the tion, and I have objected for reasons tuany, have not giYen consideration to Senate am attempting to dictate mili­ which I think are sufficient. I do not every possibility and every probability., tary strategy. That statement 1s not care to enter into any controversy over and have not explored all the avenues of justified. It is unfair. I have been the reason for my objections. They are approach to this subject. quoting here from data and from state­ effective. If the Senator from Califor­ · I feel that it would cause a serious ments made by experts merely as a basis nia desires to debate that question fur­ hiatus, in all probability, if the Senate for asking this administration more ther he is at liberty to do so. of the United States should now inter­ carefully to consider and to investigate ~r. DOWNEY. Let me say to the dis:"' rupt the program being followed in order what should be done under the condi- tinguished leader. that he is just -as ef­ to try to find out whether our military tions which exist. · fective in sabotaging what I should like and naval commanders have been wrong Mr. President, ·I would not even be to do as the British bombs are in de­ about their whole theory of the war, and here, as certain as I am of the righteous­ stroying the city of Berlin. I realize that. whether they are proceeding upon a false ness of my cause, unless I was supported Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, the basis. I do not assume they are. I would · ·bY the able air-power authorities·of this use of that term is unjustified. not concede it. I do not believe it. Nation. I realize that air officials and Mr. DOWNEY. Very well, Mr. Presi­ Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, I think air experts are human, like the rest of us. dent. perhaps a large part of the difference If Seversky becomes a crusader for air Mr. BARKLEY: I have done what I between the distinguished Senator from power, he ceases to become disinterested. think it my duty to do in the orderly, Kentucky and me is due to the fact that When Generals Eaker, Chennault, parliamentary procedure of the Senate, we do not understand the facts in the Arnold, a..nd Kenney become leaders of and if objection to a resolution to go out same way. The distinguished Senator the Air Force then surely from then on on a wild-goose chLJe in order to sus­ just finished saying that he thought we they are prejudiced in favor of their own pend legislation on the subject which could rely upon the statement of General field of power. Of course, any Senate we .have before us is to be termed as Arnold and General Eaker and General committee, as well as the Congress of the "sabotaging," the Senator from Califor­ Kenney and other air power military United States, should weigh that human nht is welcome to his terminology. leaders. I do, too. I agree with the-Sen­ factor o~ prejudice which undoubtedly Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, let ·me ator. Evidently the distinguished Sen- exists in their minds, in determining say to the distinguished majority leader . ator was too busy with his conferences whether or not experts are right or that I was speaking facetiously in using when I read magazine articles purport­ wrong; . the word "sabotage. ~ · · ing to state the opinions of these very But, Mr. President, I wish to say this: Mr. BARKLEY. The CONGRESSIONAL men as believing that a great land inva­ It seems to me that no Senate committee RECORD and the newspapers of the coun­ sion is not necessary and that the war could sit down for a few hours with Don­ try do not deal in "facetiosity." could be won in the air. Likewise per­ ald Nelson and learn what ·bombing ca­ [Laughter.] haps the distinguished Senator did not pacity we have, and then could see what Mr. DOWNEY. Very well. Then I hear me read the quotation from the destruction bombing capacity is now ac­ hope the press of the_United States will leader of the English bombing forces, complishing in Germany, without know­ carry my sentiments this way, that the Air Marshal Harris, by many men con­ ing that Germany right today totters Senator's objection to my resolution is sidered the ablest expert in air waifare toward wreck and ruin. just as effective in stopping what -I am today. · Mr. President, Hamburg was destroyed attempting to do as the bombing by the Mr. President, we are now confronted by 10,000 .tons of bombs. London, in the Allies might be in stopping the German here by an issue which 1 shan state, and Battle of Britain, received only 6,600 war effort. I wish to strike out of the if the distinguished majority leader will tons .. 'In 4 months we can pour upon the RECORD the word "sabotage." It was utilize his high degree of intellect upon cities of the Reich 240,000 tons of bombs. used facetiously. I regret if it seems of­ the facts, I believe he must admit it. Mr. President, does the distinguished fensive to the Senator that I used that This is the situation. We have a group majority leader desire me to yield further word. of rather elderly men who now are in to him? · · Mr. BARKLEY. Well, the Senator-­ control of the high command of the Na­ Mr. BARKLEY. Not necessarily. Mr. DOWNEY. I was simply attempt­ tion. They went to West Point or An­ Mr. DOWNEY. I did not know. The ing to say that by what the distinguished· · napolis, if they a·ttended those military Senator seemed desirous of speaking, Senator. had done he had effectively academies at all, before the last war. I Mr. BARKLEY. I thought I under­ stopped consideration of my resolution. do. not think any one of them has ever That certainly he did have the effective ,I' stood the Senator from California awhile flown a plane. They apparently have no power and he was using it to stop con­ idea of the modern concepts of air war. ago, when he asked unanimous consent sideration of the resolution. In any event the young men who have for the present consideration of his reso­ Mr. BARKLEY. Yes, and any other come out of West Point or Annapolis in lution, to say that he had concluded his Senator would have the same effective the last 5, 10, 15, yes, and 20 years, are remarks, and that upon my obJection power. saying that we are guilty of stupidity in ile intended to yield ·the floor. Perhaps Mr. DOWNEY. Yes. not using this weapon of power and de.:. I was misinformed. Mr. BARKLEY. I wish to say, since struction which a great technological Mr. DOWNEY. No, my sfiatement was the Senator has brought in the name of civilization has given into our hands. to the contrary; that I still have reports the chair~r.an of the Committee on Naval We have here then a few men in high of noted experts on air power and much Affairs, tha ·~ I c'onsulted the chairman command apparently determined on data which it is my intention to place in of the Committee on Naval Affairs as to great land invasions, and to use the air the RECORD. where this resolution should go, and he 7934 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE SEPTEMBER 30 agreed that it should g0 to the Commit­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without oLnsJ, who also sent a proxy, so the tee on Military Affairs. Other Senators objection, the resolution morrow, un­ Mr. DOWNEY. I ask the Presiding Mr. McNARY. Is the report from the less some very -substantial reason is given Officer to postpone putting that question committee, and in the committee did it for action on it today. until I have received certain parliamen­ meet with unanimous accord? I observe that the very able senior Sen­ tary information. Under the normal Mr. CONNALLY. I was about to state ator from Texas has reported three nom ... procedure of the Senate, _to what com­ that the committee had an unusually inations, for -one of which he requests mittee would one expect such a resolu­ large attendance at its meeting this present consideration. tion to be referred? morning. There were four absentees: Mr: CONNALLY. I am perfectly will­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. It would The Senator from ·wisconsin [Mr. LA ing to have consideration of the other go to the Committee on Military Affairs, FoLLETTE], who is absent because of ill­ two nominations postponed. Two for one but could be referred to the Committee ness; the Senator from Pennsylvania is a fairly good proportion. on Naval Affairs. • · [Mr. DAVIS], who sent a proxy asking Mr. McNARY. I do not think that Mr. DOWNEY. Very well. Of course,. that he be recorded in favor of a favor­ would be very creditable to the other two. under those conditions, I have no objec­ able report on the nomination; the Sen­ I think they would rather have three to tion. ator from North Carolina [Mr. REYN- nothing, or nothing at all. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7935 Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will The PRESIDING OFFICER. . Without Mr. McKELLAR. I ask that the nom­ the Senator yield? objection, the President will be notified inations of postmasters be confirmed / Mr. McNARY. I yield. _ forthwith. en bloc. Mr. BARI, 1943: amendment a joint resolution of the The doors were opened. DEPARTMENT OF STATE House of the following title: REPRESENTATIVE EUGENE E. COX UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE H. J. Res. 159. Joint .aesolution making The SPEAKER. The Chair recognizes Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., to be Under addi tiona! appropriations for the fiscal year the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. Cox]. Secretary of State. 1944 for emergency maternity and infant Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, I never gave COAST GUARD care for wives of enlisted men in the armed forces. my heart and my hand to another in COMMODORES, FOR TEMPORARY SERVICE, IN THE friendship but that they were his forever, COAST GUARD WHILE SERVING AS DISTRICT The messrge also announced that the and nothing has delighted me more than COAST GUARD OFFICERS, TO RANK FROM JUNE 1, Senate agrees to the amendment· of the hazarding injury by going to his aid in 1943, FOR THE NAVAL DISTRICT INDICATED House to a bil1 of ·the Senate of the fol­ time of stress. This sweet manner of re­ AFTER EACH NAME lowing title: Wilfred N. Derby, First Naval District. ceiving me with such gracious applause Gordon .T . Finlay, Fifth Naval District. S. 881. An act • to amen d an act en­ evidences to me that the Members of the · Joseph F . F'arley, Eighth Naval Distifct. titled "An act relating to the levying and House have this same devotion to this collecting of taxes and assessmen t ~. anc.A for Philip F. Roach, Twelfth Naval Pistrict. highest of human relationships. other purposes," approved June 25, 1938. Mr. Speaker, for more than a year, PosTMASTERS CALL OF THE HOUSE now, I have been the object of bitter and MICHIGAN scurrilous attacks. Ernest R. Brodeur, Cadillac. :. Mr. BULWINKLE. Mr. Speaker, I Harry Kramer, Holland. make the point of order that there is no Day after. day the poisoned shafts of Frank W. Weilnau, Ida. quorum present. slander have been driven through my George J. Carlton, Mackinaw City. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from heart. Every effort to tear down and to Bruce S. Trace, Royal Oak. North Carolina makes the point of order destroy a reputation I have spent a life­ TENNESSEE that there is no quorum present. Evi­ time in building has been put forth. All Sadie P. Omohundro, Donelson. dently there· is no quorum present. this is something that I have been com­ Thomas D. Walker, Kerrville. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I pelled to endure in silence. My hands Henry G. Simpson, Middleton. · move a call of the House. have been tied-tied by the chairman­ The motion was agreed to. ship of the select committee of this House The doors were closed. to investigate the F. c. c. Tpe Clerk called the roll, and the fol­ This chairmanship has compelled me lowing Members failed to answer to their to maintain a judicial attitude which HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES names: · cannot longer be done in the face of the [Roll No. 146 j insults aod the slander being hurled at THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 1943 me from day to day. Andrews Capoi'zoli Fay The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Baldwin, Md. Carter Feighan Mr. Speaker, that which is being dealt The Chaplain, Rev . .James Shera Mont­ Baldwin , N. Y ,. Celler Fenton out to me is a sorry wage for a service I Barden Chapman Fernandez have tried to render in the interests of gomery, D. D., offered the following Barry Clark Fish prayer: Beall Cooley Fitzpatrick my fellow men. Bell Creal Ffannagan It is a difficult thing-a terribly diffi­ Almighty God, Thou who takest Bender CrosEer Ford cult thing-for a man to sit silent under thought of the humblest life which falls Bland Cullen Gale Bloom Curley Gallagher the lashes of slander and falsehood such to the ground, we pray Thee to humble Bolton Davis Gamble as have been laid upon me. But so long our lives before Thy infinite mercy. Bra:iley, Mich. Dawson Gavagan as silence appeared to be in the best in- Thou knowest the vows·· we have regis­ Buckley. Delaney Gerlach Buffett Dickstein­ G:fford . terest of the operations of the select tered and as the divinest conquest is of Burch, Va. Ditter Gillette committee of which I am the chairman, one's self, enable us to qualify to see Burchill, N.Y. Domengeaux Goodwin it was the part of wisdom and good ad­ Visions and share spiritual victory in our Butler Douglas Graham ministration for me to do so. Byrne Eberharter Granger . own souls. 0 lift the curtain of the Canfield Ellis Grant, Ala. The first consideration must be the higher world and reveal Thyself to be Cannon, Fla. Ellison, Md. Gregory integrity and effectiveness of the work