Diferenciação Da Experiência Orante Em Santa Teresa De Jesus Do Tempo Ascético a Uma Simbólica Mística

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Diferenciação Da Experiência Orante Em Santa Teresa De Jesus Do Tempo Ascético a Uma Simbólica Mística Diferenciação da experiência orante em Santa Teresa de Jesus Do tempo ascético a uma simbólica mística «(...) cuándo, mi Dios, ha de estar ya toda junta mi alma en vuestra alabanza, y no hecha pedazos, sin poder valerse a sí ?» {Vida, 17,5) «(...) sabemos que tenemos alma; mas qué bienes puede haver en esta alma u quién está dentro de esta alma u el gran valor de ella, poças veces lo consideramos (...)» (Mora- das, I, 1, 2) I. Preliminar 1. A dificuldade do tema e a questão metodológica* Tratar do tema da oração em Santa Teresa de Jesus por altura da passagem do IV Centenário da sua morte1 é, de certo, * Para além da sua função documental, ou justificativa do texto, as anotações intro- duzidas em rodapé-de-página destinam-se a uma informação bibliográfica, ieflectindo-se nela a orientação deste estudo, não só como um ensaio para a compreensão da vida de oração e da experiência mística em Santa Teresa (reflectindo nosso interesse por esta temática ao longo de vários anos, pelo menos desde 1968-69, cf. nossas referências bibliográficas, infra, n. 236, e nossas conferências :«Psicologia e experiência espiritual em St." Teresa de Jesus» (Extensão Universitária da U.C.P. no Funchal, em 13 de Maio de 1983); «Os graus da oração em St." Teresa de Jesus» (na Comunidade Carmelita da Igreja do Carmo, no Funchal, em 14 de Maio de 1983); e, «Oração e contemplação em St.' Teresa de Jesus» (Promov. pela Associação de Estudantes da Secção de Lisboa, do Curso de Filosofia, da U.C.P., em 16 de Maio de 1983), mas também como indicativo e estímulo pedagógico-científico para novos estudos sobre a Santa de Avila. Ao longo deste estudo utilizaram-se as seguintes siglas das 'Obras' de St." Teresa: Av Avisos CC Cuentas de conciencia M Moradas (dei Castillo interior) C Camino de perfecciin (cód. de Valladolid) MC Meditaciones sobre los Cantares CE Camino de perfección (cód. de el Escoriai) P Poesias Cst Constituciones V Vida (Libro de la Vida) Cta Carta VD Visita de Descalzas E Exclamaciones Vej Vejamen F Fundaciones 1 St." Teresa de Jesus (Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada) nasceu a 28 de Março de 1515, próximo de Ávila e morreu em Alba a 4 de Outubro de 1582 (ou 15 de Outubro, segundo a modificação introduzida no Calendário Gregoriano, adoptado justamente a partir da noite de 4 de Outubro). Foi beatificada em 1614 e canonizada em 1622. Em 1967 o Papa Paulo VI declara-a, conjuntamente com St.' Catarina de Sena, doutora da Igreja. Para um resumo hagiográfico, cf. Biblioteca Sanctorum, t. XII, cols. 395-412. Vide ainda P. SILVÉRIO DE S. TERESA (ed.), Procesos de beatificación y canonización de S. Teresa de Jesús XIII (1983) DIDASKALIA 105-248 106 DIDASKALIA aproveitar um circunstancialismo exterior para a consideração de algo essencial, que não se coaduna com a persistência na cultura, nem com a óbvia inactualidade dessa gesta espiritual no nosso tempo2. O encon- tro com a essência da oração, melhor se diria, com a oração da essência, constitui em Santa Teresa de Jesus o momento que hoje mais impor- taria reconsiderar por uma via de experiência, do que pela abordagem histórico-cultural e teológico-pastoral. Abordagem ainda assim sempre extrínseca e reveladora, não apenas de uma inactualidade por dilação na sensibilidade das épocas, mas também de uma convicção que, normalmente, hoje perspectiva em termos redutores, não só a linguagem, mas aquele sentido experiencial que a vida do Espírito alcançou em Santa Teresa de Jesus3. Dentro das limitações da actual circunstância do pensamento e da espiritualidade cristãs, paradoxalmente embora, será de aproveitar o sentido comemorativo recolector e comentarista da história da cultura contemporânea, para nesta efeméride propor de modo crítico o Burgos, 1934-5, 3 vols.. Quanto à biografia da Santa e respectiva bibliografia fundamental de que se salientam os estudos de P. TOMÁS DE LA CRUZ, O.C.D., («Santa Teresa de Avila, hija de Ja Iglesia», in: Ephemerides Carmcliticae, 17 (1966), pp. 305-367; Iâ., «El voto de obediencia de Santa Teresa y sus très relatos autógiafos», ibid. 15 (1964), pp. 155-176) cf. infra, p. 120 c n. 38. 2 Em paralelo com o que se afirmou a propósito da comemoração do III centenário de Espinoza, no seu carácter paradoxal em relação ao ritmo da filosofa in-tcmporal ou da gnose desse A. (cf. C. H. do Carmo SILVA, «A Gnose Espinoziana — Destino racionalista de uma tradição sábia», in: Didaskalia, VII (1977), p. 259), também aqui se faz notar a incongruência entre a historicidade implícita no regime comemorativo, e o sentido deliberadamente supra-histórico do labor espiritual da mensagem teresiana. Nesta faz-se uso e significado do tempo, não como repetição no diferente, ou periodicização, como memória histórica do mesmo no diverso, mas antes como diferenciação do mesmo, pela sua intensificação, repetindo-se o presente (o 'eterno agora') Cf. infra, pp. 224-5, n. 275; e p. 239 n. 321. Quanto à pretensa actualidade de um caminho meditativo e de vida contemplativa nos nossos dias, em particular, em certa busca espiritual por parte de jovens, (como já o afirmámos: C. H. do Carmo SILVA, «A ascese na espiritualidade de S. Bento de Núrcia — Do valor rítmico da vida monástica segundo a «Regula», in: Didaskalia, X (1980), pp. 306- -307 e n. 229), tal 're-novação' não deve dispensar a prudência crítica que despiste ambíguas reacções, mais de fuga à sociedade e cultura mundanas, do que de autêntica e sincera conversão. Cf. J. SUDBRACK, art. «Méditation, (Aujourd'hui)», in: DS (-- Dictionnaire de Spi- ritualité), t. X, cols. 927-933). 3 As tentativas interpretativas da vida espiritual em termos de uma psicologia da interioridade (redutora, ou não, ao foro da psicopatologia, psiquiatria etc.) bem assim como de uma sociologia histórica, e a metodologia das Ciências Humanas em geral, constituem a perca da referência experiencial da própiia vida de santidade. Veja-se o porte de estudos clássicos como os dej. MARÉCHAL, Études sur la psychologie des mystiques, Paris, P.U.F., 1924; Jean BARUZI, S.Jean de la Croix et le problème de l'expérience mystique, Paris, Alcan, 1921, P.U.F. 1931 e ainda GARRIGOU-LAGRANGE, «Prémystique naturelle et mystique surnaturelle», in: Études Carméli- taines, oct. (1933); e Jean LHERMITTE, Mystiques et faux mystiques, Paris, Bloud, 1952. Um caminho prático de vida exige, pois, uma referência funcional, mais indicativa e numa linguagem realizante, do que em termos da suposta suficiência significativa de uma herme- nêutica lógica. Cf., entre outros, o texto de Th. MF.RTON, «Symbolism: Communication or Communion?», in: New Directions Annual, 20 (1968), reed. in: Love and Living, London, Sheldon Pr., 1979, pp. 54-79; e cf. infra, li. 5. SANTA TERESA DE AVILA 107 despreconceituar em relação à mensagem orante, como cerne do ideal contemplativo carmelita, e sugerir uma filosofia da espiritualidade que seja um modo incoativo de uma ascese que transfigura o pensa- mento calculante em meditação, ou a ordem do conhecimento numa realização de consciência4. Os propósitos da evidenciação histórica, ou da representação conceptual e teológica, têm-se manifestado como métodos insufi- cientes ou redutores, quer de uma ordem de ocorrências, que se não reduzem à causalidade horizontal de uma razão de devir, baseada na lógica da influência, quer de uma experiência intuitiva e iluminativa que desarma os regimes dedutivos, ou de uma discursi- vidade que sempre adia em termos de representação mental, de ideia ou de valor cultural, o que é antes vivência lúcida ou sabedoria incar- nada na própria vida5. Além disso, a denúncia destas insuficiências metodológicas pode tornar-se mais clara perante o diagnóstico das convicções e dos preconceitos que se estruturam na mentalidade da cultura ocidental contemporânea e segundo o próprio traveja- mento histórico e conceptual do regime da filosofia moderna e pós-kantiana, encontrando-se o que se poderia chamar a prova 'provada' de uma circularidade racional, cujo auto-posicionamento e pretensa auto-suficiência devolve, em termos de relatividade, a intuição intelectual, o contacto com a realidade em si mesma e a pró- pria condição relacional de uma filosofia aberta ao absoluto, ou seja, integral6. 4 Cf. a reflexão de M. HEIDEGGER, «Wissenschaft und Besinnung», in: Vorträge und Auf- sätze, Tübingen, G. Neske, 19673, pp. 37 e segs. É o equivalente à passagem de uma ordem representativa, ou cognoscitiva, da realidade para uma ordem em que a própria linguagem é já de si 'performance', ou seja, funcional e realizativa. Cf. J. L. AUSTIN, HOW to do things with words (William James Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1955), Oxford, N. Y., Oxf. Univ. Pr., 1971, pp. 4 e segs.. 5 Cf. supra, n. 3, e veja-se a problematização crítica da teologia mística, ia: F. CAYRÉ, Patrologie et Histoire de la Théologie, t. III, V, 1ère, Paris/Tournai/Rome, Ed. S. Jean l'Évangeliste, 1942, pp. 416-446. De salientar o sentido alargado da mística, a partir de P. GARDEIL, O. P. («La structure de l'âme et l'expérience mystique», 1927), de P. GARRIGOU- -LAGRANGE, O. P. (vár. arts, in: «La vie spirituelle») e P. DE GUIBERT, S. J. (fundador da Rev. d'Ascétique et de Mystique (1920 e segs.)). Neste domínio devem reconhecer-se as diferentes posições assumidas pela escola carmelita relacionando de perto a mística com a dimen- são eminentemente prática da ascese. Cf. P. GABRIEL DE SANTA-MARIA MAGDALENA e, mais recente, P. CRISÓGONO DE JESUS SACRAMENTADO, Compendio de ascética y mística, Ávila, Ed. Carm., 1933. 6 Trata-se do clássico tema da crítica à intuição intelectual (I. KANT, Dissertatio (1770), § 9 e segs. (AK, II, pp. 395 e segs.)); também Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Einleitung, (B, 10 e segs.), ..
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