Foundations of Massive Gravity
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Issue Hero Villain Place Result Avengers Spotlight #26 Iron Man
Issue Hero Villain Place Result Avengers Spotlight #26 Iron Man, Hawkeye Wizard, other villains Vault Breakout stopped, but some escape New Mutants #86 Rusty, Skids Vulture, Tinkerer, Nitro Albany Everyone Arrested Damage Control #1 John, Gene, Bart, (Cap) Wrecking Crew Vault Thunderball and Wrecker escape Avengers #311 Quasar, Peggy Carter, other Avengers employees Doombots Avengers Hydrobase Hydrobase destroyed Captain America #365 Captain America Namor (controlled by Controller) Statue of Liberty Namor defeated Fantastic Four #334 Fantastic Four Constrictor, Beetle, Shocker Baxter Building FF victorious Amazing Spider-Man #326 Spiderman Graviton Daily Bugle Graviton wins Spectacular Spiderman #159 Spiderman Trapster New York Trapster defeated, Spidey gets cosmic powers Wolverine #19 & 20 Wolverine, La Bandera Tiger Shark Tierra Verde Tiger Shark eaten by sharks Cloak & Dagger #9 Cloak, Dagger, Avengers Jester, Fenris, Rock, Hydro-man New York Villains defeated Web of Spiderman #59 Spiderman, Puma Titania Daily Bugle Titania defeated Power Pack #53 Power Pack Typhoid Mary NY apartment Typhoid kills PP's dad, but they save him. Incredible Hulk #363 Hulk Grey Gargoyle Las Vegas Grey Gargoyle defeated, but escapes Moon Knight #8-9 Moon Knight, Midnight, Punisher Flag Smasher, Ultimatum Brooklyn Ultimatum defeated, Flag Smasher killed Doctor Strange #11 Doctor Strange Hobgoblin, NY TV studio Hobgoblin defeated Doctor Strange #12 Doctor Strange, Clea Enchantress, Skurge Empire State Building Enchantress defeated Fantastic Four #335-336 Fantastic -
MV2015-Aou Age of Ultron OP Instruction Sheet 2
Licensed Product: Marvel HeroClix: Age of Ultron Event Two Organized Play Kit Release Date: June 24, 2015 Additional Authorized Uses (If any): In-store Organized Play events; duplication of Instruction and Score sheets is authorized. Marvel HeroClix: Age of Ultron Event Two Organized Play Instruction Sheet July 2015 “I am he who will not rest until all mankind is utterly destroyed. I am Ultron!” - Ultron-18 Iron Man #47, Marvel Comics Organized Play (OP) Kit Contents: • Four (4) Graviton Limited Edition Figure Competitive Prizes • 11 Hulk Avengers ID Card Participation Prizes • Event Two Instruction Sheet Directions: • Schedule your Age of Ultron Event Two in the WizKids Event System (WES). Event templates have been uploaded into the WES for your convenience. The suggested format for the Event Two is a 300 point, Sealed event utilizing one of the two models listed below (store’s discretion): o One (1) Marvel HeroClix: Age of Ultron Booster pack (from Wave 1, SKU 71879), and one other (not Age of Ultron) HeroClix Booster, OR o Two (2) Marvel HeroClix: Age of Ultron Booster Packs (from Wave 1, SKU 71879). • Resources and Relics from the Marvel HeroClix: Age of Ultron: Original Avengers Fast Forces (SKU 71877), Marvel HeroClix: Ant-Man Box Set (SKU 71908) or a prior Marvel HeroClix: Age of Ultron event are allowed for use on a player’s force. • The Hulk Avengers ID Cards are Participation Prizes, and are to be awarded upon completion of Event Two to each player. There are 11 pieces of each item to allow for up to 10 participants and the event’s Judge. -
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview Particle physics is the most fundamental science there is. It is the study of the ultimate constituents of matter (the elementray particles) and of how these particles interact with one another (the fundamental forces). The primary aim of this module is to introduce you to what people mean when they refer to the Standard Model of Particle Physics To do this we need to describe the very small (via quantum mechanics) and the very fast since when elementary particles move, they travel at or close to the speed of light (via special relativity). These requirements demand we work in the language of Quantum Field Theory(QFT). QFT as a subject is a huge (and rather advanced) subject in its own right but thankfully we will be able to use a prescriptive (and rather simple) approach to the QFT which is embodied in the Feynman Rules - for those who want to go further into the theoretical structure of the Standard Model see module PX430 - Gauge Theories of Particle Physics. It is a remarkable fact that, theoretically, the fundamental interactions derive from an invariance of the QFT with respect to certain internal symmetry transformations known as local gauge transformations. The resulting dynamical theories of electromagnetism, the weak interaction and the strong interaction and known respectively as Quantum Elec- trodynamics(QED), the electroweak (or Glashow-Weinberg-Salam) theory and Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD). It is this collection of local gauge theories which have become known as the Standard Model(SM). N.B. Gravity plays a negligible role in Particle Physics and a workable quantum theory of gravity does not exist. -
Conformally Coupled General Relativity
universe Article Conformally Coupled General Relativity Andrej Arbuzov 1,* and Boris Latosh 2 ID 1 Bogoliubov Laboratory for Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna 141980, Russia 2 Dubna State University, Department of Fundamental Problems of Microworld Physics, Universitetskaya str. 19, Dubna 141982, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 December 2017; Accepted: 7 February 2018; Published: 14 February 2018 Abstract: The gravity model developed in the series of papers (Arbuzov et al. 2009; 2010), (Pervushin et al. 2012) is revisited. The model is based on the Ogievetsky theorem, which specifies the structure of the general coordinate transformation group. The theorem is implemented in the context of the Noether theorem with the use of the nonlinear representation technique. The canonical quantization is performed with the use of reparametrization-invariant time and Arnowitt– Deser–Misner foliation techniques. Basic quantum features of the models are discussed. Mistakes appearing in the previous papers are corrected. Keywords: models of quantum gravity; spacetime symmetries; higher spin symmetry 1. Introduction General relativity forms our understanding of spacetime. It is verified by the Solar System and cosmological tests [1,2]. The recent discovery of gravitational waves provided further evidence supporting the theory’s viability in the classical regime [3–6]. Despite these successes, there are reasons to believe that general relativity is unable to provide an adequate description of gravitational phenomena in the high energy regime and should be either modified or replaced by a new theory of gravity [7–11]. One of the main issues is the phenomenon of inflation. It appears that an inflationary phase of expansion is necessary for a self-consistent cosmological model [12–14]. -
Ads₄/CFT₃ and Quantum Gravity
AdS/CFT and quantum gravity Ioannis Lavdas To cite this version: Ioannis Lavdas. AdS/CFT and quantum gravity. Mathematical Physics [math-ph]. Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2019. English. NNT : 2019PSLEE041. tel-02966558 HAL Id: tel-02966558 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02966558 Submitted on 14 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Prepar´ ee´ a` l’Ecole´ Normale Superieure´ AdS4/CF T3 and Quantum Gravity Soutenue par Composition du jury : Ioannis Lavdas Costas BACHAS Le 03 octobre 2019 Ecole´ Normale Superieure Directeur de These Guillaume BOSSARD Ecole´ Polytechnique Membre du Jury o Ecole´ doctorale n 564 Elias KIRITSIS Universite´ Paris-Diderot et Universite´ de Rapporteur Physique en ˆIle-de-France Crete´ Michela PETRINI Sorbonne Universite´ President´ du Jury Nicholas WARNER University of Southern California Membre du Jury Specialit´ e´ Alberto ZAFFARONI Physique Theorique´ Universita´ Milano-Bicocca Rapporteur Contents Introduction 1 I 3d N = 4 Superconformal Theories and type IIB Supergravity Duals6 1 3d N = 4 Superconformal Theories7 1.1 N = 4 supersymmetric gauge theories in three dimensions..............7 1.2 Linear quivers and their Brane Realizations...................... 10 1.3 Moduli Space and Symmetries............................ -
David Olive: His Life and Work
David Olive his life and work Edward Corrigan Department of Mathematics, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK Peter Goddard Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA St John's College, Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK Abstract David Olive, who died in Barton, Cambridgeshire, on 7 November 2012, aged 75, was a theoretical physicist who made seminal contributions to the development of string theory and to our understanding of the structure of quantum field theory. In early work on S-matrix theory, he helped to provide the conceptual framework within which string theory was initially formulated. His work, with Gliozzi and Scherk, on supersymmetry in string theory made possible the whole idea of superstrings, now understood as the natural framework for string theory. Olive's pioneering insights about the duality between electric and magnetic objects in gauge theories were way ahead of their time; it took two decades before his bold and courageous duality conjectures began to be understood. Although somewhat quiet and reserved, he took delight in the company of others, generously sharing his emerging understanding of new ideas with students and colleagues. He was widely influential, not only through the depth and vision of his original work, but also because the clarity, simplicity and elegance of his expositions of new and difficult ideas and theories provided routes into emerging areas of research, both for students and for the theoretical physics community more generally. arXiv:2009.05849v1 [physics.hist-ph] 12 Sep 2020 [A version of section I Biography is to be published in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.] I Biography Childhood David Olive was born on 16 April, 1937, somewhat prematurely, in a nursing home in Staines, near the family home in Scotts Avenue, Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey. -
Cosmologies of Extended Massive Gravity
Cosmologies of extended massive gravity Kurt Hinterbichler, James Stokes, and Mark Trodden Center for Particle Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA (Dated: June 15, 2021) We study the background cosmology of two extensions of dRGT massive gravity. The first is variable mass massive gravity, where the fixed graviton mass of dRGT is replaced by the expectation value of a scalar field. We ask whether self-inflation can be driven by the self-accelerated branch of this theory, and we find that, while such solutions can exist for a short period, they cannot be sustained for a cosmologically useful time. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there generally exist future curvature singularities of the “big brake” form in cosmological solutions to these theories. The second extension is the covariant coupling of galileons to massive gravity. We find that, as in pure dRGT gravity, flat FRW solutions do not exist. Open FRW solutions do exist – they consist of a branch of self-accelerating solutions that are identical to those of dRGT, and a new second branch of solutions which do not appear in dRGT. INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE be sustained for a cosmologically relevant length of time. In addition, we show that non-inflationary cosmological An interacting theory of a massive graviton, free of solutions to this theory may exhibit future curvature sin- the Boulware-Deser mode [1], has recently been discov- gularities of the “big brake” type. ered [2, 3] (the dRGT theory, see [4] for a review), al- In the second half of this letter (which can be read lowing for the possibility of addressing questions of in- independently from the first), we consider the covariant terest in cosmology. -
Pulsar,Pulsar Timing Array,And Gravitational Experiments
Pulsar,pulsar timing array,and gravitational experiments K. J. Lee ( 李柯伽 ) Kavli institute for astronomy and astrophysics, Peking university [email protected] 2019 Outline ● Pulsars ● Gravitational wave ● Gravitational wave detection using pulsar timing array Why we care about gravity theories? ● Two fundamental philosophical questions ● What is the space? ● What is the time? ● Gravity theory is about the fundamental understanding of the background, on which other physics happens, i.e. space and time ● Define the ultimate boundary of any civilization ● After GR, it is clear that the physical description and research of space time will be gravitational physics. ● But this idea can be traced back to nearly 300 years ago Parallel transport. Locally, the surface is flat, one can define the parallel transport. However after a global round trip, the direction will be different. b+db v b V' a a+da The mathematics describing the intrinsic curvature is the Riemannian tensor. Riemannian =0 <==> flat surface The energy density is just the curvature! Gravity theory is theory of space and time! Geometrical interpretation Transverse and traceless i.e. conserve spatial volume to the first order + x Generation of GW R In GW astronomy, we are detecting h~1/R. Increasing sensitivity by a a factor of 10, the number of source is 1000 times. For other detector, they depend on energy flux, which goes as 1/R^2, number of source increase as 100 times. Is GW real? ● Does GW carry energy? – Bondi 1950s ● Can we measure it? – Yes, we can find the gauge invariant form! GW detector ● Bar detector Laser interferometer as GW detector ● Interferometer has long history. -
Milgrom's Law and Lambda's Shadow: How Massive Gravity
Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society preprint - no DOI assigned 00: 1 ∼ 4, 2015 June pISSN: 1225-4614 · eISSN: 2288-890X The Korean Astronomical Society (2015) http://jkas.kas.org MILGROM'S LAW AND Λ'S SHADOW: HOW MASSIVE GRAVITY CONNECTS GALACTIC AND COSMIC DYNAMICS Sascha Trippe Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; [email protected] Received March 11, 2015; accepted June 2, 2015 Abstract: Massive gravity provides a natural solution for the dark energy problem of cosmology and is also a candidate for resolving the dark matter problem. I demonstrate that, assuming reasonable scaling relations, massive gravity can provide for Milgrom’s law of gravity (or “modified Newtonian dynamics”) which is known to remove the need for particle dark matter from galactic dynamics. Milgrom’s law comes with a characteristic acceleration, Milgrom’s constant, which is observationally constrained to a0 1.1 10−10 ms−2. In the derivation presented here, this constant arises naturally from the cosmologically≈ × required mass of gravitons like a0 c√Λ cH0√3ΩΛ, with Λ, H0, and ΩΛ being the cosmological constant, the Hubble constant, and the∝ third cosmological∝ parameter, respectively. My derivation suggests that massive gravity could be the mechanism behind both, dark matter and dark energy. Key words: gravitation — cosmology — dark matter — dark energy 1. INTRODUCTION On smaller scales, the dynamics of galaxies is in ex- cellent agreement with a modification of Newtonian dy- Modern standard cosmology suffers from two criti- namics (the MOND paradigm) in the limit of small ac- cal issues: the dark matter problem and the dark celeration (or gravitational field strength) g, expressed energy problem. -
Massive Supergravity
1 Massive Supergravity Taichiro Kugo Maskawa Institute, Kyoto Sangyo University Nov. 8 { 9, 2014 第4回日大理工・益川塾連携 素粒子物理学シンポジウム in collaboration with Nobuyoshi Ohta Kinki University 2 1 Introduction Cosmological Constant Problem: Higgs Condensation ∼ ( 100 GeV )4 QCD Chiral Condensation ∼ ( 100 MeV )4 (1) These seem not contributing to the Cosmological Constant! =) Massive Gravity: an idea toward resolving it However, Massive Gravity has its own problems: • van Dam-Veltman-Zakharov (vDVZ) discontinuity Its m ! 0 limit does not coincides with the Einstein gravity. • Boulware-Deser ghost − |{z}10 |(1{z + 3)} = 6 =|{z} 5 + |{z}1 (2) hµν i N=h00;N =h0i massive spin2 BD ghost We focus on the BD ghost problem here. 3 In addition, we believe that any theory should eventually be made super- symmetric, that is, Supergravity (SUGRA). This may be of help also for the problem that the dRGT massive gravity allows no stable homogeneous isotropic universe solution. In this talk, we 1. explain the dRGT theory 2. massive supergravity 2 Fierz-Pauli massive gravity (linearized) Einstein-Hilbert action p LEH = −gR (3) [ ] h i 2 L L −m 2 − 2 = EH + (hµν ah ) (4) quadratic part in hµν | 4 {z } Lmass = FP (a = 1) gµν = ηµν + hµν (5) 4 In Fierz-Pauli theory with a = 1, there are only 5 modes describing properly massive spin 2 particle. : ) No time derivative appears for h00; h0i in LEH !LEH is linear in N; Ni. Lmass ∼ If a = 1, the mass term FP is also clearly linear in N h00 ! =) • Ni can be solved algebraically and be eliminated. -
Three Dimensional Equation of State for Core-Collapse Supernova Matter
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2013 Three Dimensional Equation of State for Core-Collapse Supernova Matter Helena Sofia de Castro Felga Ramos Pais [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Other Astrophysics and Astronomy Commons Recommended Citation de Castro Felga Ramos Pais, Helena Sofia, "Three Dimensional Equation of State for Core-Collapse Supernova Matter. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1712 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Helena Sofia de Castro Felga Ramos Pais entitled "Three Dimensional Equation of State for Core-Collapse Supernova Matter." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Physics. Michael W. Guidry, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: William Raphael Hix, Joshua Emery, Jirina R. Stone Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Three Dimensional Equation of State for Core-Collapse Supernova Matter A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Helena Sofia de Castro Felga Ramos Pais May 2013 c by Helena Sofia de Castro Felga Ramos Pais, 2013 All Rights Reserved. -
Geometric Justification of the Fundamental Interaction Fields For
S S symmetry Article Geometric Justification of the Fundamental Interaction Fields for the Classical Long-Range Forces Vesselin G. Gueorguiev 1,2,* and Andre Maeder 3 1 Institute for Advanced Physical Studies, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria 2 Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, 127 Haddon Pl., Montclair, NJ 07043, USA 3 Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin des Maillettes 51, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Based on the principle of reparametrization invariance, the general structure of physically relevant classical matter systems is illuminated within the Lagrangian framework. In a straight- forward way, the matter Lagrangian contains background interaction fields, such as a 1-form field analogous to the electromagnetic vector potential and symmetric tensor for gravity. The geometric justification of the interaction field Lagrangians for the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions are emphasized. The generalization to E-dimensional extended objects (p-branes) embedded in a bulk space M is also discussed within the light of some familiar examples. The concept of fictitious accelerations due to un-proper time parametrization is introduced, and its implications are discussed. The framework naturally suggests new classical interaction fields beyond electromagnetism and gravity. The simplest model with such fields is analyzed and its relevance to dark matter and dark energy phenomena on large/cosmological scales is inferred. Unusual pathological behavior in the Newtonian limit is suggested to be a precursor of quantum effects and of inflation-like processes at microscopic scales. Citation: Gueorguiev, V.G.; Maeder, A. Geometric Justification of Keywords: diffeomorphism invariant systems; reparametrization-invariant matter systems; matter the Fundamental Interaction Fields lagrangian; homogeneous singular lagrangians; relativistic particle; string theory; extended objects; for the Classical Long-Range Forces.