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West Virginia's Lincoln County Feud Brandon Ray Kirk Brankirk@Yahoo.Com Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2017 Desperate and Determined Men: West Virginia's Lincoln County Feud Brandon Ray Kirk [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Kirk, Brandon Ray, "Desperate and Determined Men: West Virginia's Lincoln County Feud" (2017). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. 1048. http://mds.marshall.edu/etd/1048 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. DESPERATE AND DETERMINED MEN: WEST VIRGINIA’S LINCOLN COUNTY FEUD A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Brandon Ray Kirk Approved by Dr. Kevin Barksdale, Committee Chairperson Dr. Robert Maslowski Dr. Michael Woods Marshall University May 2017 © 2017 Brandon Ray Kirk ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Dedicated to the feudists and to the people who told their story iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to my parents, both of whom are retired public school teachers. Thanks to Ms. Gwen Ramey, retired high school history teacher, who sparked my love for history in 1987 and revealed the elderly residents in my community to be valuable repositories of history. Thanks to my grandparents for providing the context of our family’s place in my community, for showing me cemeteries, and for bestowing old photographs and other heirlooms. Thanks to the many elderly residents and former residents of my community, most of whom were born between 1899 and 1930, for their friendship and collaboration in preserving our history. Thanks to Billy Adkins, my genealogy mentor, for essential and indispensable guidance and assistance. Thanks to the late Fred B. Lambert, premier historian of the Guyandotte Valley, for providing the example in every way. Thanks to Altina Waller for writing the landmark feud study, Feud: Hatfields, McCoys and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (1988). Thanks to the late Durwood Dunn for penning the quintessential community study: Cades Cove: The Life and Death of a Southern Appalachian Community, 1818-1937 (1988). Thanks to famed West Virginia Hillbilly editor Jim Comstock for his words of encouragement in 1994-1995. Thanks to Cora Teel, former archivist in James E. Morrow’s Special Collections Department, for her friendship and support during my time as a library assistant. Thanks to Dr. Carolyn Karr of Marshall University for encouraging me to attend graduate school. Thanks to the late musician John Hartford, my best friend, who encouraged me to expand my research into book form and supported my work from 1994 to 2001. Thanks to author Shel Silverstein for offering a few writing tips. Thanks to Douglas Owsley of iv the Smithsonian and Smithsonian magazine for assisting in and promoting my feud research between 1998 and 2000. Thanks to the many employees of archives, courthouses, and libraries in West Virginia and Kentucky for their hospitality, trust, and support since 1990. Of particular note are the employees at James E. Morrow Library’s Special Collections Department in Huntington, West Virginia; West Virginia Archives and History at The Cultural Center in Charleston, West Virginia; Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives in Frankfort, Kentucky; Minnie Winder Genealogy and Local History Room at Boyd County Library in Ashland, Kentucky; and the Lincoln County Public Library in Hamlin, West Virginia. Also, courthouse employees since 1990 for these West Virginia counties—Cabell, Lincoln, Logan, Mingo, Wayne, and Wyoming— and for these Kentucky counties: Martin and Pike. Thanks to Ronald L. Lewis for publishing the unsurpassed timber study: Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880-1920 (1998). Thanks to the West Virginia Encyclopedia Project for featuring my writing. Thanks to the Marshall University History and English departments for selecting me as its Rosanna Blake and Fred Hulse Confederate History Scholar in 2010, thus providing financial assistance for my research. Thanks to my thesis advisor, Dr. Kevin Barksdale, and to thesis committee members Dr. Michael Woods and Dr. Bob Maslowski. Thanks to Dr. David J. Pittenger, dean of the Marshall University Graduate College, and Dr. Daniel Holbrook, chair of the Marshall University History Department. Thanks to Pelican Publishing Company of Gretna, Louisiana, for publishing Blood in West Virginia: Brumfield v. McCoy (2014), which tells the story of the Lincoln County Feud. Thanks to the following for their support of my research and writing: v Homer Hickam, author of October Sky; Dr. Ronald L. Lewis, Professor Emeritus of History at West Virginia University and Historian Laureate of West Virginia; Dr. Ivan Tribe, Professor Emeritus of History at University of Rio Grande; Dr. Robert Maslowski, President of Council for West Virginia Archaeology and graduate instructor at Marshall University; the late Dr. Keith Otterbein, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at the University at Buffalo (SUNYAB); and Ken Sullivan, executive director of the West Virginia Humanities Council. Many thanks to the following for providing a platform to promote and discuss the Lincoln County Feud: Lunch With Books at Ohio County Public Library in Wheeling, West Virginia; the Scarborough Art and Lecture Series at Shepherd University in Shepherdstown, West Virginia; the West Virginia Archives and History Library at The Cultural Center in Charleston, West Virginia; the Lewisburg Literary Festival in Lewisburg, West Virginia; and the Ohio River Festival of Books in Huntington, West Virginia. Thanks also to the numerous festivals, bookstores, and venues located in and between Shepherdstown, West Virginia, Lewisburg, West Virginia, Beckley (Tamarack), West Virginia, Morgantown, West Virginia, Wheeling, West Virginia, Pikeville, Kentucky, and Louisville, Kentucky, that have invited me to appear and/or speak about the feud. Thanks to the following newspapers for promoting my research and writing: the Lincoln Journal of Hamlin, West Virginia, the Lincoln Independent of Hamlin, West Virginia, the Logan Banner of Logan, West Virginia, the Guyandotte Voice of Chapmanville, West Virginia, the News Leader of Richwood, West Virginia, the Herald- Dispatch of Huntington, West Virginia, the Daily Independent of Ashland, Kentucky, the Register-Herald of Beckley, West Virginia, and the Wheeling Intelligencer of Wheeling, vi West Virginia. Thanks also to The Friendly Neighbor Radio Show and Chapters TV show. Thanks to Goldenseal magazine and Kentucky Explorer magazine for providing inspiration and for publishing my work. Thanks to the State Journal for selecting me in 2015 as one of its “55 Good Things About West Virginia.” Finally, thanks to The New Yorker for recognizing the value of my research in 2016. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv List of Tables xii List of Figures xiii Abstract xiv Introduction: “Murderland” 1 Narrative 1 Historiography 16 Progressive Model: Culture of Violence 19 Progressive Model: Culture of Honor 23 Civil War School 27 Capitalist Disruption Model 28 Conclusion of Feuds 29 Methodology 30 Chapter One: Antebellum Harts Creek: “A County of Boundless Resources of Wealth” 41 Early Settlement 41 Antebellum Demographics 46 Antebellum Social Stratification 47 Isolation 52 Antebellum Economics 56 Antebellum Crime 60 Antebellum Religion and Education 61 Civil War 64 Conclusion 70 Chapter Two: Appalachian Borderland: The Postwar Harts Creek Community 72 Lincoln County 72 Postwar Demographics 73 Postwar Social Stratification 76 Isolation 79 Postwar Economics 82 Postwar Crime 85 viii Postwar Religion and Education 89 Conclusion 96 Chapter Three: Paris Brumfield: “The Noted Desperado of Lincoln County” 97 Family Background 98 Early Life 102 The Civil War 104 Land 114 Family Troubles 118 Occupations 121 Violent Subculture (Guns) 124 Biological and Psychological Postscript 129 Conclusion 135 Chapter Four: Cain Adkins: “Esteemed Citizen” 137 Twelve Pole Background 137 Civil War 140 Settlement at Harts Creek 143 Land Ownership 144 Status 145 Occupations 146 Family Considerations 156 Feud with Paris Brumfield 157 Conclusion 162 Chapter Five: Merchants and Timber: Money Men and Wood Hicks 162 Big Timber 162 Timber Bosses: Enoch Baker and Burl Farley 163 Timber Camps 166 Timber Work 168 Splashers: Ben Adams and Albert Dingess 171 Boomers: Al Brumfield 173 Rafting 174 Timber Migrants: Milt Haley and Green McCoy 179 Neighborly Disputes 190 Hart, c.1889 191 Economy, 1888-1890 198 Conclusion 200 Chapter Six: Feuds and Honor: “Every Body Says He Will Kill Me If I Don’t Kill Him” 201 Brumfield-Adkins Feud 202 ix Dingess-Adams Feud 207 Brumfield-Runyon Feud 214 Brumfield-Adams Feud 217 Dingess-Hall Feud 218 Brumfield-Hall Feud 223 Brumfield-Nester Feud 224 Culture of Honor 224 Culture of Violence? 232 Conclusion 234 Chapter Seven: Al Brumfield: Genial Merchant 236 Ambush of Al and Hollena Brumfield 238 Halls 243 Milt Haley and Green McCoy 245 Inez, Kentucky 247 Brumfield Posse 249 Adams-Runyon-Adkins Gangs 252 Hugh Dingess 253 George Fry Home 258 Brumfield-Dingess Mob 260 Haley-McCoy Murders 264 Aftermath 268 Conclusion
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