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Notes Chapter 1 1. This section refers to Tan Gongrong (2008:9–14). 2. In his textbook The Evolution of Management Thought, Daniel Wren (1997) defines the history of management thought in four stages: early management thought; the scientific management era; the social man era; and the modern era. However, early management thought is not system- atic and cannot be abstracted into theories, and science of administration did not emerge at that time. For this reason this book rejects this era. 3. See for example, Yu and Feng 2010:8–15; Ding and Zhang 2007:113–117; Liang and Wang 2006:33–36; Ma and Yan 2009:157; Chen B. 2009:73– 78; Li R. 2006:123; and Liu Y. 2009:28–29. 4. The year of publications given in this section refer to the first edition, not necessarily the books or articles the author cite as listed in the bibliography. Chapter 2 1. Public administration is sometimes categorized into public management, but the mainstream in Western countries still classifies it into politics. 2. Cost function indicates pursuing the minimization of cost with a premise of fixed output; production function indicates pursuing the maximiza- tion of production with a premise of fixed input. Chapter 3 1. This section only offers an introduction to the development of public administration, so the time span is from 1887 to the 1960s. 2. It will be discussed in detail that Dwight Waldo is an advocator of New Public Administration theory. 3. Scholars generally name the period from 1887 when The Study of Admin- istration was published to 1968 when the first Minnowbrook Confer- ence was held as the stage of Traditional Public Administration. 4. “Public affairs officers” are those people we always refer to as “adminis- trative staff,” “bureaucrats,” and “civil officials.” 274 Notes Chapter 5 1. Management (Guanli) and Administration (Xingzheng) often create confusion when being translated into Chinese. For example, Simon’s famous Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision Making Processes in Administrative Organization is generally translated as “Guanli Xingwei” in Chinese. In fact, however, there are obvious differences between the two words. The original meaning of “administration” in Latin was to serve and hence later to govern; while the meaning of “management” was to control by hand. Therefore, the original intention of adminis- tration was to pay attention to services, while the original intention of management was to focus on control and results (Hughes 2003:3). Pub- lic administration is a type of activity aiming at serving the public that focuses on processes and how to turn policies into actions; while man- agement includes not only administration but also how an organization may achieve its goals and obtain maximum efficiency and results. 2. The “public administration” here refers to “traditional public administration.” Chapter 6 1. His original name was David Ashworth and changed to Perri 6 in 1983. Chapter 7 1. The Minnowbrook spirit first appeared in papers submitted to Minnow- brook III. It is a spirit that reflects on and criticizes current theories, allows and encourages new viewpoints, and advocates debates on aca- demic issues. Chapter 8 1. For example: Public Administration and the Governance Process: Shift- ing the Political Dialogue (Wamsley, Wolf, and Goodsell et al. 1982), Refounding Public Administration (Wamsley et al. 1990), Refounding Democratic Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (Wamsley et al. 1996), and Democracy and Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective (Frederickson and Chandler. 1997) etc. 2. It refers to the adoption of privatization by the American government (the Reagan Administration) during the privatization movement. 3. During this period, the instrumental rationality school only consisted of Traditional Public Administration and Privatization theory. 4. It corresponds with some of the viewpoints of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Notes 275 Chapter 10 1. In the same year and 2004 and 2005, scholars also published on the sub- ject. For examples, Chapman 2003; Bentley, Kaye, and MacLeod 2004; and Chapman 2005. 2. In the same year, other scholars also published on the subject. For exam- ples, Blaug et al. 2006b; Blaug, Horner, and Lekhi 2006a; Cole and Parston 2006; and Cowling 2006. 3. See Cole and Parston 2006; Cowling 2006; Barber 2007; Erridge 2007; Alford and Hughes 2008; Alford and O’Flynn 2008; Charles et al. 2008; Coats and Passmore 2008; Constable, Passmore, and Coats 2008; Alford and O’Flynn 2009; Benington 2009; and Bozeman 2009. Bibliography Alford, John and Owen Hughes. (2008). “Public Value Pragmatism as the Next Phase of Public Management.” American Review of Public Admin- istration 38(2):130–134. Alford, John and Janine O’Flynn. (2008). “Public Value: A Stocktake of a Concept.” Paper presented at the twelfth annual conference of the Interna- tional Research Society for Public Management. Buenos Aires. Alford, John and Janine O’Flynn. (2009). “Making Sense of Public Value: Concepts, Critiques and Emergent Meanings.” International Journal of Public Administration 32(3–4):71–91. Allison, M. T. (2000). “Leisure, Diversity and Social Justice,” Journal of Lei- sure Research 32(1):2–6. Audit Commission. (2003). Corporate Governance: Improvement and Trust in Local Government. http://ww2.unhabitat.org/cdrom/TRANSPAR- ENCY/html/yellowp/Y027.html. Barber B. (2007). “Because They’re Worth It: A New Approach to Public Service Reform Is in the Air-Public Value.” Public Finance 1(1):22–23. Behn, Robert D. (2001). Rethinking Democratic Accountability. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press. Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. (1985). Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Com- mitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bendix, Reinhard. (1956). Work and Authority in Industry: Ideologies of Man- agement in the Course of Industrialization. New York: John Wiley. Benington J. (2009). “). “Creating the Public in Order to Create Public Value?” International Journal of Public Administration 32(3–4):232–249. Benington, John and Mark H. Moore, eds. (2010). Public Value: Theory and Practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Bentley, Tom, A. Kaye, and P. MacLeod. (2004). A Fair Go: Public Value and Diversity in Education. London: Demos. Blaug, Ricardo, Louise Horner, and Rohit Lekhi. (2006a). Public Value, Citi- zen Expectations and User Commitment. A Literature Review. London: Work Foundation. Blaug, Ricardo, Louise Horner, A. Kenyon, and Rohit Lekhi. (2006b). Pub- lic Value and Local Communities: A Literature Review. London: Work Foundation. 278 Bibliography Bozeman, Barry. (1988). “). “Exploring the Limits of Public and Private Sec- tors: Sector Boundaries as Maginot Line.” Public Administration Review 48(2):672–674. Bozeman, Barry. (1993). Public Management: The State of Art. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publisher. Bozeman, Barry. (2009). “). “Public Values Theory: ‘Three Big Questions.’” International Journal of Public Policy 4(5):369–375. Bozeman, Barry and Jeffrey D. Straussman. (1990). Public Management Strategies: Guidelines for Managerial Effectiveness, San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Publisher. Cai Lihui. (2003). “). “Public Management: Inherent Unity of the Essence of Publicness and the Goal of Function.” Journal of Renmin University of China 2:144–152. Chandler, Ralph C. (1987). A Centennial History of the American Adminis- trative State. New York: Macmillan. Chapman, Jake. (2003). “). “Public Value: The Missing Ingredient in Reform?” in Tom Bentley and James Wilson (eds.), The Adaptive State: Strategies for Personalising the Public Realm, pp. 124–131. London: Demos. Chapman, Jake. (2005). “). “Defining Public Value in Health Care Provision in Nursing Management.” Nursing Management 12(3):32–35. Charles, Michael B., Rachel Ryan, Cinthya Paredes Castillo, and Kerry Brown. (. (2008). “). “Safe and Sound? The Public Value Trade-Off in Worker Safety and Public Infrastructure Procurement.” Public Money and Management 28(3):159–166. Chen Baosheng. (2009). “Instrumental Rationality and Value Rationality in Public Management Model Evolution.” Jianghuai Tribute (4):73–78. Chen Qingyun. (2001). “Strengthen the Concepts of Public Administration and Improve the Socialization of Public Service.” Chinese Public Admin- istration (12):20–21. Chen Zhenming. (1999). “From Public Administration, New Public Admin- istration to Public Management: Changes of Paradigm in Western Researches on Government Management.” CASS Journal of Political Sci- ence (1):79–88. Chen Zhenming. (2002). “Towards a Practice Pattern of New Public Management—Perspective into the Reform Trends in Modern Western Governments.” Journal of Xiamen University (Arts and Social Sciences) (2):76–84. Chen Zhenming. (2003). Public Management: A Research Approach Differ- ent from Theory of Traditional Public Administration. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press. Chen Zhenming. (2006). “Implementation of Strategic Management and Creation of Public Value: A Review of ‘Creating Public Value: Strate- gic Management in Government’ by Mark Moore.” Southeast Academic Research (2):27–34. Bibliography 279 Chen Zhenming. (2010). “Disciplinary Orientation and Knowledge Accu- mulation of Public Management.” Administration Tribute (4):17–20. Chinese Academy of Governance. 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