DOCSLIB.ORG

History of the Periodic Table Activity Sheet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of the Periodic Table Activity Sheet Noble gases Group 1 History of the Group 18 1.008 4.003 H Alkaline earth He metals Halogens 1 Group 2 Periodic TablePeriodic Table Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 2 6.94 9.012 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180 Li Be B C N O F Ne 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 22.990 24.305 26.982 28.085 30.974 32.06 35.45 39.95 Na Mg Transition metals Al Si P S Cl Ar 11 12 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10 Group 11 Group 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.922 78.971 79.904 83.798 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 [98] 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.414 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.293 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 132.905 137.327 138.905 178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.967 200.592 204.38 207.2 208.980 [209] [210] [222] Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os TheseIr activitiesPt have been createdAu Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 by77 the Royal Society78 of Chemistry79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 to help celebrate the International [223] [226] [227] [267] [268] [269] [270] [269] Year[278] of the Periodic[281] Table. [280] [285] [286] [289] [289] [293] [294] [294] Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs MtFind out moreDs at: www.rsc.org/iyptRg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Alkali metals 140.116 140.908 144.242 [145] 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.500 164.930 167.259 168.934 173.054 174.967 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Lanthanides 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 232.038 231.036 238.029 [237] [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259] [262] Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Actinides Wall chart © Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Registered charity number: 207890 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 www.rsc.org/periodic-table Instructions • Print “blank newspapers” • Print and cut out “pieces of information” • In groups, students are to match “pieces of information” to correct “newspaper” timeline. • For each timeline there are hint cards and stretch and challenge cards. • Numeracy and literacy challenges embedded • Each student to use completed “newspapers” to fill in summary sheets. Objectives of classroom activity: The timeline for the development of the model of the atom is clearly outlined in many schemes of work, so this activity follows that timeline with the addition of information relating to the development of the periodic table. Students do not necessarily have to know about the existence of atoms, or the atomic model before starting the exercise. Age group KS2 to KS3, there are hint cards for scaffolding (possibly KS4 depending on the group and use of stretch and challenge Qs). The teacher can be more specific with the objectives by using the blank summary sheet at the end. Main objectives are: • Timeline- Model of the atom: Dalton, Thomson, Bohr • Timeline- Periodic table: Mendeleev, idea of atomic number, groups, periods Extensions available for Model of the atom: • Distinguishing between the terms atom, element, compound • Rutherford experiment • Charges of sub-atomic particles • Atomic number • same group = same chemical properties, same element = same atoms Periodic table: • Law of octaves • Significance of predictive nature of periodic table = numeracy = literacy COMPLETED NEWSPAPERS Pεriοdic Τaβlε Gazεττε Ψεar: Αround 400 βC How many years ago is that? Out and about in Ancient Alexandria? Why not join us at a public lecture by Hypatia, the famous female mathematician and philosopher. DEMOCRITUS DECLARES HIS NEW THEORY. Renowned philosopher now says stuff is made of small particles that have different shapes and sizes. He calls these particles, Atomos. Plato, celebrity of ancient Greece, has this to say about the new theory: I don’t think so. Periodic Table Gazette Year: Between 1800 and 1834 Dear Editor, My name is John Jacob Berzelius. I think elements should be given letter symbols. For example, oxygen, would have the symbol O. Latest model of the atom Many thanks, John Year: Between 1860-1905 Electron is discovered! + Congratulations to J.J. Thomson - on his Nobel Prize. + + - - + + - New atomic model looking lumpy! How would you describe this model? Coming to showrooms near you, world’s first car. With state of the art gasoline powered engine. Made by Benz. Quiz time! In 1800 there were only 33 known elements. By 1900, this increased to 83. Wow! What percentage increase is that? Year: Between 1909 and 1913 Latest atomic model Elements should be arranged by Atomic Number Henry Moseley, only 24 years old, has given us the final piece of the periodic table puzzle. Elements should be arranged by atomic number. After this discovery, he is off to fight in World War 1. How would Bohr: Not a you describe boring goalie this model? Niels Bohr, scientist and goalkeeper for a Danish team improves on the model of the atom. Electrons are not just whizzing around, they have paths or orbits. The Titanic: Built in Belfast, sinks in How big is an atom? the Atlantic Ocean. You will need to use your imagination! If a carbon atom was Breaking news the same size as you (a human), Dmitri Mendeleev, creator then you would be as tall as all of of the Periodic table, dies the people on earth stood on top of influenza in Russia. of each other! There are 7 billion people on Earth, how many zeros is that? Periodic tables- now with 86 elements Today 09:46 Incredible 118 elements discovered and named! Re-arrange these symbols to make a word that relates to the structure of the atom 238 32.1 35.5 14.0 152 U S Cl N Eu Uranium Sulphur Chlorine Nitrogen Europium 92 16 17 7 63 BLANK NEWSPAPERS To be printed and given to the students Pεriοdic Τaβlε Gazεττε Ψεar: Αround 400 βC How many years ago is that? Periodic Table Gazette Year: Between 1800 and 1834 Latest model of the atom Year: Between 1860-1905 New atomic model looking lumpy! How would you describe this model? Quiz time! In 1800 there were only 33 known elements. By 1900, this increased to 83. Wow! What percentage increase is that? Year: Between 1909 and 1913 Latest atomic model How would you describe this model? How big is an atom? You will need to use your imagination! If a carbon atom was the same size as you (a human), then you would be as tall as all of the people on earth stood on top of each other! There are 7 billion people on Earth, how many zeros is that? Today 09:46 Re-arrange these symbols to make a word that relates to the structure of the atom 238 32.1 35.5 14.0 152 U S Cl N Eu Uranium Sulphur Chlorine Nitrogen Europium 92 16 17 7 63 PIECES OF INFORMATION To be printed and cut up by the teacher, then given to the students Stretch and challenge (Year: Around 400 BC) Q: Some ancient Greek philosophers thought everything was made up of four “elements”; Fire, Water, Air and Earth. We now know that is not true, but how would you describe water using your scientific knowledge? Stretch and challenge (Year: 1800-1834) Q: Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. What is the difference between atoms, compounds and elements? Stretch and challenge (Year: 1860-1905) Q: What charge do electrons have? Q: Mendeleev is famous for creating the modern Periodic Table. A previous suggestion for how the elements should be organised was called the Law of Octaves, proposed by John Newlands. From the name, can you guess what that meant? Stretch and challenge (Year: 1909-1913) Q: How did Rutherford's experiment (otherwise known as the Geiger–Marsden experiment, the gold leaf, or gold foil experiment) prove the existence of protons in the nucleus? Q: What is the Atomic number of an element? Q: Can you label the parts Bohr’s model of the atom? Stretch and challenge (Year: Today) Q: In honour of Dmitri Mendeleev, the element with atomic number 101 was named Mendelevium. Can you spot elements in your periodic table that are named after other scientists or places? Q: The journey of the periodic table has taken hundreds of year. Why do you think it may have taken so long to discover 118 known elements? As scientists Around the time discovered Mendeleev more about died, scientists atoms, the knew of the atomic model existence of got more and more than 80 more complex.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • King Lfred's Version Off the Consolations of Boethius
    King _lfred's Version off the Consolations of Boethius HENRY FROWDE, M A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OF_0RD LONDON, EDINBURGH_ AND NEW YORK Kring e__lfred's Version o_/"the Consolations of Boethius _ _ Z)one into c_gfodern English, with an Introduction _ _ _ _ u_aa Litt.D._ Editor _o_.,I_ing .... i .dlfred_ OM Englis.h..ffgerAon2.' !ilo of the ' De Con.d.¢_onz,o,e 2 Oxford : _4t the Claro_don:,.....: PrestO0000 M D CCCC _eee_ Ioee_ J_el eeoee le e_ZNeFED AT THE_.e_EN_N PI_.._S _ee • • oeoo eee • oeee eo6_o eoee • ooeo e_ooo ..:.. ..'.: oe°_ ° leeeo eeoe ee •QQ . :.:.. oOeeo QOO_e 6eeQ aee...._ e • eee TO THE REV. PROFESSOR W. W. SKEAT LITT.D._ D.C.L._ LL.D.:_ PH.D. THIS _800K IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED PREFACE THE preparationsfor adequately commemoratingthe forthcoming millenary of King Alfred's death have set going a fresh wave of popularinterest in that hero. Lectares have been given, committees formed, sub- scriptions paid and promised, and an excellent book of essays by eminent specialists has been written about Alfred considered under quite a number of aspects. That great King has himself told us that he was not indifferent to the opinion of those that should come after him, and he earnestly desired that that opinion should be a high one. We have by no means for- gotten him, it is true, but yet to verymany intelligent people he is, to use a paradox, a distinctly nebulous character of history. His most undying attributes in the memory of the people are not unconnected with singed cakes and romantic visits in disguise to the Danish viii Preface Danish camp.
    [Show full text]
  • Timberlane High School Science Summer Reading Assignment
    Timberlane High School Science Summer Reading Assignment: Course: Chemistry CCP Instructions Please read the following selection(s) from the book A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson. Please provide written answers (short essay style) to the questions at the end of the reading •Questions adapted from Random House Publishing Inc. https://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/teachers_guides/9780767908184.pdf The written assignment is to be turned into your teacher by Friday Sept. 8th for potential full credit. Accepted until Sept 13th with 10% deduction in grade per day. Not accepted after Sept 13th. This is a graded assignment worth up to 3% of your quarter 1 grade. Grading Rubric: The writing will be assessed on the following 0 to 3 scales Each answer should be in a short essay style (minimum one paragraph). o 1: most answers are short one word answers. o 3: complete thoughts and sentences that fully convey the answers. Each answer should demonstrate evidence of reading to comprehension. o 1: answers indicate that the reading was not completed o 3: answers show clear comprehension of the reading Each answer should be correct, relevant to the topic, should strive for detail and completeness. o 1: answers are not relative to question or reading o 3: Answers demonstrate clear relevancy to passage and get to the heart of the rationale for question in relation to subject area. Each answer should refer to a specific statement or include a quote from the reading. o 1: the writing is vague, incomplete and contains little detail o 3: writing is detailed, complete and references specific statements or quotes from the reading passage.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Dunedin Income Growth Investment Trust
    The History of Dunedin Income Growth Investment Trust PLC The first investment trust launched in Scotland, 1873 – 2018 Dunedin Income Growth Trust Investment Income Dunedin Foreword 1873 – 2018 This booklet, written for us by John Newlands, It is a particular pleasure for me, as Chairman of DIGIT describes the history of Dunedin Income Growth and as former employee of Robert Fleming & Co to be Investment Trust PLC, from its formation in Dundee able to write a foreword to this history. It was Robert in February 1873 through to the present day. Fleming’s vision that established the trust. The history Launched as The Scottish American Investment Trust, of the trust and its role in making professional “DIGIT”, as the Company is often known, was the first investment accessible is as relevant today as it investment trust formed in Scotland and has been was in the 1870s when the original prospectus was operating continuously for the last 145 years. published. I hope you will find this story of Scottish enterprise, endeavour and vision, and of investment Notwithstanding the Company’s long life, and the way over the past 145 years interesting and informative. in which it has evolved over the decades, the same The Board of DIGIT today are delighted that the ethos of investing in a diversified portfolio of high trust’s history has been told as we approach the quality income-producing securities has prevailed 150th anniversary of the trust’s formation. since the first day. Today, while DIGIT invests predominantly in UK listed companies, we, its board and managers, maintain a keen global perspective, given that a significant proportion of the Company’s revenues are generated from outside of the UK and that many of the companies in which we invest have very little exposure to the domestic economy.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 Famous Greek Mathematicians and Their Contributions 1. Euclid
    15 Famous Greek Mathematicians and Their Contributions 1. Euclid He was also known as Euclid of Alexandria and referred as the father of geometry deduced the Euclidean geometry. The name has it all, which in Greek means “renowned, glorious”. He worked his entire life in the field of mathematics and made revolutionary contributions to geometry. 2. Pythagoras The famous ‘Pythagoras theorem’, yes the same one we have struggled through in our childhood during our challenging math classes. This genius achieved in his contributions in mathematics and become the father of the theorem of Pythagoras. Born is Samos, Greece and fled off to Egypt and maybe India. This great mathematician is most prominently known for, what else but, for his Pythagoras theorem. 3. Archimedes Archimedes is yet another great talent from the land of the Greek. He thrived for gaining knowledge in mathematical education and made various contributions. He is best known for antiquity and the invention of compound pulleys and screw pump. 4. Thales of Miletus He was the first individual to whom a mathematical discovery was attributed. He’s best known for his work in calculating the heights of pyramids and the distance of the ships from the shore using geometry. 5. Aristotle Aristotle had a diverse knowledge over various areas including mathematics, geology, physics, metaphysics, biology, medicine and psychology. He was a pupil of Plato therefore it’s not a surprise that he had a vast knowledge and made contributions towards Platonism. Tutored Alexander the Great and established a library which aided in the production of hundreds of books.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10 – Chemical Reactions Notes
    Chapter 8 – Chemical Reactions Notes Chemical Reactions: Chemical reactions are processes in which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different chemical compounds. How to tell if a chemical reaction has occurred (recap): Temperature changes that can’t be accounted for. o Exothermic reactions give off energy (as in fire). o Endothermic reactions absorb energy (as in a cold pack). Spontaneous color change. o This happens when things rust, when they rot, and when they burn. Appearance of a solid when two liquids are mixed. o This solid is called a precipitate. Formation of a gas / bubbling, as when vinegar and baking soda are mixed. Overall, the most important thing to remember is that a chemical reaction produces a whole new chemical compound. Just changing the way that something looks (breaking, melting, dissolving, etc) isn’t enough to qualify something as a chemical reaction! Balancing Equations Notes: Things to keep in mind when looking at the recipes for chemical reactions: 1) The stuff before the arrow is referred to as the “reactants” or “reagents”, and the stuff after the arrow is called the “products.” 2) The number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the arrow. Even though there may be different numbers of molecules, the number of atoms of each element needs to remain the same to obey the law of conservation of mass. 3) The numbers in front of the formulas tell you how many molecules or moles of each chemical are involved in the reaction. 4) Equations are nothing more than chemical recipes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry - B.S
    Chemistry - B.S. College of (Biochemistry Option) Arts and Sciences The Department of Chemistry offers the Bachelor of Science degree for students who Graduation Composition and Communication Requirement intend to become professional chemists or do graduate work in chemistry or a closely (GCCR) related discipline. There are three options in the B.S. program: a traditional track WRD 310 Writing in the Natural Sciences ............................................................. 3 covering all the major areas of chemistry, an option that emphasizes biochemistry and an option in materials chemistry. The Biochemistry and Traditional Options are Graduation Composition and Communication certified by the American Chemical Society. A Bachelor of Arts degree program is Requirement hours (GCCR) .................................................................... 3 offered as well for students who want greater flexibility in the selection of courses to perhaps pursue more diverse degree options, including dual and double majors. For College Requirements all majors CHE 109 and CHE 110 have been defined as equivalent to CHE 105. The I. Foreign Language (placement exam recommended) ................................... 0-14 Department also offers the Master of Science and the Doctor of Philosophy degree. II. Disciplinary Requirements a. Natural Science (completed by Major Requirements) 128 hours b. Social Science ......................................................................................... 3 Any student earning a Bachelor of Science (BS)
    [Show full text]
  • Platonist Philosopher Hypatia of Alexandria in Amenabar’S Film Agorá
    A STUDY OF THE RECEPTION OF THE LIFE AND DEATH OF THE NEO- PLATONIST PHILOSOPHER HYPATIA OF ALEXANDRIA IN AMENABAR’S FILM AGORÁ GILLIAN van der HEIJDEN Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Faculty of Humanities School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics at the UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, DURBAN SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR J.L. HILTON MARCH 2016 DECLARATION I, Gillian van der Heijden, declare that: The research reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research; This dissertation has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university; This dissertation does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons; The dissertation does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a) their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; b) where their exact words have been used, their writing has been paragraphed and referenced; c) This dissertation/thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the dissertation/thesis and in the References sections. Signed: Gillian van der Heijden (Student Number 209541374) Professor J. L. Hilton ii ABSTRACT The film Agorá is better appreciated through a little knowledge of the rise of Christianity and its opposition to Paganism which professed ethical principles inherited from Greek mythology and acknowledged, seasonal rituals and wealth in land and livestock.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Matter: Elements and Their Classification Through the Periodic System - Renato Ugo
    FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY – Vol. I - Chemical Matter: Elements and Their Classification Through the Periodic System - Renato Ugo CHEMICAL MATTER: ELEMENTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION THROUGH THE PERIODIC SYSTEM Renato Ugo Università di Milano, Italy Keywords: chemical elements, electrochemical properties, electron affinities, electronegativity, electronic structure of atoms, ionization energies, metals, nonmetals, periodic table, size of atoms. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Introduction to the Electronic Structure of Atoms 3. The Building Up of the Periodic Table 4. The Periodical Trends of Some Physical Properties 4.1. Ionization Energies 4.2. Size of Atoms 4.3. Electron Affinities 5. Some Periodical Trends of the Chemical Behavior 5.1. From Metals to Nonmetals 5.2. The Binding Energies 5.3. Electronegativity 5.4. The Electrochemical Properties of the Metallic Elements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The building up of the periodic table of the elements, based on the aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule is described and explained on the basis of a preliminary introduction to the electronic structure of atoms. The periodicUNESCO trends of ionization energies, si–zes ofEOLSS atoms, electron affinities, and of the electronegativity of the elements are discussed together with some periodical chemical properties, such as binding energies, electrochemical properties of metals, and the shift along the periodicSAMPLE table from metals to nonmetals. CHAPTERS 1. Introduction Chemistry is an experimental science that involves an enormous number of observations and requires the investigation of all the various aspects of the properties of matter. For such a reason, from the beginning of the development of chemistry as a science at the end of the eighteenth century it was essential to try to rationalize the complexity of the elements’ physical and chemical behavior, which at first sight were completely casual.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 1 – Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Introduction to the Atom
    Unit 1 – Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Introduction to the atom Modern Atomic Theory All matter is composed of atoms Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear reactions! Every atom has different properties from other atoms Ex: grinding down a gold ring Modern Atomic Theory Wait, it’s “only” a theory? Why are we learning it then? •A theory is a powerful term in science Theory -A set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon. Ex: Cell theory & Evolutionary theory We can now see atoms …sort of In 1981 a STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope) was created. - We can see them and manipulate them. The Kanji characters for "atom." This image was formed by using the tiny tip of an STM to pick up individual atoms of iron and place them on a copper (111) surface. Nanotechnology is coming Atoms can be moved and molded to make various devices such as molecular motors Structure of the Atom Accessing Prior Knowledge 1. Based on your previous science classes, draw a generic atom and label where you’d find the nucleus, protons, neutrons, & electrons. 2. For a common beryllium atom, what is the: a) # protons? b) # neutrons? c) # electrons? Structure of an Atom Electrons (in electron cloud) 1/2000th the mass of P+ & N Nucleus (protons + neutrons) Particle Charge Mass Location Purpose # Electron -1 0 Electron Behavior of cloud element Proton +1 1 Nucleus Identity of element Neutron 0 1 Nucleus Stability of nucleus Charges in an Atom The atom is generally neutral because: # of negative electrons = # of positive protons The nucleus is positively charged because: Contains positive protons (and neutrons which don’t have a charge).
    [Show full text]
  • BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR the Biochemistry Major Is Offered Through the Department of Chemistry
    BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR The Biochemistry major is offered through the Department of Chemistry. This sequence is recommended for students planning entry into graduate school in Biochemistry, Pharmacology, or related subjects. It is also strongly recommend for those desiring to pursue medical or dental school. NOTE: This course sequence may be modified to include a Senior Capstone Experience. FIRST YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits General Chemistry I for Majors (CHE111) 3 General Chemistry II for Majors (CHE112) 3 General Chemistry I Lab for Majors (CHE111L) 1 General Chemistry II Lab for Majors (CHE112L) 1 General Chemistry I Récitation (CHE111R) 0 General Chemistry II Récitation (CHE112R) 0 Precalculus (MAT116 or MAT120) 3-4 Calculus I (MAT231) 4 First Year Composition (ENG103) 4 Foreign Language (FL201) 4 African Diaspora/World I (ADW111) 4 African Diaspora/World II (ADW112) 4 First Year Experience (FYE 101-Chemistry) 1 First Year Experience (FYE 102-Chemistry) 1 First Year Seminar in Chemistry (CHE101) 0 Big Questions Colloquia (BQC) 1 TOTAL HOURS 16-17 TOTAL HOURS 18 SOPHOMORE YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits Organic Chemistry I for Majors (CHE231) 4 Organic Chemistry II for Majors (CHE232) 4 Organic Chemistry I Lab (CHE233L) 1 Organic Chemistry II Lab (CHE234L) 1 Organic Chemistry I Récitation (CHE233R) 0 Organic Chemistry II Récitation (CHE234R) 0 Biology of the Cell (BIO120) 4 Organismal Form and Function(BIO115) 4 Calculus II (MAT 232) 4 Physics I: Mechanics & Lab (PHY151) 4 Foreign Language (FL202)
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Reactions and Quantities
    Chemical Reactions and Quantities Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions occur Everywhere… • …when fuel burns with oxygen in our cars to make the car move… • …when we cook our food… • …when we dye our hair… • …in our bodies, chemical reactions convert food into molecules that build and move muscle… • …in leaves of trees and plants, carbon dioxide and water are converted to carbohydrates… Some chemical reactions are simple, whereas others are quite complex… • However, they can all be written by chemical equations that chemists use to describe chemical reactions. • In every chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to give new substances. – Just like following a recipe, certain ingredients are combined (and often heated) to form something new. Chapter Seven 7.1 – Equations for Chemical Reactions 7.2 – Types of Reactions 7.3 – Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 7.4 – The Mole 7.5 – Molar Mass and Calculations 7.6 – Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations 7.7 – Mass Calculations for Reactions 7.8 – Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield 7.9 – Energy in Chemical Reactions 7.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions Write a balanced equation from formulas of the reactants and products for a reaction; determine the number of atoms in the reactants and products. Chemical Change • A chemical change occurs when a substance is converted into one or more new substances that have different formulas and properties. • For example, when silver tarnishes, the shiny, silver metal (Ag) reacts with sulfur (S) to become the dull, black substance we call tarnish (Ag2S). Chemical Reaction • A chemical reaction always involves a chemical change because atoms of the reacting substances form new combinations with new properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Ions and Their Charges
    Common Ions and Their Charges A mastery of the common ions, their formulas and their charges, is essential to success in AP Chemistry. You are expected to know all of these ions on the first day of class, when I will give you a quiz on them. You will always be allowed a periodic table, which makes indentifying the ions on the left “automatic.” For tips on learning these ions, see the opposite side of this page. From the table: Ions to Memorize Cations Name Cations Name H+ Hydrogen Ag+ Silver Li+ Lithium Zn2+ Zinc + 2+ Na Sodium Hg2 Mercury(I) + + K Potassium NH4 Ammonium Rb+ Rubidium Cs+ Cesium Be2+ Beryllium Anions Name 2+ - Mg Magnesium NO2 Nitrite 2+ - Ca Calcium NO3 Nitrate 2+ 2- Ba Barium SO3 Sulfite 2+ 2- Sr Strontium SO4 Sulfate 3+ - Al Aluminum HSO4 Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) OH- Hydroxide Anions Name CN- Cyanide - 3- H Hydride PO4 Phosphate - 2- F Fluoride HPO4 Hydrogen phosphate - - Cl Chloride H2PO4 Dihydrogen phosphate Br- Bromide NCS- Thiocyanate - 2- I Iodide CO3 Carbonate 2- - O Oxide HCO3 Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) S2- Sulfide ClO- Hypochlorite 2- - Se Selenide ClO2 Chlorite 3- - N Nitride ClO3 Chlorate 3- - P Phosphide ClO4 Perchlorate As3- Arsenide BrO- Hypobromite - Type II Cations Name BrO2 Bromite 3+ - Fe Iron(III) BrO3 Bromate 2+ - Fe Iron(II) BrO4 Perbromate Cu2+ Copper(II) IO- Hypoiodite + - Cu Copper(I) IO2 iodite 3+ - Co Cobalt(III) IO3 iodate 2+ - Co Cobalt(II) IO4 Periodate 4+ - Sn Tin(IV) C2H3O2 Acetate 2+ - Sn Tin(II) MnO4 Permanganate 4+ 2- Pb Lead(IV) Cr2O7 Dichromate 2+ 2- Pb Lead(II) CrO4 Chromate 2+ 2- Hg Mercury(II) O2 Peroxide 2- C2O4 Oxalate - NH2 Amide 3- BO3 Borate 2- S2O3 Thiosulfate Tips for Learning the Ions “From the Table” These are ions can be organized into two groups.
    [Show full text]