THE EXPLORERS OF AUSTRALIA AND THEIR LIFE-WORK. BY ERNEST FAVENC, Explorer, and Author of The History of Australian Exploration, The Geographical Development of Australia, Tales of the Austral Tropics, The Secret of the Australian Desert, etc., and Voices of the Desert (Poems). CHRISTCHURCH, WELLINGTON AND DUNEDIN, N.Z.; MELBOURNE AND LONDON: WHITCOMBE AND TOMBS LIMITED. 1908. GO TO TABLE OF CONTENTS [Advertisement] THE MAKERS OF AUSTRALASIA. EARLY VOLUMES (IN PREPARATION). CAPTAIN COOK and his Predecessors in Australasian Waters, by REGINALD FORD, F.R.G.S., Member of the British National Antarctic Expedition. GOVERNOR PHILLIP and his Immediate successors, BY F.M. BLADEN, Chief Librarian, Public Library, Sydney. EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD, by THE EDITOR. SIR GEORGE GREY, by JAMES COLLIER, sometime Librarian, General Assembly Library, Wellington. IMAGE: Captain Charles Sturt, aged about 54 years. From the painting by Crossland. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. In presenting to the public this history of those makers of Australasia whose work consisted in the exploration of the surface of the continent of Australia, I have much pleasure in drawing the reader's attention to the portraits which illustrate the text. It is, I venture to say, the most complete collection of portraits of the explorers that has yet been published in one volume. Some of them of course must needs be conventional; but many of them, such as the portrait of Oxley when a young man, and of A.C. Gregory, have never been given publicity before; and in many cases I have selected early portraits, whenever I had the opportunity, in preference to the oft published portrait of the same subject when advanced in years. There are many who assisted me in the collection of these portraits. To Mr. F. Bladen, of the Public Library, Sydney; Mr. Malcolm Fraser, of Perth, Western Australia; Mr. Thomas Gill, of Adelaide; Sir John Forrest; The Reverend J. Milne Curran; Mr. Archibald Meston; and many others my best thanks are due. In fact, in such a work as this, one cannot hope for success unless he seek the assistance of those who remembered the explorers in life, or have heard their friends and relatives talk familiarly of them. Let me particularly hope that from these pages our youth, who should be interested in the exploration of their native land, will form an adequate idea of the character of the men who helped to make Australia, and of some of the adverse conditions against which they struggled so nobly. ERNEST FAVENC. Sydney, 1908. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The published Journals of all the Explorers of Australia. Reports of Explorations published in Parliamentary Papers. History of New South Wales, from the Records. (Barton and Bladen.) Account of New South Wales, by Captain Watkin Tench. Manuscript Diaries of Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth. Manuscript Diaries of G.W. Evans. (Macquarie and Lachlan Rivers.) The Pioneers of Victoria and South Australia, by various writers. Contemporaneous Australian Journals of the several States. Private letters and memoranda of persons in all the States. Manuscript Diary of Charles Bonney. Pamphlets and other bound extracts on the subject of exploration. The Year Book of Western Australia. Records of the Geographical Societies of South Australia and Victoria. Russell's Genesis of Queensland. Biographical Notes, by J.H. Maiden. Spinifex and Sand, by David Carnegie. INTRODUCTION. In introducing this book, I should like to commend it to its readers as giving an account of the explorers of Australia in a simple and concise form not hitherto available. It introduces them to us, tells the tale of their long-tried patience and stubborn endurance, how they lived and did their work, and gives a short but graphic outline of the work they accomplished in opening out and preparing Australia as another home for our race on this side of the world. The battle that they fought and won was over great natural difficulties and obstacles, as fortunately there were no ferocious wild beasts in Australia, while the danger from the hostility of the aborigines (though a barbarous people) was with care and judgment, with a few exceptions, avoided. Their triumph has resulted in peaceful progress and in permanent occupation and settlement of a vast continent. Of all the Australian explorers the fate of Leichhardt -- "the Franklin of Australia," as the author so justly terms him -- is alone shrouded in mystery. "No man knoweth his sepulchre to this day." His party of six white men (including Leichhardt) and two black boys, with 12 horses, 13 mules, 50 bullocks, and 270 goats, have never been heard of since they left McPherson's station on the Cogoon on 3rd April, 1848; and although there have been several attempts to unravel the mystery, there is scarcely a possibility of any discovery in regard to their fate ever being made. There can be no doubt that the fascination concerning the work of the early explorers of Australia will gather strength as it goes. Hitherto we have been too close to them rightly to appreciate what was done. This book therefore comes at an opportune time, and is a valuable record. The author has already done a great service to Australian explorations by his writings, and in the present instance has added to our obligation to him by condensing the records into a smaller compass, and by that means has brought it within convenient limits for use in schools and for general readers. Of the explorers of Australia, eleven have been honoured by being placed on the Golden Roll (Gold Medallists) of the Royal Geographical Society of London; Edward John Eyre being the first to receive the honour in 1843, and Ernest Giles being the eleventh and last to receive it in 1880. In the order of Nature one generation passeth away and another generation cometh, and so it comes to pass that every one on the Golden Roll except myself has gone to the undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveller returns. That the Australian people will always remember the deeds of those, who, in their day and generation, under arduous and difficult conditions devoted themselves to the exploration of the Continent goes without saying, and I, who in bygone years had the honour of assisting in the task, heartily wish that such fruit may be born of those deeds that Australia will continue to increase and flourish more and more abundantly, and thus fulfil her destiny as the great civilising and dominating power in the Southern Seas. JOHN FORREST. The Bungalow, Hay Street, Perth, Western Australia, January 7th, 1908. CONTENTS. PREFACE. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INTRODUCTION, by Sir John Forrest. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS PART 1. EASTERN AUSTRALIA. CHAPTER 1. ORIGINS. 1.1. Governor Phillip. 1.2. Captain Tench. 1.3. The Blue Mountains: Barallier. 1.4. The Blue Mountains: Blaxland. CHAPTER 2. GEORGE WILLIAM EVANS. 2.1. First Inland Exploration. 2.2. The Lachlan River. 2.3. The Unknown West. CHAPTER 3. JOHN OXLEY. 3.1. General Biography. 3.2. His First Expedition. 3.3. The Liverpool Plains. 3.4. The Brisbane River. CHAPTER 4. HAMILTON HUME. 4.1. Early Achievements. 4.2. Discovery of the Hume (Murray). CHAPTER 5. ALLAN CUNNINGHAM. 5.1. Coastal Expeditions. 5.2. Pandora's Pass. 5.3. The Darling Downs. CHAPTER 6. CHARLES STURT. 6.1. Early Life. 6.2. The Darling. 6.3. The Passage of the Murray. CHAPTER 7. SIR THOMAS MITCHELL. 7.1. Introductory. 7.2. The Upper Darling. 7.3. The Passage of the Darling. 7.4. Australia Felix. 7.5. Discovery of the Barcoo. CHAPTER 8. THE EARLY FORTIES. 8.1. Angas McMillan and Gippsland. 8.2. Count Strzelecki. 8.3. Patrick Leslie. 8.4. Ludwig Leichhardt. CHAPTER 9. EDMUND B. KENNEDY. 9.1. The Victoria River and Cooper's Creek. 9.2. A Tragic Expedition. CHAPTER 10. LATER EXPLORATION IN THE NORTH-EAST. 10.1. Walker in Search of Burke and Wills. 10.2. Burdekin and Cape York Expeditions. PART 2. CENTRAL AUSTRALIA. CHAPTER 11. EDWARD JOHN EYRE. 11.1. Settlement of Adelaide and the Overlanders. 11.2. Eyre's Chief Journeys. CHAPTER 12. ATTEMPTS TO REACH THE CENTRE. 12.1. Lake Torrens Pioneers and Horrocks. 12.2. Charles Sturt. CHAPTER 13. BABBAGE AND STUART. 13.1. B. Herschel Babbage. 13.2. John McDouall Stuart. CHAPTER 14. BURKE AND WILLS. CHAPTER 15. BURKE AND WILLS RELIEF EXPEDITIONS AND ATTEMPTS TOWARDS PERTH. 15.1. John McKinley. 15.2. William Landsborough. 15.3. Major P.E. Warburton. 15.4. William Christie Gosse. CHAPTER 16. TRAVERSING THE CENTRE. 16.1. Ernest Giles. 16.2. W.H. Tietkins and Others. PART 3. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. CHAPTER 17. ROE, GREY, AND GREGORY. 17.1. Roe and the Pioneers. 17.2. Sir George Grey. 17.3. Augustus C. Gregory. CHAPTER 18. A.C. AND F.T. GREGORY. 18.1. A.C. Gregory on Sturt's Creek and the Barcoo. 18.2. Frank T. Gregory. CHAPTER 19. FROM WEST TO EAST. 19.1. Austin. 19.2. Sir John Forrest. 19.3. Alexander Forrest. CHAPTER 20. LATER WESTERN EXPEDITIONS. 20.1. Cambridge Gulf and the Kimberley District. 20.2. Lindsay and the Elder Exploring Expedition. 20.3. Wells and Carnegie in the Northern Desert. 20.4. Hann and Brockman in the North-West. INDEX OF NAMES OF PERSONS. INDEX OF PLACE NAMES. ILLUSTRATIONS. Captain Charles Sturt, aged about 54 years. From the painting by Crossland. Statue of Gregory Blaxland, Lands Office, Sydney. George William Evans. John Oxley. Lachlan River. Hamilton Hume. Allan Cunningham. The Cunningham Memorial, Sydney. Darling River. Junction of Darling and Murray Rivers. Sir Thomas Mitchell. A Chief of the Bogan River Tribe. Ludwig Leichhardt. John Frederick Mann. Edmund B.