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Children in Informal Trading: Cusco, Peru

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_________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Children in informal trading: Cusco, Peru. Mackie, Peter Kelso How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Mackie, Peter Kelso (2007) Children in informal trading: Cusco, Peru.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42666 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ Children in informal trading: Cusco, Peru Peter Kelso Mackie Submitted to the University of Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography Swansea University 2007 ProQuest Number: 10807435 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10807435 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 UBRARY ABSTRACT Children in informal trading have been the subject of only a limited amount of academic research, most of which considers the broader issues of child labour, informal trading or children’s geographies. This thesis brings the fields of enquiry together and investigates the geography of children in informal trading. The study is set in Cusco, a city where children’s involvement in the urban informal sector is particularly visible. It aims to identify the space-time patterns of children’s work in informal trading, explore their working conditions, investigate children’s experiences, examine the ways in which children and their consumers relate to each other during the act of exchange, and consider the policy and legal contexts of child trading in Cusco. A comprehensive multi methodological approach is pursued to meet the objectives, incorporating quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results suggest that children in informal trading occupy two marginal trading niches: the stall trader and the ambulant trader. Notably, children comprise a substantial proportion of ambulant traders across central Cusco. Whilst children are apparently ‘disadvantaged traders’, marginalised to less serviced locations, selling less profitable goods and at less desirable times, there appears to be a generalised hierarchy amongst children, reflecting their age, gender and origin. At the lower end of this hierarchy are younger children, girls and children of rural origin. In contrast to many of the findings which suggest that these children are marginalised, there is some evidence which implies children in informal trading exhibit a degree of agency, choosing to work, determining their prices, integrating work and play and enjoying their work. Finally, the thesis establishes that current international policies on child labour have a limited impact on child traders. It is argued that children’s enjoyment of work and the many benefits they experience must be taken into account for policies to be truly beneficial to the world’s children. DECLARATIONS AND STATEMENTS DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed _ (candidate) D ate .............................................. STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ....................................................................... (candidate) D ate H.li.l.Q.3........................... STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed .............................. (candidate) D ate..............3 .l L ( P .3 . CONTENTS Abstract 1 Declarations and Statements 2 Contents 3 List of Tables 5 List of Figures 12 List of Maps 13 Acknowledgements 14 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 15 Research aims and objectives 16 Academic research context 17 Thesis structure 19 CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 21 The informal sector 21 Informal trade 27 Informal traders 38 A focus on the child 43 Perspectives on childhoods and international child labour 54 legislation Summary comments 60 CHAPTER 3 Methodology 61 Documentary material 62 Informal discussions 62 Key informant interviews 63 Observational surveys 64 Questionnaire surveys 69 Detailed interviews 73 Visual methods 79 Summary comments 81 CHAPTER 4 The City of Cusco: Geographical 83 Background Cusco: location and city functions 83 The tourist industry in Cusco 89 The population of Cusco 95 Working children of Cusco: policies, programmes and issues 98 Summary comments 105 CHAPTER 5 Informal Trade in Central Cusco 108 Retail space in central Cusco 108 Understanding types of trading location in Cusco 115 Exploring trader characteristics 136 Changing municipal policies and their impacts 157 Summary comments 165 CHAPTER 6 Child Ambulant Traders 167 Child ambulant trader characteristics 167 Types of goods handled by child ambulant traders 171 Spatial trading patterns of child ambulant traders 182 Temporal trading patterns of child ambulant traders 192 Summary comments 205 CHAPTER 7 Childhood Experiences as Ambulant 208 Traders Trading circumstances of child ambulant traders 208 Life costs: working at the cost of play and education? 215 Dangers of ambulant trading: accidents, theft, abuse and fear 228 Children’s positive experiences from ambulant trading 238 Self awareness: children’s assessment of their competitiveness 242 in ambulant trading The importance of ambulant trading and possible alternatives 247 for the future Summary comments 251 CHAPTER 8 A Shared Experience: Exchange Between 254 Consumers and Child Ambulant Traders Dealing with the consumer: the child ambulant trader 254 perspective Dealing with child traders: the consumer perspective 259 The consumer perspective on children’s experiences in 274 informal trade Attitudes towards policy intervention for child ambulant traders 277 Summary comments 285 CHAPTER 9 Conclusions 288 The research location and objectives 289 Informal trading and children’s participation 291 Children’s occupation of marginal trading niches 293 A generalised hierarchy of child traders 295 Child agency in informal trading 298 Policy and wider implications 299 Concluding comments 302 Appendices 305 Bibliography 337 -4- LIST OF TABLES Page CHAPTER 2 1 Principal characteristics of the informal sector 22 2 Classification of goods and services sold by informal traders 36 CHAPTER 3 3 The characteristics of goods handled by informal traders in Cusco 66 4 Characteristics of broad ethnic groups observed in Cusco 68 CHAPTER 4 5 Numbers of national and foreign visitors travelling to specific Peruvian 90 cities, 2001 6 Average amounts of time and money spent by different age groups of 91 tourists in Peru, 2001 7 The population age structure in different geographical areas of Peru in 96 1993 8 The population gender structure in different geographical areas of Peru in 96 1993 9 The mother tongue of the Peruvian population in different geographical 97 areas in 1993 10 Aims of the PNAI to be achieved by 2010 101 CHAPTER 5 11 Number of trading units at daily informal trading locations in central 112 Cusco 12 Classes of goods on sale at daily informal trading units in central Cusco 115 13 Classes of goods on sale at trading units in daily informal trading locations 118 in central Cusco 14 Types of daily informal trading locations in central Cusco where different 119 classes of goods are on sale 15 Classes of goods on sale at stalls in specific markets in 2004 in central 121 Cusco 16 Classes of goods on sale at stalls in specific markets in 2002 in central 121 Cusco 17 Classes of goods on sale at daily ambulant trading units in September 2004 134 and January 2005 in the historic centre of Cusco 18 Types of goods on sale at daily ambulant trading units during the day and 135 at night on the Plaza de Armas, Cusco -5- 19 Age groups of the principal
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