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Proposed Finding The Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation (Petitioner #84A) TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................... iii SPANISH TERMS LIST ................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................1 Administrative History.............................................................................................2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ...............................................................................................5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.........................................................................................8 UNAMBIGUOUS PREVIOUS FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................30 CONCLUSIONS UNDER THE CRITERIA (25 CFR 83.7) ............................................33 Criterion 83.7(a).................................................................................................... 36 Criterion 83.7(b) ................................................................................................... 53 Criterion 83.7(c) ..................................................................................................128 Criterion 83.7(d) .................................................................................................172 Criterion 83.7(e) ..................................................................................................178 Criterion 83.7(f) .................................................................................................. 202 Criterion 83.7(g) ................................................................................................. 203 Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Petitioner #84A) Proposed Finding SUPPORTING MATERIALS Appendices ......................................................................................................................204 I. Indians on the 1860 Federal Census Likely Identified from the San Juan Capistrano Mission Registers as San Juan Capistrano Neophytes or Children of San Juan Capistrano Neophytes ................................................205 II. JBM Council Members, 1979-1994...............................................................207 III. Membership Lists Submitted and Claimed by the JBA Petitioner ..........209 IV. Analysis of the Petitioner’s Genealogical Claims ...................................211 V(a). Documented SJC Indians and Petitioners’ Members Claiming Descent from Them..................................................................253 V(b). Documented Non-SJC Indians and Petitioners’ Members Claiming Descent.....................................................................................254 Bibliography of Sources in the FAIR Database...............................................................255 Bibliography of Sources Not in the FAIR Database........................................................300 FIGURES Timeline of California History.................................................................................v An 1823 Map Showing Political Jurisdictions and Settlements in California........................................................................................ vi Section of an 1823 Map of California showing the San Diego Presidio District and Showing the Location of SJC Mission, Neighboring Missions, and Other Settlements .......................................................................... vii ii Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Petitioner #84A) Proposed Finding ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADS Associate Deputy Secretary AGN Archivo General de la Nación, México, Distrito Federal AODO Addendum to the Obvious Deficiencies and Omissions AS-IA Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs BAR Branch of Acknowledgment and Research, Bureau of Indian Affairs BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs BLUC The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley CA California CIC Capistrano Indian Council CFR Code of Federal Regulations DHM Documentos para la Historia de Mexico DOI Department of the Interior ECCP Early California Population Project, the Huntington Library FAP Federal Acknowledgment Project FD Final Determination FAIR Federal Acknowledgment Information Resource FR Federal Register FTM Family Tree MakerTM IBIA Interior Board of Indian Appeals JBA Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation (Petitioner #84A) JBB Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Petitioner #84B) JBM Juaneño Band of Mission Indians JBMI-IP Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Interested Party LCI League of California Indians MIF Mission Indian Federation OD Obvious deficiency letter OFA Office of Federal Acknowledgment PF Proposed Finding SJC San Juan Capistrano TA Technical assistance review letter U. S. United States iii Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Petitioner #84A) Proposed Finding SPANISH TERMS LIST SPANISH TERM DEFINITION Indian municipal official that the Indian residents of a mission alcalde elected annually. cacicazgo The political and social jurisdiction of a traditional Indian leader. cacique Traditional Indian leader. Self-ascribed term for early Spanish/Mexican settlers and ranch Californio owners who asserted claims of Spanish versus Mexican descent. capitán Captain. Racial/caste term that generally applied to a person of mixed European and Indian ancestry, generally considered to be a mix coyote of indio and mestizo. ecolta Group of soldiers stationed at each mission. Español Spaniard born either in Spain or in the Americas. General report on population, vital statistics, numbers of estado livestock, and agricultural production in the missions. Racial/caste term used to identify non-Indians. Literally means gente de razón “people of reason.” Term that Franciscan missionaries used to describe non- gentile Christian Indians. india/indio Racial/caste term that designated an Indian Racial/caste term that generally applied to a person of mixed mestiza/mestizo European and Indian ancestry. Racial/caste term that generally defined a person of mixed mulata/mulato European and African ancestry. neófita/neófito Neophyte or Christian Indian living at the missions. Detailed population count that generally listed individuals by padrón family. Military garrison. There were four presidios in California: San Diego (1769), Monterey (1770), San Francisco (1776), and presidio Santa Barbara (1782). Indian settlements with a formal town government including an “Iberian-style” council that included an alcalde, regidor, and pueblo de indios council members. rancheria Spanish term for an Indian village. rancho Mexican-era ranch specializing in cattle. Indian municipal official that the Indian residents of a mission regidores elected annually. república de indios Legal, political, and social jurisdiction for Indians. Hierarchical system of racial/caste classification that defined people on the basis of stereotypical assumptions about blood- sistema de castas lines and racial mixing. vaquero Cowboy. iv Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Petitioner #84A) Proposed Finding Figure 1: Timeline of California History …1700 Pre-mission period 1769: Spanish colonization of California 1775: Establishment of SJC Mission; San Diego Indian revolt 1776 Spanish and Mexican period 1834: Implementation of 1833 secularization law 1834 1839: William Hartwell reports on conditions at missions Mexican post-mission period 1841: Failed effort to establish a pueblo de indios at SJC 1846 1848: Mexican-American War; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1850: California acquires statehood; 1st Federal Census of California 1852: Unratified Treaty of Temecula) negotiated; State Census of California Early American period 1862-1863: Smallpox epidemic in SJC 1920 1920-1921: Mission Indian Federation organized 1928-1933: Indians of California claims rolls prepared 1950: Initial Indians of California claims payment ($150) Modern American Period 1964: Second Indians of California claims payment (~$650) 1975: Capistrano Indian Council organized 1977 1978: Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (JBM) organized v Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Petitioner #84A) Proposed Finding Figure 2 An 1823 Map Showing Political Jurisdictions and Settlements in California Source: José Narváez, “Carta esférica de los territorios de la alta y baja Californias y estado de Sonora.”(1823). The Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Call Number G4300 1823.N3 TIL Vault. vi Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Petitioner #84A) Proposed Finding Figure 3 Section of an 1823 Map of California showing the San Diego Presidio District and Showing the Location of SJC Mission, Neighboring Missions, and Other Settlements Source: José Narváez, “Carta esférica de los territorios de la alta y baja Californias y estado de Sonora.”(1823). The Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Call Number G4300 1823.N3 TIL Vault. vii Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Petitioner #84A) Proposed Finding INTRODUCTION The Office of the Assistant Secretary-Indian Affairs (AS-IA) within the Department of the Interior (Department) issues this proposed finding (PF) in response to the petition the Department received from the group known as the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation (JBA) located in San Juan Capistrano (SJC), California. The petitioner seeks Federal acknowledgment as an Indian tribe under Part 83 of Title 25 of the Code of Federal Regulations (25 CFR Part 83), “Procedures
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