Ending Poverty and Hunger by INVESTING in AGRICULTURE and RURAL AREAS CONTENTS

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Ending poverty and hunger by INVESTING IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS CONTENTS

PAGES 4-5 THE CONTEXT

PAGES 6-7 THE NEXUS BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND POVERTY REDUCTION

PAGES 8-9 NOT ONLY AGRICULTURE: THE MULTIPLE PATHWAYS OUT OF POVERTY

PAG E S 10 -11 STRATEGIC INVESTMENTS FOR ACHIEVING SDG 1 AND SDG 2

PAGES 12-13 FAO SUPPORT TO PRO-POOR AND RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENTS

PAGES 14-18 EXAMPLES OF STRATEGIC INVESTMENTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION

PAGES 19

REFERENCES VIET NAM

A worker weeding an Cover photo: Fishermen in Inle Lake, Myanmar Acacia tree nursery. ©FAO/Joan Manuel ©FAO/Paulina Prasuła 2 Baliellas KEY MESSAGES ➨➨Investing in the agricultural people, including smallholders ➨➨Private sector investments sectors is key to eradicating and family farmers, to increase have a strong role to play in poverty, hunger and malnutrition, their productivity and income helping create markets for the particularly in rural areas in the context of mitigation and poor, adding value to primary where most of the world’s adaptation to climate change. agricultural products, lowering poorest live. Investments need the costs of technologies and to simultaneously 1) increase ➨➨Investment in agriculture and services and fostering decent rural small-scale farmers’ productivity rural areas will need to increase employment. and income; 2) diversify farmers’ substantially to achieve the income through value chain Sustainable Development Goals ➨➨Rural investment, pro-poor development; and 3) create more (SDGs) of eradicating poverty and policies, social protection and and better jobs for the rural poor. hunger by 2030 and to feed an strengthened rural institutions additional two billion people by create the necessary positive ➨➨In addition to investing in 2050. climate for family farmers, agriculture, reducing poverty small-scale producers and poor also requires investing in ➨➨Public sector investment rural people to invest in their rural non-farm economies, is key in eradicating poverty businesses and build sustainable, strengthening rural institutions because it provides public goods income-generating activities. and organizations, and such as agricultural research expanding the coverage of social and extension, education, policies social protection, basic infrastructure and services infrastructure and public services. usually not supplied by the FAO helps countries improve private sector. The public sector “FREEING THE access to technologies, services also provides crucial incentives and markets, as well as access to for the regulation of sustainable WORLD OF and sustainable management of management of natural resources. natural resources for poor rural HUNGER AND EXTREME POVERTY IS OUR FIGHT. NO ONE MUST BE LEFT BEHIND."

José Graziano da Silva, FAO Director-General

3 ENDING POVERTY AND HUNGER BY INVESTING IN A GRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS

THE CONTEXT

While there has been and rural areas have remained to US $22 billion although only an unprecedented stagnant or have declined in most part of this sum materialized. achievement in poverty developing countries, particularly However, investment momentum in Sub-Saharan Africa and South has subsided in recent years. While reduction in the last three Asia, where poverty and hunger food production will need to decades, eradicating are most prevalent (FAO, 2012). double to feed an additional extreme poverty and With the adoption of the new two billion people by 2050, 2030 Agenda for Sustainable growing demand for agricultural halving poverty by Development, countries have products will increase pressure on 2030 are still two of our renewed their commitment to fight already severely degraded natural greatest challenges. poverty, hunger and malnutrition, resources. recognising that equitable and sustainable growth and inclusive Investments today need to take Today, about 767 million people structural transformation are key to into account natural resource continue to live in extreme achieving sustainable development conservation and sustainable poverty. Roughly, two thirds of the and lifting people out of poverty. agricultural production, including extreme poor live in rural areas, investing in climate-smart and the majority are concentrated The 2030 Agenda is thus an technologies (FAO, 2016). To achieve in Sub-Saharan Africa and South opportunity to focus public and SDG 1 (No Poverty) and SDG 2 Asia (World Bank, 2016). private investments in reaching the (Zero Hunger), each country and poorest of the poor, particularly region will have to evaluate its own Furthermore, progress in reducing in rural areas of the developing pathways out of poverty; however, poverty has not been synonymous world. This task will not be simple country experiences suggest with economic and social equality, and will require changing the way that both social and economic demonstrating that economic we think and act in relation to interventions are equally important growth in the last decades has rural development. in reducing poverty (Marniesse and not been inclusive enough. For Peccoud, 2003). Economic growth example, the poorest of the poor Achieving the Sustainable (e.g. in agriculture) is not enough. have not seen their livelihoods Development Goals will require a To promote rural development and improve in the last 30 years significant increase in the quantity inclusion, countries must take (Ravallion, 2016). While inequality and quality of investment in specific policy and programmatic among countries has narrowed, agriculture and rural areas. Almost actions that reach the poor within-country inequality has a decade ago, in 2009, the G8 directly. This should include a increased between rural and urban countries pledged US $20 billion to combination of social and economic areas and between genders. agricultural development at their policies that address today’s summit in L’Aquila, Italy. These challenges and enable and empower In the past 30 years, private and pledges increased at the Pittsburgh rural people to earn a living and public investments in agriculture G20 summit of the same year shape their livelihoods (IFAD, 2016).

4 TANZANIA

A farmer is working in a rice field © FAO/Daniel Hayduk

TODAY, ABOUT 767 MILLION PEOPLE CONTINUE TO LIVE IN EXTREME POVERTY.

5 ENDING POVERTY AND HUNGER BY INVESTING IN A GRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS THE NEXUS BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND POVERTY REDUCTION

problems faced by poor family ■■ input, credit and product markets Economic growth that focuses farmers and small scale must ensure that all farms have on agriculture and that increases producers as well as those faced access to the necessary, modern the incomes of poor family by larger, more commercially farm inputs and receive similar farmers and landless labourers is oriented farms; prices for their products; particularly effective in reducing poverty (Rosegrant and Hazell, ■■ new technologies must be ■■ the rural labor force must be able 2001). suitable and profitable for all to migrate to access employment farm sizes; in agriculture or diversify into Evidence shows that investment rural non-farm activities; and in agriculture is more effective in reducing poverty, particularly ■■ policies must not discriminate amongst the poorest people, than against agriculture in general investment in non-agricultural INVESTMENT IN and family farmers in particular sectors. AGRICULTURE IS (Rosegrant and Hazell, 2001). It is also up to 3.2 times better at By implementing inclusive reducing poverty in low-income and MORE EFFECTIVE economic and social policies, the resource-rich countries (including IN REDUCING public sector has an important those in sub-Saharan Africa) at role in ensuring that the above least when societies are not unequal POVERTY, conditions exist relative to (Christiansen et al., 2010). However, agricultural investment. Through agriculture is a broad sector and PARTICULARLY public investment, countries not all investments lead to poverty AMONGST THE provide public goods such as reduction. agricultural research and extension, POOREST PEOPLE, infrastructure and services, as well For the rural poor to benefit from as regulation and incentives for the agricultural growth: THAN sustainable management of natural INVESTMENT IN resources and for protecting tenure ■■ land and access to natural rights. Public investment should resources must be more NON- also support policies to guarantee equitably distributed; health, education and social AGRICULTURAL protection for the rural population, ■■ publicly financed agricultural SECTORS. including for the poorest of the research must focus on the poor.

6 BANGLADESH

A fisher boy drying fish ©FAO/Zakir Hossain

Public investment can stimulate women, landless workers ■■ Improving market infrastructure the positive conditions on the and other groups facing in the most vulnerable and ground that can attract further substantial risk of exclusion; poorest communities (i.e.: private investment, both from the investing in roads, electricity rural households themselves and ■■ Supporting the development grids, connectivity, storage from the corporate private sector. of membership-based and warehousing capacity, The latter has a multiplier effect on farmers’ organizations and rural and wholesale markets, the local economy. These benefits their professionalization and footpaths, bridges, schools include generating demand for building business models and other buildings, irrigation food and other rural goods and for farmers’ organizations to and drainage, water supply services. This in turn creates more better access markets; and sanitation, energy, and employment opportunities for telecommunications); poor rural people, including those ■■ Promoting financial literacy without access to land (FAO, 2014). and management skills, ■■ Creating public works and communication, advocacy employment guarantee schemes, Examples of pro-poor investments and transparency; engaging participants in manual, include (IFAD, 2016): labor-oriented activities, such ■■ Promoting participatory as building or rehabilitating ■■ Promoting access to technologies research (that involves or community assets and public and capacity development that is led by farmers and other infrastructure. enhance the employability and local stakeholders) on topics entrepreneurial capacity of rural such as seed conservation/ people by expanding access to dissemination, small finance and financial services. machines, agroforestry These actions should place a systems, agroecology, water particular emphasis on youth, harvesting technologies;

7 ENDING POVERTY AND HUNGER BY INVESTING IN A GRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS NOT ONLY AGRICULTURE: THE MULTIPLE PATHWAYS OUT OF POVERTY

GHANA A woman managed other activities available to the to start a business thanks to a social rural poor. Poor rural households protection program often start small-scale businesses ©FAO/Ivan Grifi themselves because of a lack of local employment opportunities or because these jobs require skills and training that they do not have.

To promote these different pathways, investments should create an enabling environment that leads to decent job creation in both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. For example, investments in roads and transportation, telecommunications, solar energy, enhancing processing and storage There are multiple its apparent lower productivity facilities for agricultural products, pathways for reducing (vis-à-vis other sectors) from as well as boosting rural tourism, underemployment (McCullough, all contribute to creating jobs, rural poverty. 2016). Investments can help enabling livelihoods to flourish and smooth the labour calendar for helping break the cycle of poverty. One pathway consists in assisting poor households by promoting rural households to specialize in diversification and intensification Finally, investments must take the agricultural sector, allowing of agricultural production into account social dimensions, them to be more productive and systems where feasible, as well as which are fundamental for the integrated in markets. Another creating off-season employment development and sustainability pathway is creating more and better in the rural non-farm economy of any society. This includes employment opportunities in the (Christiansen, 2017). expanding the coverage of basic off-farm and non-farm sector to health, nutrition and education allow for income diversification. Therefore, policies and services as well as social protection, investments should not only both as safety-nets and as Agricultural employment, which focus on boosting agriculture but contributory schemes to poor rural tends to be seasonal, derives also boost the development of families.

8 POLICIES AND INVESTMENTS SHOULD NOT ONLY FOCUS ON BOOSTING AGRICULTURE BUT ALSO BOOST THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER ACTIVITIES AVAILABLE TO THE MALAWI RURAL POOR. A farmer is grinding corn. ©FAO/Ivan Grifi 9 ENDING POVERTY AND HUNGER BY INVESTING IN A GRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS STRATEGIC INVESTMENTS FOR ACHIEVING SDG 1 AND SDG 2

To meet the goals of eradicating hunger and because women often have more poverty, investments in agriculture and rural areas difficulty in accessing productive resources and labour in their should help remove the structural constraints that fields. Women farmers also poor rural people face. tend to have more household responsibilities and therefore have less time to spend on the This includes promoting transfers rural households’ resilience to farm, making it less productive of assets, technologies and climate change, increasing their as seen in Sub-Saharan Africa inputs, such as: small livestock, capacity to adapt to new climatic fertilizers, pest management conditions and diversifying their solutions and improved seeds, agricultural production. to improve farmers’ productivity and food security, as well as Securing land tenure rights is FOR enhancing the conditions for also fundamental for developing better handling harvest and more dynamic markets and INVESTMENTS TO storage facilities. These actions enabling poor family farmers and BE STRATEGIC, can also help avoid seasonal small scale producers to invest spikes in food prices, particularly in their farms, rent-in, rent-out THEY SHOULD of staple crops in Sub-Saharan land, or take in other off-farm Africa (Gilbert, Christiansen and income opportunities. Strategic ALSO FOCUS ON Kaminski, 2017). investments also include ones that THE NEEDS OF strengthen rural institutions and However, to reduce poverty and farmers’ organizations, increase RURAL WOMEN, food insecurity, these efforts access to knowledge, services need to be accompanied with (e.g. financial) and markets and AND IN interventions to ensure the prompt collective action. PARTICULAR ON proper use of inputs and natural resources, such as investments Finally, for investments to be LABOUR SAVING in rural advisory services, strategic, they should also focus nutrition-sensitive agriculture on the needs of rural women, TECHNOLOGIES. (Carletto et al., 2015) and climate- and in particular on labour smart agricultural practices saving technologies. Women’s including agroecology. These agricultural plots tend to be less interventions can enhance poor productive than those of men

10 GUATEMALA

STRATEGICFamilies WORK learn howOF toFAO TO REDUCE RURAL POVERTYA BROAD APPROACH TO REDUCE RURAL POVERTY cultivate and diversify their daily diets ©FAO

(Kilic et al., 2015). Though often interventions (social protection, impacts in welfare outcomes as excluded, rural women, like their care and education services for they generally invest more in their male counterparts, need access their children and health). In families and communities (FAO, to both economic (agriculture, fact, interventions that focus 2011). off-farm employment) and social on women tend to have higher

STRENGTHENING PRODUCER ORGANIZATIONS TO ERADICATE POVERTY AND HUNGER IN GUATEMALA THROUGH THE FOREST AND FARM FACILITY

FAO has recently worked with skills, and face marginalization the National Alliance of Community the government of Guatemala to from decision-making, which Forest Organizations of Guatemala create an enabling environment prevents them from reaching their (Alianza), the new law aims to for forest and farm producers to full potential. achieve food and income security reach decent standard of living. for small farmers by financing In 2015, this engagement led to Through the programme, FAO is activities to tackle climate change, the approval of the Probosque helping forest and farm producers improve forests production and Law, which assigns 1 percent of increase their bargaining power, conserve natural resources. revenues in the national budget to improve their productivity and forest producers for the next 30 ensure their participation in Overall, 7.5 million people will years. policy making processes. This benefit from the law, which is programme is part of FAO’s efforts expected to create more than In Guatemala, forest and farm to empower rural people to access 20 000 jobs, provide indirect producer organizations play a vital markets, technologies, information employment for further 60 000 role in creating income and job and services while achieving the people and improve the livelihoods opportunities in rural areas, where sustainable management of natural of around 1.5 million families. poverty is most concentrated and resources. youth migration is rife. Yet, they Producer organizations contribute often lack access to productive Formulated with the support of the to increase food production through resources, markets, services and FAO and the active participation of economies of scale (FAO, 2016).

11 ENDING POVERTY AND HUNGER BY INVESTING IN A GRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS FAO SUPPORT TO PRO-POOR AND RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENTS

FAO is working with international financial development investment plans, institutions and other partners to help countries programmes and projects. FAO works with financing institutions, increase their investments, but also to better invest in national and international agriculture and rural development in the long term. organizations, the private sector Through its Investment Centre, FAO provides support and producer organizations to promote inclusive investment in four main areas: processes; it also elaborates socio- economic assessments and gender analyses to better link investment POLICY SUPPORT programmes to the needs of the Strengthening the linkages FAO WORKS WITH beneficiaries. FAO additionally between policy and investment provides countries with capacities plans is key to ensure the success FINANCING to formulate effective investment of investments. FAO provides plans, through practical countries with policy support INSTITUTIONS, guidance and tools, institutional to create a positive climate for NATIONAL AND strengthening and learning public and private investment in support. agriculture and rural development. INTERNATIONAL This includes supporting government decision-making on ORGANIZATIONS, SHARING KNOWLEDGE pro-poor investment by advising THE PRIVATE on policies and legislations and AND LEARNING undertaking market/ sector SECTOR AND To achieve better and greater analyses as well as value chain investments in agriculture and studies. PRODUCER rural development, FAO promotes ORGANIZATIONS exchanges of knowledge and experiences among countries INVESTMENT TO PROMOTE and regions. FAO also works to generate knowledge and data on PROGRAMME SUPPORT INCLUSIVE the potential of investments for FAO supports countries in INVESTMENT eradicating poverty and hunger; the design, implementation, this includes producing policy monitoring and evaluation PROCESSES. guidelines, multi-sector and of agricultural and rural territorial development studies,

12 A BROAD APPROACH TO REDUCE RURAL POVERTY

RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENTS IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS CHAD

Women making a fence to FAO is supporting the promote safe and healthy cultivate a market garden implementation of the Principles for >agriculture and food systems ©FAO/Zakir Hossain Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems. Endorsed by the incorporate inclusive and Committee on World Food Security >transparent governance in 2014, the principles aim to structures, processes, and grievance investment support tools and improve nutrition and eradicate food mechanisms learning resources to improve the insecurity and poverty by promoting assess and address impacts and investment process. investments that: >promote accountability contribute to food security and >nutrition ADVOCACY AND These ten principles are contribute to sustainable and complementary, apply to all FACILITATION >inclusive economic development sizes and types of agricultural FAO helps countries make and the eradication poverty investments, including ones in better investment decisions by fisheries, forests and livestock, strengthening relations with foster gender equality and and to all stages of the value investors and fostering strategic >women’s empowerment chain. FAO contributes to the partnerships. To do so, FAO implementation of these principles engage and empower facilitates multi-stakeholder by strengthening the capacities of >youth dialogue between public policy makers, government staff, authorities and the private respect tenure of land, fisheries, parliamentarians, small-scale food sector, banks and microfinance >and forests, and access to water producers, producer organizations, institutions to promote responsible and the corporate private sector investments in agriculture and conserve and sustainably to make responsible investments in rural development, and foster >manage natural resources, agriculture and food systems. private investments. increase resilience, and reduce disaster risks More information on: http://www. fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/activities/rai respect cultural heritage and >traditional knowledge, and support diversity and innovation

13 ENDING POVERTY AND HUNGER BY INVESTING IN A GRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS

EXAMPLES OF STRATEGIC INVESTMENTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION

BETTING ON RURAL YOUTH TO Together, IFAD and FAO have centers in Koulikoro and Sikasso designed the Rural Youth to promote employment facilities. ERADICATE POVERTY IN MALI Vocational Training, Integration Thanks to this initiative, young in Agricultural value-chains entrepreneurs representing and Entrepreneurship project around 130 income generating to better engage youth in activities, have received support to sustainable agriculture and rural develop their business plans and development. The initiative is microenterprises, in collaboration part of FAO-IFAD’s Cooperative with local rural microfinance Programme framework and aims institutions. to provide poor young people with occupational skills to increase Overall, the project is expected Contributing to 36 percent of their opportunities for decent to provide vocational training to the GDP, agriculture is a key and profitable employment along some 100 000 rural young people component of the economy in different agricultural value chains (of which 50 percent are women Mali. Yet, in rural areas, youth and in the broad rural economy. and girls) by 2022, and enable unemployment levels remain high. around 15 550 rural youth to Each year, around 180 000 young The project also helps young better access employment and people enter the labour market entrepreneurs set up their activities income generating opportunities, in Mali and find it extremely by improving their access to including wage employment, in difficult to find a job. In particular, financial services and supporting rural enterprises. young people have difficulty fully them in formulating and engaging in the agricultural sector implementing their business plans. because they lack access to land, The initiative also aims to support market, technologies, microcredit farmer organizations to improve and occupational skills. their governance and increase young rural people’s representation Together with fast population at the regional and national level. growth, this situation increases distress migration, forcing them The project began in 2014 and to leave rural areas in search has already contributed to for better opportunities. This strengthening the capacities of poses additional sustainability four young vocational training challenges to urban centers. centers and established two new

14 A BROAD APPROACH TO REDUCE RURAL POVERTY MALI

15 GUATEMALAENDING POVERTY AND HUNGER BY INVESTING IN A GRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS

SECURING LAND RIGHTS FOR FAO is partnering with the World In Guatemala, thanks to a US$ Bank to strengthen the governance 62 million project designed by INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN and rights of indigenous FAO and the World Bank, several HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA communities over land and natural indigenous and rural communities resources in Central America. obtained legal recognition of their In Honduras, this partnership land as communal. Building on has designed an investment this success, FAO has supported plan to enable the delimitation the government in preparing and registration of new inter- a new investment project to communal titles in the Mosquitia improve the governance of land region. As a result, in 2016 the tenure in the country and has President of Honduras recognized developed a complementary the ownership of more than one initiative to strengthen territorial million hectares of communal management of communal lands. There are more than seven million land, including forests, to 12 indigenous peoples in Honduras regional councils of the Misquito To achieve inclusive land tenure and Guatemala. They are often Indigenous Peoples, and launched systems, the project is also among the poorest in the region a Plan of Action to promote the supporting the implementation and depend heavily on natural conservation of natural resources of the Voluntary Guidelines on resources, including forests and sustainable management of the Responsible Governance of and cultivable land, for their indigenous territories. Thanks Tenure, building the capacity livelihoods. Yet, they frequently to the recognition of communal of key stakeholders, including lack legal ownership, control over land rights, around 17 500 poor government officials and and access to land, which hinders indigenous families are now able indigenous peoples, to strengthen their productive capacity and to better access and manage the the governance of land tenure and prevents them from investing in natural resources present in their of other natural resources. income-generating activities. territories.

16 BOOSTING LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY TO ERADICATE POVERTY IN TAJIKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

FAO Projects promoting animal health in In the Khatlon region of Tajikistan, Tajikistan poor smallholders and family ©FAO/Vasily Maximov farmers dominate the livestock sector, but most struggle with the limited availability and high costs of feed, degraded pasture reduce poverty and enhance the So far, livestock productivity has lands, acquisition of good quality nutrition of rural households. increased by 15-20%, creating fodder seed or animal health care This US$ 15.8 million initiative more than 300 jobs in the region. and access to financial services, also aims to increase income The initiative has also contributed markets or technologies. In generating opportunities of to establishing around 200 addition to these challenges, rural women, including youth, Pasture Users Unions across the poor farmers generally do not by proving them with job Khatlon region, and developing practice proper animal husbandry. skills, productive inputs and 200 Community Livestock and Collectively, this leads to low organizational capacities. Pasture Management Plans, while productivity of livestock. fostering increased investments After only two years of in infrastructure (with around FAO, together with IFAD, is implementation, about 92 24 new veterinary clinics built), supporting around 25 000 200 men and 88 600 women agricultural technologies and rural households in Tajikistan have already benefitted from machinery. to increase the productivity of better management of natural pastures and enhance women resources and improved animal In the Muminobod district, thanks farmers’ capacity to process and health. The project has also to the provision of agricultural market livestock products. contributed to improving pasture machinery and organizational lands through the distribution strengthening, rural women By strengthening institutions of mineral fertilizers, fodder received training on milk and community organizations, crop seeds and innovative processing, poultry keeping, including Pasture Users technologies. Combined with small ruminants breeding, and Unions, promoting private enhanced infrastructure, pasture bee-keeping activities. They are sector services and improving rotation techniques and a supply now able to access better income pasture management through of agricultural machinery and generating opportunities and veterinary trainings and study equipment, pasture lands have make a living from their labor. tours, the Livestock and Pasture greatly improved. Development Project aims to

17 ENDING POVERTY AND HUNGER BY INVESTING IN A GRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS

INVESTING IN SYNERGIES BETWEEN PRIVATE ENTERPRISES AND FARM COOPERATIVES IN VIET NAM

VIET NAM

In the Vietnamese province of Workers at an Acacia Ha Giang, more than 23 percent tree nursery. of people live under the poverty ©FAO/Joan Manuel Baliellas line, with an additional 15 percent considered “near poor” and vulnerable to falling back into poverty. In this province, lack of access to agricultural land, climate change impacts, limited rural infrastructure and low literacy This US$ 33.8 million initiative gender-sensitive, community- levels exacerbates poverty. aims to sustainably raise based adaptation and mitigation agricultural productivity by planning. In 2014, FAO and IFAD designed strengthening collaboration the IFAD-funded Commodity- among agricultural enterprises, To reduce vulnerability to climate Oriented Poverty Reduction cooperative groups and farm change, this programme also Programme to sustainably households, in the context of a channels investments towards improve incomes and reduce the climate-informed and market- improving existing farming vulnerability to climate change of oriented rural economy. To foster systems and developing new poor rural households in the Ha those synergies, the programme farming systems that incorporate Giang province. The programme works to strengthen the capacity innovative climate-smart focuses on 30 of the poorest of both public and private technologies. This includes communes with poverty rates sectors for managing market- enhancing the capacity of (around 53 percent poor and near led development, and to expand poor farmers to adopt climate- poor) being considerably higher participatory, climate- adapted smart agricultural techniques, than the provincial average. The market-oriented socio-economic integrating teaching on aim is to halve poverty in this development planning processes conservation-based farming area, benefitting some 40 000 at provincial, district and into primary schools’ curricula poor rural people (around 10 000 commune levels. The programme and providing starter kits and households), including small-scale also aims to build community and gardening tools to establish forage family farmers. institutional capacity to elaborate nurseries at schools.

18 REFERENCES

➨➨Carletto, C., M. Ruel, P. ➨➨FAO. 2014. Impacts of Foreign ➨➨McCullough, E. B. 2016. Labor Winters, and A. Zezza. 2015. Agricultural Investment On Productivity and Employment Farm-level Pathways to Improved Developing Countries: Evidence Gaps in Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Nutritional Status: Introduction From Case Studies. Food and Policy. Article in press. to Special Issue, Journal of Agriculture Organization of the Development Studies 51-8: 945- United Nations: Rome. ➨➨Ravallion, M. 2016. Are the 957. world’s poorest being left behind? ➨➨FAO. 2012. The State of Food Journal of Economic Growth, ➨➨Christiaensen, Luc. 2017. and Agriculture 2012. Food and 21(139). Agriculture in Africa - Telling Agriculture Organization of the Myths from Facts: A Synthesis. United Nations: Rome. ➨➨Rosegrant and Hazel. 2001. Policy Research Working Transforming the Rural Asian Paper;No. 7979. World Bank, ➨➨FAO. 2011. The State of Food Economy: The Unfinished Washington, DC. and Agriculture 2010-11. Food Revolution. A 2020 Vision for and Agriculture Organization of Food, Agriculture, and the ➨➨Christiaensen, L., L. Demery, the United Nations: Rome. Environment. 2020 Brief 69, May and J. Khul. 2010. The (Evolving) 2001. Role of Agriculture in Poverty ➨➨Kilic, T., P. Winters and Reduction. UNU-WIDER. C. Carletto. 2015. Gender and ➨➨World Bank. 2016. Working Paper No. 2010/36. agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: Poverty and shared prosperity introduction to the special issue. 2016: Taking on Inequality. ➨➨Gilbert, C.L., L. Agricultural Economics 46(3) p. Washington, DC: World Bank. Christiaensen, and J. Kaminski. 281–284. 2017. Food Price Seasonality in Africa: Measurement and Extent. ➨➨Marniesse S., and R. Peccoud. Food Policy. Article in press. 2003. Introduction. Poverty, Inequality and Growth: What’s ➨➨IFAD. 2016. Rural at Stake for Development Aid? Development Report 2016. Poverty, Inequality and Growth, International Fund for Agriculture Proceedings of the AFD-EUDN and Development: Rome. Conference 2003.

➨➨FAO, 2016. The State of Food and Agriculture 2016. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

19 2030 Agenda. countries in the implementing We supporting to are committed impacts in all aspects of our work. nutrition and climate change integrating gender, governance, technical leadership, while fully Programmes, leveraging our FAO works through five Strategic To accomplish these objectives, malnutrition and poverty. achieving aworld without hunger, states inmember sustainably main areas of our work support to Objectives of FAO represent the The five key priorities or Strategic FAO OF WORK THE STRATEGIC and food systems and food agricultural efficient and inclusive Enable Reduce rural poverty Make agriculture, and sustainable and more productive fisheries and forestry malnutrition and insecurity food hunger, eliminate Help and crises and livelihoods threats of to resilience the Increase

in the 2030 Agenda. the latest developments in relation and agriculture food to in the SDGs. This is page continuously with updated all To learn more, consult our onthe work webpage of FAO implementing monitoring and SDGs. the qualify FAO as avaluable ally countries for in development (social, economic and environmental) unique skills in the three dimensions of sustainable experience working with development and partners Our wide-range of technical expertise, length of SDGs. work FAO of strategic the aligned with is broadly of natural resources and leaving no one behind, the andcauses hunger, of poverty sustainable management With an integrated approach aimed at tackling the root of the 2030 heart the very Agenda. Food and agriculture cut across all the SDGs and lie at resources and ensure prosperity all. for hunger, and poverty end to sustain planet’s the natural global priorities by adopted countries in2015 September 2030 Agenda Sustainable for Development are aset of The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the