ANKARA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Publication No: 1

Proceedings of the International Symposium

The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age

October 13th – 19th 1997, Urla - İzmir (Turkey)

Edited by

Hayat Erkanal, Harald Hauptmann, Vasıf Şahoğlu, Rıza Tuncel

Ankara • 2008 ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ / ANKARA UNIVERSITY SUALTI ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA ve UYGULAMA MERKEZİ (ANKÜSAM) RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Yayın No / Publication No: 1

Ön kapak: İzmir - Höyücek’de ele geçmiş insan yüzü tasvirli bir stel. M.Ö. 3. Bin. Front cover: A stelae depicting a human face from İzmir - Höyücek . 3rd Millennium BC. Arka kapak: Liman Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı II, Atnalı Biçimli Bastiyon. Back cover: Early Bronze Age II horse-shoe shaped bastion at Liman Tepe.

Kapak Tasarımı / Cover Design : Vasıf Şahoğlu

ISBN: 978-975-482-767-5

Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi / Ankara University Press İncitaşı Sokak No:10 06510 Beşevler / ANKARA Tel: 0 (312) 213 66 55 Basım Tarihi: 31 / 03 / 2008

CONTENTS

Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………...... xi Preface by the Editors ………………………………………………………………………………… xiii Opening speech by the Mayor, Bülent BARATALI …...……………………………………………...... xxiii Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Ekrem AKURGAL ……………………………………...... xxv Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Christos DOUMAS……………………………………………………….. xxvii

LILIAN ACHEILARA Myrina in Prehistoric Times …..……………………………………………………………. 1

VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Données Récentes Concernant Le Site Prehistorique De Dimini: La Continuité de l’Habitation Littorale depuis le Début du Néolithique Récent jusqu’à la Fin du Bronze Ancien ……………………………………………………………………………… 9

IOANNIS ASLANIS Frühe Fortifikationssysteme in Griechenland ………………………………………………. 35

PANAGIOTA AYGERINOU A Flaked-Stone Industry from Mytilene: A Preliminary Report …………………………… 45

ANTHI BATZIOU – EFSTATHIOU Kastraki: A New Bronze Age Settlement in Achaea Phthiotis …………………………….. 73

MARIO BENZI A Forgotten Island: Kalymnos in the Late Neolithic Period ……………………………….. 85

ÖNDER BİLGİ Relations between İkiztepe by the Black Sea Coast and the Aegean World before Iron Age ……………………………………………………………………………... 109

TRISTAN CARTER Cinnabar and the Cyclades: Body modification and Political Structure in the Late EB I Southern Cyclades ………………………………………………………...... 119

CHRISTOS DOUMAS The Aegean Islands and their Role in the Developement of Civilisation …………...... 131

ANTHI DOVA Prehistoric Topography of Lemnos: The Early Bronze Age ………………………………. 141

NIKOS EFSTRATIOU The Neolithic of the Aegean Islands: A New Picture Emerging …………………...... 159

HAYAT ERKANAL Die Neue Forschungen in Bakla Tepe bei İzmir ..…………………………………………. 165

HAYAT ERKANAL Liman Tepe: A New Light on the Prehistoric Aegean Cultures …………………………… 179

JEANNETTE FORSÉN The Asea Valley from the Neolithic Period to the Early Bronze Age ……………...... 191

DAVID H. FRENCH Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery of Southwest Anatolia ………………...... 197 viii Contents

NOEL GALE Metal Sources for Early Bronze Age Troy and the Aegean ………………………...... 203

BARTHEL HROUDA Zur Chronologie Südwestkleinasiens in der 2. Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr ...... 223

HALİME HÜRYILMAZ 1996 Rettungsgrabungen auf dem Yenibademli Höyük, Gökçeada / Imbros …………….. 229

ERGUN KAPTAN Metallurgical Residues from Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Liman Tepe …………………………………………………………………………...... 243

ANNA KARABATSOLI and LIA KARIMALI Etude Comparative Des Industries Lithiques Taillées Du Néolithique Final Et Du Bronze Ancien Egéen : Le Cas De Pefkakia ………………………………………….. 251

NECMİ KARUL Flechtwerkgabäude aus Osttrakien ……………………………………………………….. 263

SİNAN KILIÇ The Early Bronze Age Pottery from Northwest Turkey in Light of Results of a Survey around the Marmara Sea ………………………………………………………….. 275

OURANIA KOUKA Zur Struktur der frühbronzezeitlichen insularen Gesellschaften der Nord- und Ostägäis: Ein neues Bild der sogenannten “Trojanischen Kultur”…………….. 285

NINA KYPARISSI – APOSTOLIKA Some Finds of Balkan (or Anatolian) Type in the Neolithic Deposit of Theopetra Cave, Thessaly …………………………………………………………………. 301

LAURA LABRIOLA First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Matt Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean ………………………………………………………………………… 309

ROBERT LAFFINEUR Aspects of Early Bronze Age Jewellery in the Aegean …………………………………… 323

KYRIAKOS LAMBRIANIDES and NIGEL SPENCER The Early Bronze Age Sites of Lesbos and the Madra Çay Delta: New Light on a Discrete Regional Centre of Prehistoric Settlement and Society in the Northeast Aegean ……………………………………………………...... 333

YUNUS LENGERANLI Metallic Mineral Deposits and Occurences of the Izmir District, Turkey ………………… 355

EFTALIA MAKRI – SKOTINIOTI and VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Les Sites Du Neolithique Recent Dans Le Golfe Pagasetique : La Transformation Des Sites De L’age De Bronze En Sites Urbains (Le Cas De Dimini) ……………………. 369

ELSA NIKOLAOU, VASSO RONDIRI and LIA KARIMALI Magoula Orgozinos: A Neolithic Site in Western Thessaly, Greece ………………………. 387

EMEL OYBAK and CAHİT DOĞAN Plant Remains from Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe in the İzmir Region ……………………. 399

Contents ix

DEMETRA PAPACONSTANTINOU Looking for ‘Texts’ in the Neolithic Aegean: Space, Place and the Study of Domestic Architecture (Poster summary) …………………………………...... 407

ATHANASSIOS J. PAPADOPOULOS and SPYRIDOULA KONTORLI – PAPADOPOULOU Some thoughts on the Problem of Relations between the Aegean and Western Greece in the Early Bronze Age …………………………………………………. 411

STRATIS PAPADOPOULOS and DIMITRA MALAMIDOU Limenaria: A Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos ……………………… 427

DANIEL J. PULLEN Connecting the Early Bronze I and II Periods in the Aegean ……………………………….. 447

JEREMY B. RUTTER Anatolian Roots of Early Helladic III Drinking Behaviour …………………………………. 461

VASIF ŞAHOĞLU New Evidence for the Relations Between the Izmir Region, the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Third Millennium BC …………………………………. 483

ADAMANTIOS SAMPSON From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory ……………………. 503

EVANGELIA SKAFIDA Symbols from the Aegean World: The Case of Late Neolithic Figurines and House Models from Thessaly …………………………………………………………... 517

PANAGIOTA SOTIRAKOPOULOU The Cyclades, The East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age …………………….. 533

GEORGIA STRATOULI Soziale une ökonomische Aspekte des Chalkolithikums (spätneolithikum II) in der Ägäis aufgrund alter und neuer Angaben …………………………………………….. 559

GEORGE TOUFEXIS Recent Neolithic Research in the Eastern Thessalian Plain, Greece: A Preliminary Report ……………………………………………………………………….. 569

RIZA TUNCEL IRERP Survey Program: New Prehistoric Settlements in the Izmir Region ……………….. 581

HANNELORE VANHAVERBEKE, PIERRE M. VERMEERSCH, INGRID BEULS, BEA de CUPERE and MARC WAELKENS People of the Höyüks versus People of the Mountains ? …………………………………… 593

KOSTAS VOUZAXAKIS An Alternative Suggestion in Archaeological Data Presentations: Neolithic Culture Through the Finds from Volos Archaeological Museum ……………….. 607

Closing Remarks by Prof. Dr Machteld J. MELLINK ………………………………………………. 611

Symposium Programme ……………………………………………………………………………… 615

Memories from the Symposium……………………………………………………………………… 623

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age

Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU

ABSTRACT: The Cyclades seem to have been in continuous contact and interaction with the islands of the East Aegean and the Western Asia Minor, from the very beginning of their settlement early in the Aegean Late Neolithic period through to about the end of the Early Bronze Age. The contacts among the three regions are attested in the form of both material products (obsidian, pottery forms, types of marble vases and figurines, incised bone tubes, pins, metal tools and weapons, decorated spindle whorls) and ideas (white-painted decoration, burial habits, architectural forms), which, while originating in one area, are either imitated or - in the case of movable fınds - even directly imported in the other. Throughout the Aegean Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age the islands of the East Aegean (Lesbos, Chios, Samos and the Dodecanese), communicating directly with both the Cyclades and the Western Asia Minor and accepting influences from both areas, seem to have been the intermediaries in the exchange of ideas and materíal products between them. The Cyclades, on the other hand, occupying a strategic position in the central Aegean and being settled by experienced mariners, seem to have conducted the transit trade in the archipelago, acting at the same time as intermediaries in the diffusion of products and idea from one side of it to the other.

Introduction THE LATE NEOLITHIC I PERIOD The Cyclades seem to have been in During the earlier part of the Aegean continuous contact and interaction with the Late Neolithic period (LN I, c. 5300-4300 BC.) islands of the East Aegean and the Western the contacts of the Cyclades with the east are Asia Minor from the very beginning of their restricted to the East Aegean islands of Samos, settlement early in the Aegean Late Neolithic Chios and the Dodecanese and to the southwest period through to about the end of the Early part of Asia Minor. These contacts are Bronze Age. Throughout these periods the evidenced: islands of the East Aegean, communicating 1) by the occurrence of considerable directly with both the Cyclades and the Western quantities of Melian obsidian in the Asia Minor and accepting influences from both Dodecanese1 and at Tigani on Samos2, and areas, seem to have been the intermediaries in through Samos at Aphrodisias3, in the interior the exchange of products and ideas between of the Southwest Asia Minor, but not so much them. The Cyclades, on the other hand, on Chios, where the obsidian is reported to be occupying a strategic position in the Central scarce at Emporio and even more so at Ayio Aegean and being settled by experienced Gala4; and mariners, seem to have conducted the transit trade in the archipelago, acting at the same time 2) by the similarities that the Late as intermediaries in the diffusion of products Neolithic sites of the Cyclades (Saliagos near and ideas from one side of it to the other. Antiparos, Grotta-Kokkinovrachos and Zas Cave on Naxos, Akrotiri on Thera), the East It is the purpose of this paper to set out Aegean islands (Ayios Georgios Cave at the archaeological evidence which demonstrates Kalythies I-II on Rhodes, Vathy Bay Cave on the contacts between the three regions in Kalymnos, Ayio Gala -Upper Cave, Upper question during the successive phases of the

Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages, and to 1 point out the role played by the Cyclades and Sampson 1987, 46-47, 133, figs. 69-72; id. 1988a, 212, 217, 222, figs. 86-86a. the East Aegean islands in the cultural 2 Buttler 1935-36, 197; Hood 1982, 711; Felsch 1988, exchanges between the mainlands of Greece 134-135, Taf. 47: 6; 87-90. 3 and Asia Minor (Fig. 1). Joukowsky 1986, i, 285. 4 Hood 1982, 711, figs. 302-305.

534 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU levels- and Emporio X-VIII on Chios, Tigani I carinated bowls8, the bowls with an S-curved on Samos) and the Southwest Asia Minor profile9, the everted-rim bowls10, the straight- (Beycesultan, Aphrodisias) have in pottery, in sided bowls11, the pedestalled bowls12, the particular the white-painted, which is the most hole-mouth jars13, the conical-neck jars14, the characteristic style at this time in theses areas5.

These similarities mainly concern the surface 1987, fig. 32: 1st row-3rd; 2nd row-2nd (Kalythies); treatment, the shapes of vases and the types of Furness 1956, 189, fig. 10: 3 (Vathy); Furness 1956, handles or lugs, and to a lesser degree the 179, fig. 6: F69-F70, F72; 180, fig. 8: 2; Felsch 1988, patterns. 205-206; Taf. 65: 299; 67: 352; 68: 367; 78: F69, F72 (Tigani); Hood 1981, 173, fig. 98: Type 14 A-C From the point of view of shapes, the (Emporio); Hood 1981, 45, fig. 27: nos. 160, 162, 164- aforementioned sites have in common the 166 (Ayio Gala); Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 80, shape 4; 6 7 figs. P. 1: 2, 6; P. 2: 1, 6, 9, 13-19; P. 4: 1-13, 15-19, 22 rounded bowls , the flaring-rim bowls , the (Beycesultan); Joukowsky 1986, i, 348, fig. 297: 2; 349, fig. 298: 7-8, 13; ii, 531, fig. 384: 6-8, 11-12, 63 5 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 40-42, figs. 31-34; 39: 1-4; 41; (Aphrodisias). 48-55; 56: 1-7; pls. XVI, XVII a-c, XVIII, XX-XXIV 8 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 37, figs. 35: 15, 17; 52: 5-8 a, XXVII (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1985, 155, fig. 3; (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 12, fig. 1: 13 ead. 1988, 12, 17, fig. 3 (Grotta); Zachos 1987, 696, (Grotta); Zachos 1987, 697, fig. 5 (Zas Cave); 698, figs. 3, 11; id. in: Marangou 1990, 30; id. 1994, Sotirakopoulou 1996a, 582; 598, fig. 2: 10 (Akrotiri); 102-103, fig. 3 β (Zas Cave); Sotirakopoulou 1996a, Sampson 1987, fig. 32: 4th row-last, bottom row-1st 582-583, figs. 3, 5-10, 17 (Akrotiri); Sampson 1987, (Kalythies); Furness 1956, 175, fig. 2: F12-F13, F16; 36-42, figs. 51-62, pls. 12-18 (Kalythies); Furness 178, fig. 5: F58; 180, fig. 8: 8-10; Felsch 1988, 201- 1956, 190, fig. 10: 13, 16; pls. XIX: 11-14, XX: 10 204; Taf. 54: 73a; 56: 130, 137-138; 76: F11-F16 (Vathy); Furness 1956, 203, fig. 14: 11-15; pl. XXIII: (Tigani); Hood 1981, 173, fig. 98: Type 8 (Emporio); 25-30, 32-34; Hood 1981, 59-60, nos. 276-283; 51, fig. Hood 1981, 42-43, figs. 24-25: nos. 137-149 (Ayio 34, no. 210 a; 53, fig. 37, no. 234; pl. 10 c (Ayio Gala); Gala); Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 80, shape 3; figs. P. 1: [At Ayio Gala, the white-on-dark painted decoration, 7-9, 12; P. 2: 7, 10 (Beycesultan - with thick or flat rim consisting of simple and in most cases rectilinear and carinated profile) patterns, first makes its appearance in the Lower Cave 9 Hadjianastasiou 1988, 12, fig. 1: 12 (Grotta); Zachos (Furness 1956, 197, pl. XXI: 10; Hood 1981, 21, fig. 7, 1987, 699, fig. 11 (Zas Cave); Sampson 1987, fig. 32: nos. 30, 41; pl. 7 b), which is dated earlier than 3rd row-3rd (Kalythies); Furness 1956, 190 (Vathy); Saliagos and the Late Neolithic sites of the East Furness 1956, 179, fig. 6: F61-F63; 180, fig. 8: 5, 9; Aegean islands and is considered to be contemporary Felsch 1988, 205, Taf. 59: 181, 208; 65: 300; 66: 314; with the Middle Neolithic in the Greek Mainland 78: F61-F63 (Tigani); Hood 1981, 173, fig. 98: Type (Felsch 1988, 128, Tab. 2; Sampson 1987, 59, Table 10A; 178-179 (Emporio). XIV)]. Hood 1981, 225-226, 290-295, 347; fig. 139: 10 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 37, fig. 50: 13, 15-17 383-386; pls. 38: 377-378; 40 d: 395 (Emporio X- (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 12, fig. 1: 4-5 VIII); Felsch 1988, Taf. 12, 1 and 51: no. 33; Taf. 11, 4 (Grotta); Sotirakopoulou 1996a, 582; 598, fig. 2: Ξ379, and 51: no. 34; Taf. 12, 3 and 54: no. 74 (Tigani I); Φ237, ΑΠ.26, ΑΠ.27 (Akrotiri); Sampson 1987, fig. Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 71-83, figs. P. 1-P. 5 32: 2nd row-3rd (Kalythies); Felsch 1988, Taf. 66: 327; (Beycesultan); Joukowsky 1986, i, 310, figs. 279-81 67: 349 (Tigani); Hood 1981, 45, fig. 27: nos. 157, 159, (Aphrodisias). 161, 163 (Ayio Gala); Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 80, 6 Evans and Renfrew 1968, 37, figs. 32: 1; 35: 1, 3-6, 9- shape 2; figs. P. 1: 4-5, 22; P. 2: 5, 12; P. 4: 21 10, 13, 16, 18; 36: 12-14; 40: 1-4; 48; 57: 19 (Beycesultan - with thick everted rim). (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 12, fig. 1: 9, 11 11 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 37, figs. 35: 2, 7, 21; 40: 5-6; (Grotta); Zachos 1987, 697, fig. 3 β (Zas Cave); 47: 1; 49: 1, 3, 7-10; 50: 1, 4-7, 9-12; 55: 22 (Saliagos); Sotirakopoulou 1996a, 582; 598, fig. 2: Ξ380 Hadjianastasiou 1988, 12, fig. 1: 2-3 (Grotta); (Akrotiri); Sampson 1987, fig. 32: 1st row-4th, 2nd row- Sotirakopoulou 1996a, 582; 598, fig. 2: 4196, Φ204 1st and 4th, 3rd row-1st (Kalythies); Furness 1956, 189, (Akrotiri); Sampson 1987, figs. 7: 19, 34; 35: 331, 336- fig. 10: 1, 4, 6, 8, 16 (Vathy); Furness 1956, 175, fig. 2: 337, 340; 57: 633; 59: 644, 647 (Kalythies); Furness F2-F4, F6-F10, F17; 177, fig. 4: F46-F47; 178, fig. 5: 1956, 189, fig. 10: 5 (Vathy); Furness 1956, 180, figs. F53-F55, F57, F60; 179, fig. 6: F65; 180, fig. 8: 3-4; 7: F75; 8: 14 (Tigani); Hood 1981, 173, fig. 98: Type 4 Felsch 1988, 200-205; Taf. 50; 52: 39, 42; 55: 87-88, A-C (Emporio); Hood 1981, 38, figs.19-20: nos. 94-99 90-91, 100-101; 76: F1-F7, F9-F10; 77: F53-F54; 78: (Ayio Gala). F57, F64-F65 (Tigani); Hood 1981, 173, fig. 98: Type 12 Evans & Renfrew 1968, figs. 31: 2-4; 32-33; 38: 2; 54: 5 A-C (Emporio); Hood 1981, 39-41, figs. 21-23: nos. 14-18; pls. XVI; XVII a-c; XXV b (Saliagos); 100-132 (Ayio Gala); Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 80, Hadjianastasiou 1988, 14, fig. 3: 7 (Grotta); Furness shape 5; fig. P. 4: 14 (Beycesultan); Joukowsky 1986, i, 1956, 179, fig. 6: F69; Felsch 1988, 205, Taf. 78: F69 348, fig. 297: 1; 349, fig. 298: 1, 4, 15, 18, 20 (Tigani). (Aphrodisias). 13 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 37, fig. 40: 13-14, 17-18 7 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 37, figs. 31; 32: 4; 35: 11-12, (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, fig. 4: 3 (Grotta); 19; 38: 2; 40: 3; 42: 1-3; 51; 52: 1-4 (Saliagos); Sampson 1987, figs. 32: 4th row-2nd; 33: 4th row-2nd, 5th Hadjianastasiou 1988, 12, fig. 1: 1 (Grotta); Sampson row-3rd (Kalythies); Furness 1956, 189, fig. 10: 10

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 535 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age funnel-neck jars15, the cylindrical-neck jars16 pillar handles21, the horizontal tubular lugs22, and the juglets17. As to the types of handles and the strap handles23 and the string-hole lugs, lugs, these sites have in common the horned both horizontal24 and vertical25. handles18, the unperforated crescentic or The white-painted designs are rendered horseshoe-shaped lugs19, the tab handles20, the on a dark surface ranging in colour from full black through shades of grey, black-brown, (Vathy); Furness 1956, 176, fig. 3: F29, F31; 177, fig. 4: F32, F34; Felsch 1988, 202-203; Taf. 51: 38; 52: brown, red-brown, red and orange to buff and 38a; 54: 81; 60: 238; 63: 265, 271, 273; 64: 274-275; even yellow. As a rule, they are found on 65: 304; 77: F29, F32-F34 (Tigani); Hood 1981, 191, bowls, but also on closed jars and jugs. fig. 100: Types 30, 35 (Emporio); Furness 1956, 201, fig. 14: 15; Hood 1981, 47-48, figs. 30-31 (Ayio Gala); Exceptions to this rule are the Ayio Gala Cave Lloyd and Mellaart 1962, 81, shape 10; fig. P. 2: 11 and Emporio on Chios, and Tigani on Samos; at (Beycesultan); Joukowsky 1986, i, 349, fig. 298: 12; ii, Ayio Gala (Upper Cave, Upper levels) the 524, fig. 377: 1-2, 24 (Aphrodisias). 14 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 37, fig. 39: 6 (Saliagos); Sampson 1987, fig. 33: 2nd row-3rd, 3rd row-1st 20 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 39, fig. 58: 3-12, pl. XXXI a (Kalythies); Furness 1956, 189, fig. 10: 14 (Vathy); (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, fig. 2: 14-15 Furness 1956, 179, fig. 6: F73; 180, fig. 8: 16; Felsch (Grotta); Sampson 1987, 29, fig. 15: 159, 164; 40, figs. 1988, Taf. 59: 215; 65: 297; 66: 310a, 316 (Tigani); 51: 571; 54: 612-13; 55: 616 (Kalythies); Furness Hood 1981, 193, 194, fig. 101: Type 41 (Emporio); 1956, 190, pl. XIX: 4 (Vathy); Furness 1956, 183-84, Furness 1956, 201, fig. 14: 13; Hood 1981, 50, fig. 34: fig. 9; Felsch 1988, Taf. 52: 42 (Tigani); Hood 1981, nos. 205, 207, 209-210; 51, fig. 35: 213-215 (Ayio 204-205, fig. 105: 5-11 (Emporio); Furness 1956, 201- Gala). 202, pl. XXII: 8, 10; Hood 1981, 41, fig. 23, no. 129; 15 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 37, fig. 53: 7 (Saliagos); 56, fig. 40, nos. 251-52, 254-56; pl. 10 b (Ayio Gala). Sampson 1987, fig. 33: 3rd row-2nd, 4th row-1st 21 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 39, fig. 58: 16-17, 20; pl. (Kalythies); Hood 1981, 52, fig. 36: nos. 228-229; 53, XXXII: 3-4 (Saliagos); Furness 1956, 189, pl. XVIII: 6 fig. 37: nos. 218-219, 230-232 (Ayio Gala); Joukowsky (Vathy); Furness 1956, 202, pl. XXII: 11 (Ayio Gala). 1986, ii, 531, fig. 384: 74 (Aphrodisias). 22 Evans and Renfrew 1968, 38-39, figs. 37: 2; 44; 45: 1- 16 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 37, fig. 53: 4, 6, 8 (Saliagos); 2, 7, 9-10; 53: 5, 8; 57: 10-15, 18; pls. XXIX b, XXX Zachos 1987, 697, fig. 4 (Zas Cave); Furness 1956, (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, fig. 2: 3-4 176, fig. 3: F25-F27; Felsch 1988, 202, Taf. 63: 269- (Grotta); Sampson 1987, figs. 16: 166; 27: 278; 38: 270; 66: 324; 76: F24, F26 (Tigani); Furness 1956, 393; 45: 480; 47: 519; 51: 573; (Kalythies); Furness 201, fig. 14: 12; Hood 1981, 50, fig. 34: nos. 206, 208; 1956, 189-190, pls. XVIII: 5, 10-12; XIX: 1 (Vathy); 52, fig. 36: no. 217 (Ayio Gala). Furness 1956, 180, fig. 8: 3-7 (Tigani); Joukowsky 17 Furness 1956, 189, fig. 10: 9, pl. XVIII: 1 (Vathy); 1986, ii, 533, fig. 385: 1, 18 (Aphrodisias). Furness 1956, 177, fig. 4: F39-F40; 181 (Tigani); 23 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 39, figs. 57: 19; 58: 1; pls. Lloyd and Mellaart 1962, 80-81, shapes 6-7; figs. P. 1: XXX a, middle row and bottom right; XXX b, bottom 3, 17, 19-21, 25-26; P. 2: 8, 20-25, 31; P. 3: 6-8; P. 4: right (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, fig. 2: 8-10, 24-30; P. 5: 25-26 (Beycesultan). 12-13 (Grotta); Sotirakopoulou 1996a, 582; 598, fig. 2: 18 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 39-40, figs. 57: 9; 58: 19; pl. 10; 605, fig. 13 (Akrotiri); Sampson 1987, figs. 46: XXXII: 5, 7-8 (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, 498; 44: 459; 29: 299 (Kalythies); Furness 1956, 189, fig. 2: 11-12 (Grotta); Sampson 1987, 27-28; figs. 17: pl. XVIII: 8-9 (Vathy); Furness 1956, 182; figs. 3: F31; 170; 18: 184; 20: 211; 22: 223-224, 228; 23: 231, 234- 4: F42-F43 (Tigani); Hood 1981, 40, fig. 22: no. 114 235; 24: 244-245, 247; 25: 252; pls. 2 b, 3 a, 5 b (Ayio Gala); Joukowsky 1986, i, 342-43; ii, 533, fig. (Kalythies); Furness 1956, 189, pl. XVIII: 5, 7 (Vathy); 385: 25 (Aphrodisias). Furness 1956, 182, figs. 3: F27; 4: F38; 6: F74; 8: 19; 24 Evans & Renfrew 1968, figs. 46: 2; 57: 1 (Saliagos); Felsch 1988, Taf. 11, 2 and 51: no. 24; 52: 43; 53: 63; Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, fig. 2: 1-2 (Grotta); Sampson 58: 158; 63: 273; 64: 272, 275; 65: 298 (Tigani); Hood 1987, figs. 27: 278; 38: 393; 42: 445; 48: 520, 530, 1981, 238, 257; fig. 123: no. 156; pls. 31: no. 156, 37: 534; 50: 560, 562; 59: 640, 645 (Kalythies); Furness nos. 335-337 (Emporio); Furness 1956, 201, fig. 14: 9; 1956, 179, fig. 6: F61-F66, F72 (Tigani); Hood 1981, pl. XXII: 1-5; Hood 1981, 42, fig. 24, no. 140; 43, fig. 207, fig. 105: 12-16 (Emporio); Hood 1981, 29, fig. 14: 25, no. 148; 56, fig. 40, no. 250; pl. 10 b: 257-258 6 (Ayio Gala); Joukowsky 1986, ii, 524, fig. 377: 41; (Ayio Gala); Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 76, fig. P. 3: 14 533, fig. 385: 20 (Aphrodisias). (Beycesultan). 25 Evans & Renfrew 1968, figs. 46: 1, 3; 57: 4, 8 19 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 39, fig. 47: 1-2, 4-5, 12-13; pl. (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, fig. 2: 5-7 XXXI b, bottom (Saliagos); Sotirakopoulou 1996a, (Grotta); Sampson 1987, figs. 39: 400, 407; 49: 552; 582; 602, fig. 7: Δ25 (Akrotiri); Furness 1956, 189, pl. 50: 569 (Kalythies); Furness 1956, figs. 3: F21; 5: F73 XVIII: 13-14 (Vathy); Furness 1956, 180, fig. 8: 17; (Tigani); Hood 1981, 207, fig. 105: 25 (Emporio); Felsch 1988, 209-210, Taf. 80: 46, 1 (Tigani); Hood Furness 1956, pl. XXII: 13-14, 17-18; Hood 1981, 29, 1981, 205, 251: no. 58; 252: no. 79; 255: no. 128; fig. fig. 14: 1-3; 40, fig. 22: 117 (Ayio Gala); Lloyd & 122: no. 128; pls. 30: no. 58; 37: no. 128 (Emporio); Mellaart 1962, 81, shape 12; fig. P. 5: 23 Furness 1956, 202, pl. XXII: 16, 30-31 (Ayio Gala); (Beycesultan); Joukowsky 1986, i, 344, type H28 Joukowsky 1986, i, 344 (Aphrodisias). (Aphrodisias).

536 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU white-painted fragments virtually belong to Pottery with white-painted decoration on closed vases (conical- and cylindrical-neck a dark surface -which is not always black, but jars), while at Emporio X-VIII and Tigani I the may be brown or light-coloured-, similar in white-painted decoration is found exclusively shapes, surface treatment and decorative on closed vases (jars and jugs) and, moreover, patterns to that of the Cyclades and the is scanty during this period26. Dodecanese and dated to the Aegean Late Neolithic I period is also reported from two In the Cyclades and at Kalythies I-II on Cave-sites in Euboia, namely Ayia Triadha near Rhodes the designs are mainly rectilinear and Karystos30 and Skoteini near Tharrounia31; only occasionally curvilinear, consisting of from the latter Cave there is also evidence of an wavy or curved lines, isolated or in pairs; only ample use of Melian obsidian32. Moreover, Late at Saliagos can be seen a rich repertoire Neolithic white-painted dark-ground types said comprising both rectilinear and curvilinear to be evocative of the Southern Aegean have motifs. At the other sites of the East Aegean recently been recognized on Thasos33. The islands and in the Southwest Asia Minor the white-painted pottery occurring at the same designs are simpler and exclusively rectilinear. time on the Greek Mainland is found as a rule Even so, the white-painted pottery of on black burnished wares, in a limited quantity Beycesultan and Aphrodisias is separated from and in a limited range of shapes34. that of the East Aegean islands by the use of different designs and by the fact that the jugs These observations speak in support of are painted on the bodies rather than on the the theory that the idea of the white-on-dark necks and handles27, as at Emporio and Tigani. painted decoration originated in the east, specifically the Southwest Asia Minor, and that In addition to the resemblances cited its spread to the Aegean was achieved by means above, the Late Neolithic pottery of the of the East Aegean islands of Samos, Chios and Cyclades, the East Aegean islands and the the Dodecanese. Samos and Chios, Southwest Asia Minor has also certain communicating directly with that area by means similarities in incised pointillé28 and plastic29 of the great river valley of Maeander, seem to decoration. have acted as intermediaries both in the transportation of the Melian obsidian as far as 26 It is in periods VII-VI at Emporio and in phase IVb at Tigani, contemporary with the Final Neolithic at Aphrodisias and in the spread of the idea of the Kephala on Kea and the Early Cycladic I period white-on-dark painted decoration to the (Felsch 1988, 128, Tab. 2), that the white-painted Dodecanese. The seafarers of the Cyclades, on decoration flourished most. At Emporio VII-VI it is the other hand, seem to have transported the seen on small jugs of the Fine Black Burnished ware and round the inside of the rims of bowls (Hood 1981, Melian obsidian to both sides of the Aegean, 225, 326-327, 347, figs. 153-154; pls. 48, 49 a-c, 50 a), acting at the same time as intermediaries in the while at Tigani IV b it is seen on bowls and on various diffusion of the idea of the white-on-dark types of closed vessels, such as amphorae, jars and pyxides (Felsch 1988, Taf. 39; 40, 8 and 70: Nr. 426; painted decoration to the eastern coasts of 41, 7-8 and 72: Nr. 459-462; 43, 2 and 75: Nr. 498; 69: Mainland Greece and to the North Aegean. Nr. 381-388, 399, 401, 403-404, 406-407; 78: F69; 79: 39, 2). At the same time, it is found in a limited quantity at Poliochni on Lemnos, at Thermi on Lesbos Joukowsky 1986, i, 314; ii, 551, fig. 396: 14 and in the Troad (Sotirakopoulou 1996a, 589), while in (Aphrodisias). the Dodecanese and the Southwest Asia Minor it has 29 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 42-43, figs. 39: 6; 40: 14-19; fallen into decline (Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 85, 91, 95, 42-43; 45: 1-5; pls. XXVI, XXVII a, XXVIII 103; Sampson 1987, 77). (Saliagos); Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, fig. 4 (Grotta); 27 Joukowsky 1986, i, 310; Eslick 1992, 86. Hood 1981, 238 (Emporio); Furness 1956, pl. XXII: 28 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 43-44, fig. 56: 9-12, pl. XXV 25-34; Hood 1981, 61-62; fig. 42: 304, 307-308; pl. 8 d (Saliagos); Zachos 1987, 696, fig. 4 (Zas Cave); (Ayio Gala); Joukowsky 1986, i, 314, 432 Sampson 1987, 43, fig. 63: 702, 707 (Kalythies); (Aphrodisias). Furness 1956, 190, pl. XX: 2-3 (Vathy); Furness 1956, 30 Sampson 1984, 240, 245, fig. 5; id. 1987, 116; id. 185, 186; fig. 2: F16; Felsch 1988, Taf. 25, 6 and 61: 1988a, 222; id. 1993, 67. no. 248; 26, 2 and 61: no. 251; 35, 3 and 66: no. 310 31 Sampson 1993, 67, fig. 57, pls. 25-26, 173, 175-176. (Tigani); Hood 1981, 227-229, fig. 111: 1 a-b, 2 32 Sampson 1993, 451. (Emporio); Furness 1956, 202, pl. XXIII: 1-5, 9-11; 33 Davis 1992, 722. Hood 1981, 60-61, fig. 42: 286, pl. 10 d (Ayio Gala); 34 Sotirakopoulou 1996a, 590-591.

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 537 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age

Ikaria and Astypalaia may well have been used seen at Tigani on Samos38 and Koukonissi on as stepping stones in their sea voyages to Samos Lemnos39, and through them at Miletos40, Kum and the Dodecanese35. Tepe in the Troad41 and even the Varna cemetery on the coasts of the Black Sea42. Two

more unpublished examples of the type are THE LATE NEOLITHIC II PERIOD reported from Beşik-Sivritepe and During the later part of the Aegean Late Demircihüyük in the inland Northwestern Neolithic, alternatively termed Late Neolithic II Anatolia43. At Tigani, the form is also imitated or Final Neolithic or Chalcolithic period (c. in clay, though with a different type of lugs44. 4300-3200 BC.), the contacts of the Cyclades Likewise, the marble conical bowl with two with the East Aegean islands and the Western vertically elongated and horizontally pierced Asia Minor, though intensified in comparison lugs, of the type which is known from with the preceding period, remain sporadic and Kephala45, is seen at Tigani both in marble46 take the form of influences exerted by each one and in clay47, and a marble conical bowl, of these three regions on the two others. Thus, possibly of Cycladic origin, is reported from we have: Kum Tepe48. 1) influences exerted by the Cyclades on The influences exerted by the islands of the islands of the East and North Aegean the East and Southeast Aegean are evidenced (Samos, Lemnos) and through them on the by the so called “cheesepot”, that is the coarse Aegean coasts of the Southwest and Northwest open vessel with a line of holes pierced below Asia Minor respectively; the rim (Fig. 2: 2), which is said to have 2) influences exerted by the islands of the originated from these islands, in particular the East and Southeast Aegean on both the east and west: on the one hand, on the opposite Aegean coasts of Western Asia Minor and through them 38 Felsch 1988, 132, 221-222: Kat. Nr. V 23, V 26; Taf. on the central and southwest part of it (Alaşehir, 48: 2; 75: V 23, V 26 (from phases II b and IV b respectively). Elmalı plain), and on the other hand, on the 39 Boulotis 1997, 251, 263-264, fig. 23. Cyclades and through them on Mainland 40 B. & W.–D. Niemeier, paper given at the Urla Greece; Symposium. 41 Sperling 1976, pl. 70: no. 830. and 3) influences exerted by the 42 See Devetzi 1997, 559 and fig. 1, where the marble northwest part of Asia Minor, specifically the pointed beakers seen at this time in the Aegean are said to be Cycladic, but the origin of the type is ultimately Troad, on the islands of the North, East and attributed to the Near East. Central Aegean (Lemnos, Lesbos, Chios, 43 Boulotis 1997, 264 n. 33. Cyclades) and through them on the Southwest 44 Felsch 1988, 133, n. 614; 217-218, Kat. Nr. UP 49; Asia Minor, the Greek Mainland and Crete. Taf. 83: UP 49 (from phase IV?). The clay form, with or without lugs, is also reported from Petromagoula The Cycladic influences are evidenced by and Pefkakia in Thessaly, and from Dikili Tash in Macedonia, where it is dated to the Final Neolithic the presence of Cycladic or Cycladicizing types period and to an early phase of the Early Bronze Age of marble and clay vessels in the islands of the (Hadjiagelakis and Christmann, papers of given at the East and North Aegean and in Western Asia Urla Symposium), as well as from Kritsana in Minor. Thus, the Cycladic marble pointed Macedonia, where it is dated to the Early Bronze Age (Hanschmann & Milojčić 1976, 197, Taf. 70: 1). beaker with a pair of vertically elongated and Moreover, horn-shaped pointed vases in clay, which horizontally pierced lugs (Fig. 2: 1), which is bear incised decoration, have been found at Corinth in known from Kephala on Kea36 and Naxos37, is Late Neolithic levels (Lavezzi, paper given at the Urla Symposium). 45 Coleman 1977, 86, pls. 23, 67: no. 171; Getz-Gentle 1996, pl. 22 c. 35 For this see also Sotirakopoulou 1996a, 592-595. 46 Felsch 1988, 133, 222, Kat. Nr. V 27; Taf. 48: 3-4; 75: 36 Coleman 1977, 64-65, 66; pls. 23, 67: nos. 103, 109; V 27. Getz-Gentle 1996, 52, fig. 29 b, pl. 22 b; 47 Felsch 1988, 133,n. 614; 183, Kat. Nr. 348; Taf. 36: 10, Papathanassopoulos 1996, 288, no. 176. 67: Nr. 348 (from phase III or already IV?). 37 Renfrew 1972, pl. 1: 2; Getz-Gentle 1996, 52, fig. 29 a; 48 Sperling 1976, 322, pl. 70, fig. 8, no. 139; Devetzi 54, fig. 30 a; pl. 22 a. 1997, 561.

538 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU

Dodecanese49, and thence to have spread to the Aigina61, from a number of sites in Attica62 and east and west. The type is common on Chios50 from Euboia63, whereas it is rare in the and Samos51, and occurs in abundance in the Peloponnese64. Moreover, it is seen in Dodecanese52. In the central and south part of Thessaly65 and Macedonia66, where –with the Western Asia Minor it is seen at Bakla Tepe53, exception of Pefkakia near Volos67- it is said to south of İzmir, at Alaşehir54, at Miletos55, at be of Early Bronze Age date, and sporadically Bozdağ56 near Myndus, at Aphrodisias57, where in the North and Northeast Aegean68. two fragments are reported from Late Finally, the influences exerted at this Chalcolithic 1 and 2 levels, at Boztepe58 in the time on the Aegean islands by the Northwest Elmalı Plain, where it is said to occur in Asia Minor are evidenced by the bowl with a association with Late Chalcolithic 1 types, and rolled rim and sometimes a horizontal tubular at Kızılbel59 in the Elmalı Plain too, where it is lug set some way below the rim (Fig. 2: 3), reported from an assemblage which has which is considered to have originated from this tentatively been assigned to the Middle part, and in particular the Troad, where it Chalcolithic period. It is also recorded from occurs in pre-Troy I levels (Kum Tepe IA- quite a few sites in the Cyclades60, from IB)69. The type is found at Poliochni on Lemnos in periods nero, azzurro and verde, at 49 Sampson 1987, 31; id. 1988a, 102; id. 1993, 166. Thermi on Lesbos, at Emporio VII-VI on 50 Hood 1981, 37, fig. 19: nos. 91-93, pl. 10 b: 91 A (Ayio Gala, Upper Cave, Upper levels); Hood 1981, Chios, on Astypalaia and on many Cycladic 172-174, Type 3; 247-249, fig. 119, pl. 30: 15-16, 24- islands. Through the East Aegean islands it is 27 (Emporio X-VI and perhaps V). 51 spread to the Southwest Asia Minor and is seen Heidenreich 1935-36, 139, Taf. 34: 6; Felsch 1988, in the Early Bronze 1 of Beycesultan70, in the 173-174: no. 280; Taf. 31: 3-5, 7; 35: 8; 40: 2-3; 70: 71 424-425; 74: 481-482 (Tigani III and IV); Milojčić Late Chalcolithic 3 of Aphrodisias and even 1961, 81, Taf. 35: 74, 40: 25 (Heraion, where it is said in the Konya plain at the beginning of the local to be of Early Bronze Age date). Early Bronze 1 period, while through the 52 Sampson 1987, 30-31, figs. 8: 44; 9: 63; 10: 89, 93; 11: 105 (Kalythies on Rhodes); Sampson 1987, 81, fig. 102: 24-32 (Kastro Alimnias on Rhodes); Sampson 61 Walter & Felten 1981, 151-152: Nr. 65-71, Taf. 78: 65- 1987, 89-90, figs. 126-128, pl. 47 (Partheni on Leros); 71. Sampson 1988a, 96-102, figs. 28: 103, 105; 37: 175, 62 Immerwahr 1971, 15, 44-45; pls. 12: 184-188; 69: 186, 181-182, 185; 59: 294-295; pls. 62-63 (Yiali near 188 (Athenian Agora); Levi 1930-31, 432, figs. 22 b, Nisyros); Levi 1925-26, 294, fig. 82 (Aspri Petra on 23 p (northwest and south slope of Acropolis); Kos); Hope Simpson and Lazenby 1970, 57, pl. 20 b: 4 Theocharis 1951, 107; 109, fig. 23 (Palaia Kokkinia); (Askloupi on Kos); Hope Simpson and Lazenby 1970, Lambert 1981, 350, fig. 230 (Kitsos Cave); Spitaels 58, fig. 7: 8 (Tsilimbiri on Kos); Furness 1956, 189, pl. 1982, 31: no. 47, fig. 1: 15 (Thorikos). XVIII: 2 (Vathy Bay cane on Kalymnos); Hope 63 Sampson 1993, 166, 184-185; figs. 187-188, pls. 159- Simpson and Lazenby 1973, 165, 170, fig. 9: 5; pl. 44: 160 (Tharrounia). a 3, b 1(Astypalaia). 64 Weinberg 1977, 143 (Corinth, where it is said to have 53 H. Erkanal & Özkan, paper given at the Urla been found in an EH context); Holmberg 1944, 55-56, Symposium. figs. 57 c, 58 (Asea). 54 R. Meriç, paper given at the Urla Symposium. 65 Béquignon 1932, 101-102, fig. 11; Hanschmann & 55 B.&W.-D. Niemeier, paper given at the Urla Milojčić 1976, Taf. IX: 3 a-b; VI: 4; 37: 7, 9-11; 44: 6; Symposium. 45: 1; Beil. 10: 15; 20 B: 37; Milojčić 1959, 28, Abb. 56 Paton & Myres 1896, 204, 264; Bean and Cook 1955, 23: 2. 118. 66 Heurtley 1939, 170-191, figs. 44, 45 h, 55, 62 b; 57 Joukowsky 1986, ii, 524, fig. 377: 48; 539, fig. 389: 9. Hanschmann & Milojčić 1976, 197, Taf. 70: 17; 202, 58 Eslick 1980, 13. Taf. 76: 4; 204, Taf. 87: 11; Ridley & Wardle 1979, 59 Eslick 1980, 9, ill. 3: 14. 224. 60 Atkinson et al. 1904, 84 ; Renfrew 1972, 155, fig. 10. 67 Weißhaar 1989, Taf. 41: 10. 2: 5 (Phylakopi on Melos); Renfrew 1972, 155, fig. 10. 68 Bernabò-Brea 1964, tav. XLI b (Poliochni azzurro, fase 2: 11; Hadjianastasiou 1988, 17, pl. 1 b (Grotta on evoluta); Demangel 1926, 38, fig. 45: 2nd row, last Naxos); Belmont & Renfrew 1964, 398-399, pl. 127: (Tomb of Protesilaos). fig. 9 (Mavri Spilia on Mykonos); Coleman 1977, 17- 69 For the distribution, dating and origin of the type see: 18; pls. 37: F-H, J; 84: A-V (Kephala on Kea); Caskey Sotirakopoulou 1986, 300-303, 310, no. 4184; fig. 1: 1969, 395, pl. 409 a; id. 1972, 360, 362; fig. 2: A15- no. 4184; pl. 17 b; ead. 1996b, 130, 135, no. 19; ead. A16; pl. 76: A17-A25, A62-A63 (Ayia Irini on Kea); 1997, 522. Caskey 1972, 358, fig. 1: P3-P4, pl. 76: P5-P7 (Paoura 70 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 118, fig. P. 14: 2, 4 (level on Kea); Caskey 1972, 358, pl. 76: S1-S2 (Sykamias XIX). on Kea). 71 Joukowsky 1986, ii, 555, fig. 399: 1, 3, 5 (level VII A).

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 539 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age

Cyclades it finds its way to various parts of the The marble bowl with a vertical crescent- Greek Mainland and to Crete. From the Troad shaped and horizontally pierced lug (Fig. 2: 5), the form also spreads northwestwards and is a form which is also typical of the Early seen in Thrace and even in the Balkans. Though Cycladic I period76, is seen at Iasos77, and a rim it seems to have made its appearance as early as fragment of marble bowl occurs at Tigani78. the Final Neolithic period, it evidently had a The clay collared jars with truncated long life in the Aegean, since it occurs in both conical necks, concave in profile, and out- Early Bronze 1 and Early Bronze 2 contexts, turned rims, which have come from phase IV b while in the Cyclades it continues in existence at Tigani79 (Fig. 2: 6), seem to be imitations in even in the early Early Cycladic III period. clay of the Cycladic marble kandila with neck and foot exhibiting a concave profile80, but THE EARLY BRONZE 1 PERIOD without the foot. This particular kandila may date to the transition from Early Cycladic I to During the Early Bronze 1 and the Early Cycladic II or to an early phase of Early transition to the Early Bronze 2 period (c. 3200- Cycladic II, but the form is generally typical of 2700 BC.) the contacts of the Cyclades with the the Early Cycladic I period81 (Fig. 2: 7). east, though again somewhat intensified in comparison with the preceding Final Neolithic The clay collared jars with truncated period, remain still limited and take the form on conical necks, concave in profile, and the one hand of influences exerted by the decoration in relief (Fig. 2: 8) which are known Cycladic islands on the islands of the East from Iasos82 are of a type echoing influences of Aegean and on the Southwest, or occasionally the collared jar which is typical of the Early the Northwest, Asia Minor, and on the other Cycladic I period83 (Fig. 2: 9). hand of sporadic influences exerted by the The pear-shaped vases from the same Northwest Asia Minor on the islands of the site, whether plain or with incised decoration84 North and East Aegean and the Cyclades and (Fig. 2: 10), seem to imitate the Cycladic through them on the Southwest Asia Minor, the piriform bottles (Fig. 2: 11) which are Mainland Greece and Crete. characteristic of the transitional Early Cycladic The Cycladic influences on the east are I-II phase or the so-called “Kampos group”85, evidenced by the occurrence of Cycladic types of marble and clay vessels and marble figurines, 76 Renfrew 1972, 164, fig. 10. 4: 2; Doumas 1977, 17, 18, as well as of Cycladicizing cist graves and fig. 5 c; Thimme & Getz-Preziosi 1977, 102-103, figs. 83: 16, 84: 3; 317, 506, no. 288; Getz-Gentle 1996, 65- burial habits in the East Aegean islands and 79, pls. III, VII A, 31-39. Western Asia Minor. 77 Renfrew 1972, 164, fig. 10. 4: 1; Pecorella 1984, 66, fig. 10: 64, tav. XXXIX: 150. Thus, the Cycladic flat-based marble 78 Felsch 1988, 133, 221, Kat. Nr. V 22; Taf. 48: 7, 75: V beaker (Fig. 2: 4), a form characteristic of the 22 (from phase I-III). 79 Early Cycladic I period72, is seen at Tigani III Heidenreich 1935-36, Taf. 36: 1; Felsch 1988, 118, 73 74 195, 198, Kat. Nr. 470, 496-497; 208: 36, 1; Taf. 43: 5- and IV on Samos and at Iasos in Caria . At 6; 73: 470; 74: 496; 75: 497; 79: 36, 1; 81: AA 1928. 75 Tigani the form is also imitated in clay . 80 Thimme & Getz-Preziosi 1977, 312, 503, no. 274; Getz-Gentle 1996, pl. 2 b. 81 Renfrew 1972, 153, 160, fig. 10. 3: 4, pl. 1: 3; Doumas 72 Renfrew 1972, 153; 164, fig. 10. 4: 4; pl. 1: 4; Doumas 1977, 17, 18, fig. 5 d; Thimme & Getz-Preziosi 1977, 1977, 17; 18, fig. 5 a; Thimme & Getz-Preziosi 1977, 102-103, figs. 83: 1, 84: 11-12; 308-312, 501-504, nos. 102-103, figs. 83: 5, 84: 13-14; 313, 504, nos. 277-280; 263-276; Getz-Gentle 1996, 5-39, pls. I, 1-21. Getz-Gentle 1996, 41-63, pls. II, 22-30. 82 Renfrew 1972, 164, fig. 10. 4: 5; Pecorella 1984, 53- 73 Heidenreich 1935-36, 170, Taf. 54: 2; Felsch 1988, 54: nos. 32-35, figg. 5: 32-34, 6: 35; tav. XXXII: 120, 132-133, 221-222, Kat. Nr. V 20, V 24-V 25, V 28; XL: 155, XLIII: 170, XLV: 182. Taf. 48: 1, 5-6, 8; 75: V 20, V 24, V 28 (V 20 from 83 Renfrew 1972, 164, fig. 10. 4: 6, pl. 3: 2; Thimme & phase III a, V 24 and V 25 from phase IV b). Getz-Preziosi 1977, 341, 525-526, nos. 370-372. 74 Renfrew 1972, 164, fig. 10. 4: 3; Pecorella 1984, 67, 84 Pecorella 1984, 56, 58-59; fig. 6: 38-39, 45; tav. fig. 10: 65-66; tav. XXXVII: 138, XLVI: 184. XXXII: 115, 121; XLV: 179. 75 Felsch 1988, 133, n. 614; 190, Kat. Nr. 427; 197, Kat. 85 Zervos 1957, figs. 86-88; Renfrew 1972, 153, 201, pl. Nr. 486; Taf. 40: 5-6; 42: 3; 70: 427; 74: 486 (from 5: 3-6; Doumas 1977, 18, fig. 6 e; Thimme 1977, 530, phase IV). nos. 393-394; Barber 1987, 87, fig. 58: 7.

540 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU while a number of potsherds and a biconical figurines of the Beycesultan type itself96 (Fig. pyxis from Thermi on Lesbos bear incised 2: 14) also recall the violin form of the herringbone decoration86 which is identical to Cyclades. that of the Cycladic bottles. On the other hand, the influences exerted In addition to the Cycladic types of by the Northwest Asia Minor are evidenced by marble vessels and the Cycladicizing clay pots, the occurrence on the islands of the North and the necropolis at Iasos showed affinities with East Aegean and the Cyclades of the lids with the Cyclades in burial habits: that is, it horned perforated ears and the marble consisted of cist graves of mainly trapezoidal schematic figurines of the so-called “Troy form, which were usually paved with a type”, forms which seem to originate from that flagstone or covered with a layer of pebbles, area. contained either single or multiple burials and Of the lids with horned perforated ears97 had the bodies placed in a contracted position87. (Fig. 2: 16) we know only two examples from These features are similar to those occurring in the Cyclades, one from Akrotiri on Naxos and the Cycladic cemeteries88. Similar cist graves, one from Akrotiri on Thera, which have been with the bodies placed in a contracted position, dated to the transitional Early Cycladic I-II or were recently discovered at the site of Bakla the so-called Kampos phase. Isolated examples Tepe89. of the type have also been found in Thessaly, Finally, marble schematic figurines of the Euboia and Crete, but the type is mainly known pebble form, similar to the Cycladic pebble from the Northwest Asia Minor and the figurines which are typical of the Early Northeast Aegean (Troy I, Tomb of Protesilaos, Cycladic I period90 (Fig. 2: 12), occur in levels Tschandarli, Yortan, Panderma in Mysia, of most periods between IX and I at Emporio Bayindirköy, Babaköy, Poliochni azzurro on Chios91, are said to constitute the largest evoluta, Thermi I-III on Lesbos, Emporio V-IV class of figurines at Aphrodisias92, where they and II). Its correlations at the various sites seem are assigned to the local periods from Late to date it to the Early Bronze 1 and 2 periods. Chalcolithic 3 to Middle Bronze-mixed, and are The marble schematic figurines of the reported from Troy III and IV93, while marble “Troy type”98 (Fig. 2: 15) occur very figurines related to the variants of the Cycladic commonly in Troy I-III and the Northwest Asia violin form94 (Fig. 2: 13), which is also typical Minor but sporadically elsewhere. Only four or of the Early Cycladic I period, are seen in the five examples of the type are known to date Early Bronze 1 of Beycesultan95; moreover, the from the Cyclades, three from the Samian Heraion and ten more from the Southwest Asia Minor: one from Beycesultan, one from 86 Lamb 1936, 132, pls. XIII: no. 565; XIV: 2, 2nd row- Karataş-Semayük in Lycia and eight from rd st nd last and 3 row-1 and 2 from left; Bossert 1942, Taf. Aphrodisias. The Cycladic figurines of the 15: 74; Renfrew 1972, 209. 87 Pecorella 1984, 91-98, tav. V-XXX: figg. 9-112. “Troy type”, which had at first been dated to 88 Doumas 1977, 37-45, 54-64, 67-68, pls. I-XXIV; the Early Cycladic I or the transitional Early Pecorella 1984, 101. Cycladic I-II phase, are now known to have 89 H. Erkanal & Özkan, paper given at the Urla Symposium. survived down to the early Early Cycladic III 90 Renfrew 1969, 5, ill. 1: 1. D; id. 1972, 161; 184, fig. period, while those from Aphrodisias are 11. 8: I. D; id. 1991, 91, fig. 5; Doumas 1977, 16, fig. 4 attributed to the Early Bronze III A-III B and a; Papathanassopoulos 1981, 181, 226, figs. 150-151. 91 Hood 1982, 655-656, pl. 136, nos. 43-50. 92 Kadish 1971, 135, 139, pl. 29, fig. 33; Joukowsky 1986, i, 208-210, figs. 209-217. 96 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 269, fig. F. 1: 1-4, 8-12, 14; pl. 93 Blegen et al. 1951, figs. 41: Type 8; 48: 33.178; 147: XXXII: 1; Renfrew 1969, 27; 4, ill. 1: Be.; Thimme 37.68, 37.529. 1977, 391-392, 563-564, nos. 529-534. 94 Renfrew 1969, 5, ill. 1: I. A-I. C; id. 1972, 159-161; 97 For the occurrences of the type and the relevant 184, fig. 11. 8: I. A-I. C; Doumas 1977, 16; 17, fig. 4 f- bibliography see Sotirakopoulou 1997, 523, n. 5-6. k; Thimme 1977, 221-223, 428-430, nos. 26-38. 98 For the type and the relevant bibliography see 95 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 266, 271, fig. F. 1: nos. 5-7, pl. Sotirakopoulou 1998, 118-119, fig. 5: nos. 547, 1962; XXXII: 1. pl. 9 b-c.

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 541 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age in The beaked jug with a two-stage neck Anatolia. profile (Fig. 2: 19), of a type mainly known from the Cyclades and possibly of Cycladic THE EARLY BRONZE 2 PERIOD origin107, is seen at the Cave of Aspri Petra on Kos108 and at the Samian Heraion III (?)109. The Early Bronze 2 period (c. 2700- 2400/2300 BC.) is characterized by the Fragments of marble vases, mainly widespread practice of metallurgy in the bowls, possibly of Cycladic origin110 (Fig. 2: Aegean and by a marked increase in trade and 20), are reported from Thermi I-III111, in cultural exchanges among the various parts Emporio112, Kos113 and Aphrodisias114, while of it. The contacts of the Cyclades with the East the head of a Cycladic marble figurine of the Aegean and the Western Asia Minor are now Dokathismata variety115 (Fig. 2: 23) was becoming particularly close and the influences recently found at Miletos116. are exerted from either side. The Melian obsidian is found, though The Cycladic influences on the east are sporadically, at Troy from phase I g-j down to evidenced by certain ceramic forms, marble V117, whereas from Thermi, where flint is in vases and figurines, the Melian obsidian, and use, only one small fragment of it has been possibly the incised bone tubes and the varieties reported118. of a spearhead type, which seem to be imitated The incised bone tubes from Thermi III- or directly imported from the Cyclades to the V119, Troy II a, II g and III120, and Bozhüyük in East Aegean islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Phrygia121 are similar to those from Kos and Astypalaia, and through them to the Chalandriani on Syros122 (Fig. 2: 22) and opposite Aegean coasts and the interior of the

Western Asia Minor. 107 For this type of jug and its occurrences within and outside the Cyclades see Sotirakopoulou 1993, 5, 8, 11- Thus: Among the imported sherds of the 12, 12-13; ead. 1996b, 119, no. 2, n. 46; ead. 1997, middle and late subperiod of Troy I two are said 526. to be unmistakably from sauceboats of typical 108 Levi 1925-26, 301, fig. 89: 8; Doumas 1976, 4 n. 3, pl. Early Helladic form (Fig. 2: 18) and three with 5 a. 109 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 44: 2. dark-on-light linear decoration to come 110 For the Early Cycladic II marble bowls see Getz-Gentle 99 probably from the Cyclades . 1996, 99-105, pls. V, 50-55. 111 Lamb 1936, 177-178, 208, fig. 51. See Devetzi 1997, The horizontal belly-handles of pithoid 563-564, for the Cycladic origin of the bowl fragments, vessels which bear decoration of incised and ibid. 561, for their dating to the Early Cycladic II radiating lines on the upper surface (Fig. 2: 17), period. 112 Hood 1982, 643-646, fig. 289: 2-4, pl. 134: 4. See of a type thought to be especially characteristic Devetzi 1997, 564, for the types of the vessels and their 100 of the Early Cycladic II period , are seen on origin. Astypalaia101, at the Samian Heraion I-III102, at 113 Marketou 1990, 40; Devetzi 1997, 564. 114 Emporio V-IV, II and possibly I103 and at Joukowsky 1986, i, 237; ii, 572, fig. 412: 17; 574, fig. 104 413: 8; 654, fig. 472: 24. Mytilene on Lesbos , and through them at 115 For the figurines of this variety see: Renfrew 1969, 16- 105 106 Ephesos and Troy I b . 17, ill. 3: IV. B, pl. 5 a-d; Thimme 1977, 480-482, 485, nos. 214-220, 232; Renfrew 1991, 79-82, pl. 54. 116 B. and W.-D. Niemeier, paper given at the Urla 99 Blegen et al. 1950, 54-55; 154: EH 447; figs. 184-185: Symposium. EH 566, EH 567; 251: 14; 252: 1-2; 262: 17-18. 117 Blegen et al. 1950, 46, 211; Blegen et al. 1951, 8, 108, 100 For the handles of this type and their Cycladic 113, 227. occurrences see Sotirakopoulou 1993, 15, n. 81-93. 118 Lamb 1936, 181. 101 Hope Simpson & Lazenby 1973, pl. 44: D2. 119 Lamb 1936, 200: no. 14, 202; pl. XXVII: 30, 41-43, 102 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 16: 3, 24: 1, 40: 16-17, 44: 3, 48: 45. 33; Doumas 1982, 8. 120 Schliemann 1880, 425, no. 525; Blegen et al. 1950, 103 Hood 1981, 402, fig. 182, pl. 73, no. 1233; 417, pl. 78: 208, 211, 282; Blegen et al. 1951, 14, fig. 51: 33.268, a 4; id. 1982, 460, fig. 206, no. 1717; 498, no. 2046; 33.278. 542, no. 2412; pls. 88 b; 90: 1718, 1720. 121 Tsountas 1899, 122, n. 1; Körte 1899, Taf. IV: 6. 104 Aygerinou, paper given at the Urla Symposium. 122 Tsountas 1899, 104, pl. 10: 2-5; Zervos 1957, fig. 262; 105 Büyükkolanci, paper given at the Urla Symposium. Buchholz and Karageorghis 1973, 50, nos. 502-505; 106 Blegen et al. 1950, fig. 236: no. 27. Doumas 1977, 129, pl. 50 i.

542 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU

Naxos123. The incised bone tubes found outside evidenced by various types of pins, metal tools the Cyclades are often considered to be and weapons, and decorated spindle whorls Cycladic objects imported from Syros or found on the Cycladic islands and in Mainland Naxos124. Thimme, however, points out the Greece. wide distribution of the decorated bone tubes Thus, the bone pins with bird-shaped during the Early Bronze Age, from Byblos to 135 head from Chalandriani on Syros (Fig. 3: 11) Troy and from Leukas to the Cyclades, and 136 and Manika in Euboia find parallels at thinks most probable that they originated in Thermi I137 and Troy138. The spherical-headed Syria, since the oldest examples of them were pins from Chalandriani139 (Fig. 3: 12), found at Jericho, where they have been dated 140 141 125 Manika and Zygouries are similar to pins around 2700 BC. . from Thermi I and V142, Troy I-IV143, the 144 Finally, the spearheads with a plain tang Samian Heraion and Karataş-Semayük in 145 and elongated slots in the blade (Fig. 3: 1-3) are Lycia . The conical- or pyramidal-headed pins 146 also thought to have originated in the Cyclades from Chalandriani (Fig. 3: 15), the Zas 147 148 149 where they are quite common126. The form is Cave , Manika and Zygouries find 150 seen in three varieties: the first variety, with parallels in pins from Thermi II-IV , Troy II- 151 152 153 rounded shoulders and a small square tang (Fig. V , Emporio V , the Samian Heraion and 127 3: 1), is known from Amorgos and is also 134 128 129 Stronach 1957, 112, fig. 7: 3. seen at Troy II and Thermi IV ; the second 135 Tsountas 1899, 101, 113, pl. 10: 13; Sapouna- variety, constricted at the shoulders and then Sakellarakis 1977, 125, fig. 97. 136 Renfrew 1972, 538. broadening at the butt, to form a tang (Fig. 3: 137 2), is known from Amorgos130 again and also Lamb 1936, 166, 175, pls. XXV, XLVII: nos. 31.18, 131 31.19; Branigan 1974, 37, Type XIII; cat. nos. 2083- occurs at Larisa , on the Aegean coast of 84; pl. 19: 2083-84. Western Asia Minor; the third variety, with 138 Schliemann 1880, 601, no. 1406. 139 shoulders narrowing to the tang (Fig. 3: 3), is Tsountas 1899, 101, 110, pl. 10: 11, 17; Branigan 132 1974, 35, Type IVa; cat. nos. 1706-7; pl. 18: 1706-7. known from Kastri on Syros and 140 Sampson 1985, 305, fig. 72: 5; id. 1988b, 108, fig. 94: 133 Amorgos , and has also been found at 17, pl. 30: 134. Ahirköy134, a site immediately inland from the 141 Blegen 1928, 184, pl. XX: 16. 142 Anatolian coast opposite Amorgos. Lamb 1936, 166-168, 173: 30.18, 175: 31.16; figs. 48a: 31.16, 32.19; pl. XXV: 30.18; Branigan 1974, cat. nos. On the other hand, the influences of the 1721-1724, 1762-1764; pl. 18: 1721-1722, 1724, 1762- 1764. East Aegean and the Western Asia Minor on the 143 Schliemann 1880, nos. 106, 865, 930, 934-935, 940- Cyclades and the Greek Mainland are 941, 950, 981, 1232, 1238-1239, 1242-1243; Schmidt 1902, nos. 6145, 6262-6271, 6272 a-g; Bittel 1934, 123 Papathanassopoulos 1961-62, 126-127, pl. 57 c; id. Taf. XIX: 16; Blegen et al. 1950, figs. 125: 1; 357: 1981, 142-143, pl. 70 (Spedos); Kontoleon 1972, 153, 37.522; 358: 35.556; Blegen et al. 1951, fig. 47: pl. 144 (Aplomata); Marangou 1990, 52, no. 16 34.206, 34.339, 34.505, 34.506; Branigan 1974, cat. (unknown provenance). nos. 1709-1717, 1725-1761; pl. 18: 1709-1711, 1714, 124 Parlama 1984, 113-114; Marangou 1990, 52, no. 16. 1716, 1732, 1736. 125 Thimme 1977, 544, no. 448. 144 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 23: 4, 50: 4-5. 126 Stronach 1957, 103-104, 111-112: Type 3a, fig. 7: 1-3; 145 Warner 1994, pls. 187 h (KA 450), 188 a. Barber 1987, 102, figs. 74: nos. 6-7, 75 right. 146 Tsountas 1899, 113, pl. 10: 19; Branigan 1974, 36, 127 Tsountas 1898, 154, pl. 12: 5; Renfrew 1967, 10, 19: Type VI; cat. no. 1874; pl. 19: 1874. cat. nos. 47-50; pls. 5: 49; 7: IIa; 9: 47-48; Branigan 147 Zachos 1994, 101, fig. 4 δ. 1974, 19, Type VII; cat. nos. 442-446; pl. 27: 443, 446; 148 Sampson 1988b, 107, figs. 93: 1, 8; 94: 11, 25. id. 1977, 119, fig. 93: 6. 149 Blegen 1928, 183-184, pl. XX: 17. 128 Schmidt 1902, no. 5848. 150 Lamb 1936, 168, 173, fig. 48a, pl. XXV: 30.19, 30.35; 129 Lamb 1936, 176: no. 32.2, pls. XXV, XLVII: no. 32.2; Branigan 1974, cat. nos. 2046-2050; pls. 18: 2050; 19: Renfrew 1972, 323. 2047-2048. 130 Tsountas 1898, pl. 12: 1; Renfrew 1967, 10: Type IIc, 151 Schliemann 1880, nos. 929, 936, 940, 945, 1235; 19: cat. no. 52; pls. 7: IIc, 9: 52. Schmidt 1902, nos. 6008, 6292, 6300-6307, 6308 a-f, 131 Stronach 1957, 112. 6321-6354; Bittel 1934, Taf. XIX: 19; Blegen et al. 132 Bossert 1967, Abb. 2: 6. 1950, figs. 125: 3; 358: 1st row-4th to 11th, 2nd row-1st to 133 Renfrew 1967, 10: Type IIb, 19: cat. no. 51, pl. 7: IIb; 9th; 359: 37.759; Blegen et al. 1951, figs. 47: 1st row- Branigan 1974, 18, Type IIa; cat. no. 432; pl. 9: 432; 37.756, 2nd row-3rd to 9th; 234: 33.21, 33.50; Branigan id. 1977, 119, fig. 93: 7. 1974, cat. nos. 1876-1889, 1899-2045; pl. 18. 152 Hood 1982, 658-59, Type 2; fig. 295, pl. 138: no. 2.

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 543 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age the early Early Bronze 2 of Beycesultan154. The bronze and gold pins from Troy IIg169 and silver jug-headed pin from Chalandriani155 (Fig. Alaca Höyük170 in Central Anatolia. 3: 13) finds parallels in two gold pins from Bronze punches similar to those from Troy IIg156 and are reminiscent of another gold Chalandriani171 (Fig. 3: 8) and Kastri172 on pin from the Troad which has a rectangular Syros, Louros T 26173 and Ayioi Anargyroi T head crowned by a series of six jugs157. The 5174 on Naxos, and Zygouries175 are known silver pins from Naxos with heads in the form from Troy I-IV176, Thermi I-V177, Emporio V- of an amphoriskos158 (Fig. 3: 17) are identical IV178, the Samian Heraion179, the Early Bronze to a gold pin from Bakla Tepe159, while a 3b of Beycesultan180 and from Aphrodisias, bronze pin from Chalandriani with a head in the where they appear already in the Late form of a jar160 (Fig. 3: 16) is similar to another Chalcolithic 3 period181. bronze pin from Troy II-V161. The bronze pins from Chalandriani and Naxos which are Bronze needles similar to those from crowned with a knot of wire loops162 find Chalandriani (Fig. 3: 9-10) and Kastri on parallels at Thermi III b163 and Troy II-V164 Syros182, the Zas Cave183, the Kapros Grave D (Fig. 3: 14). Finally, the bronze pins with a head on Amorgos184 and Leivadhi T 126 on in the form of two opposed spirals from Despotikon185 occur at Thermi I/II and IVa186, Chalandriani165 (Fig. 3: 18), Naxos166, Troy I-V187, Emporio I188, Beycesultan189, Manika167 and Zygouries168 find parallels in the 169 Schliemann 1880, nos. 848-850, 932; Schmidt 1902, nos. 6399-6402; Bittel 1934, Taf. XIX: 24; Blegen et al. 1950, figs. 125: 8; 356-357: 37.709; Branigan 1974, cat. nos. 2067-2068, 2070; pl. 19: 2067-2068, 2070. 170 Koşay 1956, 38, pl. II: 14a; Mellink 1956, 50, pl. II: 153 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 50: 7. 14a. 154 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 289, fig. F. 11: 1 (level XVI). 171 Tsountas 1899, 102, pl. 10: 9, 12. 155 Tsountas 1899, 101, pl. 10: 10; Branigan 1974, 37, 172 Tsountas 1899, 124; Bossert 1967, 61, Abb. 1: 2, 6. Type XIIIa; cat. no. 2090; pl. 19: 2090. 173 Papathanassopoulos 1961-62, 134, pl. 68 c. 156 Schliemann 1880, no. 849; Blegen et al. 1950, fig. 356: 174 Doumas 1977, 105, 107, pl. XXXV j. 37.709; Branigan 1974, cat. nos. 2088-2089; pl. 19: 175 Blegen 1928, 183, pl. XX: 18. 2088-2089. 176 Schliemann 1880, nos. 109-110, 931, 933, 942; 157 Schliemann 1880, no. 834; Schmidt 1902, no. 6133; Schmidt 1902, nos. 5823-5825, 6213-6231; Blegen et Branigan 1974, 36, Type XII; cat. no. 2077; pl. 30: al. 1950, 42-43, 121, 177, figs. 215: 37.743, 37.748, 2077. 37.749; 358: 36.436, 37.736; Blegen et al. 1951, fig. 158 Branigan 1974, 37, Type XIIIa; cat. nos. 2092-2093; 47: 35.254, 37.757. Doumas 1977, 125, 128, pls. XLIX h, L d; Sapouna- 177 Lamb 1936, 172-175, fig. 49: 29.3, 29.5, 30.38, 30.45, Sakellarakis 1977, 125, fig. 96; Marangou 1990, 62: 30.53, 31.38, 31.50. no. 35, 65: no. 42. 178 Hood 1982, 661-662, fig. 295, pl. 138: 8-10. 159 H. Erkanal & Özkan, paper given at the Urla 179 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 50: 13. Symposium. 180 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 287, fig. F. 11: 6 (level VI). 160 Tsountas 1899, pl. 10: 14; Branigan 1974, cat. no. 181 Joukowsky 1986, i, 288, fig. 274: 2; ii, 548, fig. 394: 2091; pl. 19: 2091. 27 (level VIIb). 161 Schmidt 1902, no. 6486; Branigan 1974, cat. no. 2094; 182 Tsountas 1899, 102, 124, pl. 10: 20, 22; Branigan pl. 19: 2094. 1974, 30, Types II and III; cat. nos. 1198, 1230-1231, 162 Tsountas 1899, 101, pl. 10: 18, 21; Branigan 1974, 35, 1233, 1238-1267, 1271; pl. 15: 1198, 1230, 1233. Type IIIb; cat. nos. 1621-1628; pl. 18: 1621-1622 183 Zachos 1994, 101, fig. 4 γ. (Chalandriani); Marangou 1990, 62-63, no. 36, left 184 Renfrew 1967, 18, no. 18; Branigan 1974, 30, Type I; (Naxos). cat. no. 1187: pl. 15: 1187. 163 Lamb 1936, 167, 173, fig. 48 b, pl. XXV: no. 30.13. 185 Tsountas 1898, 163; id. 1899, 108, n. 1; Branigan 164 Blegen et al. 1950, figs. 125: 9; Blegen et al. 1951, 91, 1974, 30, Type I; cat. no. 1186; pl. 15: 1186. fig. 47: 37.739; Branigan 1974, 35, Type IIIa; cat. no. 186 Lamb 1936, 172: 29.1; 174: 31.9; 175: 31.48; fig. 48 b: 1618; pl. 18: 1618; no. 29.1; pl. XXV: nos. 31.9, 32.48; Branigan 1974, 30, 165 Tsountas 1899, 101, pl. 10: 15-16; Branigan 1974, 36, Types I and II; cat. nos. 1195, 1228, 1229; pl. 15: 1195, Type XI; cat. nos. 2065-2066; pl. 19: 2065-2066. 1228, 1229. 166 Marangou 1990, 62-63, no. 36, right. 187 Schmidt 1902, nos. 6414-6422, 6423 a-k; Blegen et al. 167 Sampson 1988b, 107, fig. 93: 7, pl. 88. 1950, figs. 125; 358: 36.414; Blegen et al. 1951, 108, 168 Blegen 1928, 181, pl. XX: 9. 112, figs. 47: 33.271, 34.509; 147: 37.753, 33.119; Branigan 1974, 30, Types I-III; cat. nos. 1192-1194, 1196-1197, 1200, 1202, 1209-1217, 1218-1227, 1234; pl. 15: 1192, 1194, 1196, 1200, 1202, 1234. 188 Hood 1982, 660-661, fig. 295: 7, pl. 138: 7.

544 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU where they are found in both Chalcolithic and and the so-called “Kythnos hoard”208 (Fig. 3: 6- Early Bronze Age levels, Aphrodisias190 and 7) -now shown to originate in Naxos209- find Karataş-Semayük191. parallels at Troy II and III210, Thermi III b and IV211, Emporio II212, Iasos213, in the Early The unslotted spearhead with a rat-tail 214 192 Bronze 3a of Beycesultan and in the Bronze tang from Panormos on Naxos belongs to an 215 Anatolian type193 which has a wide distribution Age 4 of Aphrodisias . in Western Asia Minor194 and Cilicia, and is the The biconical spindle whorls which are predominant form in Cyprus195 (Fig. 3: 4). known from the Cyclades can also be Likewise, the slotted spearhead with a rat-tail parallelled in the East Aegean islands and the tang from Dokathismata T 14 on Amorgos196 Western Asia Minor, where they are extremely (Fig. 3: 5) is of a type which constitutes the common216. The plain or undecorated ones main form in Anatolia197: it is seen at Troy II- from Chalandriani217 and Aplomata on V198, in Early Bronze 3 Tarsus199, elsewhere in Naxos218 find parallels at Troy I and II219, and Asia Minor (Larisa, Alaca Höyük200, at Emporio V-I220, while those with incised Horoztepe, Kültepe, Ordu) as well as in the East decoration from Chalandriani221 (Fig. 2: 34), Mediterranean (Tell Judeideh, Til Barsib)201. Aplomata222, Phylakopi on Melos223 and Manika224 are similar to those from Thermi225, The flat axes or chisels known from 226 227 202 203 204 205 Troy I-V , Emporio V-I , the Samian Naxos , Amorgos , Syros , Paros , 228 “Herakleia”206, the Goulan dris Collection207 Heraion , the Early Bronze 1-3 of Beycesultan229, Aphrodisias230, where they first

208 Renfrew 1967, 8, pls. 5-6: nos. 34-39; Branigan 1974, cat. nos. 610-612, 794-796; pl. 29: 610-612; id. 1977, 189 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 281-282, fig. F. 8: nos. 1-3; 119, fig. 93: 11-12. 287-289, fig. F. 11: 10-16; pl. XXXV b: 9-11. 209 Fitton 1989. 190 Kadish 1969, 61, 62; pl. 27: fig. 29. 210 Schmidt 1902, nos. 5831-5841, 6046; Blegen et al. 191 Warner 1994, pls. 188 e, h; 189 a, d. 1951, fig. 47: 33.235, 37.773; Branigan 1974, cat. nos. 192 Doumas 1964, 412; id. 1990, 162; id. 1992, 67-68, pl. 627, 892-893; pls. 13: 627; 15: 892-893. VII: 6-7. 211 Lamb 1936, 172-173, pls. XXV and XLVII: 29.9, 193 Stronach 1957, 103, 104-107: Type 1, fig. 4. 29.10, 30.34a, 30.34b; Branigan 1974, cat. nos. 602- 194 e. g. Schliemann 1880, nos. 811-814; Branigan 1974, 604, 770; pls. 13: 602-604, 14: 770. 19, Type Xa; cat. nos. 461-470; pl. 10: 461 (Troy IIg). 212 Hood 1982, 663, fig. 295, pl. 138: no. 13. 195 Catling 1964, 56-59, figs. 1-2, pl. 2 a-b; Renfrew 1967, 213 Pecorella 1984, 75: no. 6, fig. 14: 6, tav. XXXIII: 124. 10, Type Ia; pl. 7: Ia; Dikaios and Stewart 1962, 242- 214 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 286-287, fig. F. 9: 7, pl. 245, Class I; figs. 97; 98: 1-3. XXXV: 1 (level X). 196 Tsountas 1898, 154, pl. 12: 2; Renfrew 1967, 10, Type 215 Joukowsky 1986, i, 288; ii, 595, fig. 431: 60; 597, fig. Ib; pl. 7: Ib; Branigan 1974, 19, Type VIII; cat. no. 432: 9. 448; pl. 27: 448; id. 1977, 119, fig. 93: 5. 216 Cosmopoulos 1991, 87. 197 Stronach 1957, 103, 107-111: Type 2; figs. 5-6, 9: 6, 217 Tsountas 1899, 105. pl. VII a; Barber 1987, 102, fig. 74: no. 5. 218 Marangou 1990, 81, no. 77. 198 Schliemann 1880, no. 901; Schmidt 1902, nos. 5842- 219 Blegen et al. 1950, 50-51, 216-218; figs. 222: 33.150; 5844; Branigan 1974, 19, Type X; cat. nos. 455-460; 368. pl. 10: 457, 459. 220 Hood 1982, 637-640: nos. 16-21, 33-34, 38-39, 41-42; 199 Goldman 1956, 284, 292, fig. 428: no. 93. fig. 287: Group C; pl. 133: 18-19, 21, 38, 41. 200 Mellink 1956, 47-49, pl. III: fig. 1. 221 Tsountas 1899, 105, pl. 10: 6; Zervos 1957, fig. 265. 201 Stronach 1957, 107-111; Barber 1987, 102. 222 Kontoleon 1972, 154, pl. 143 a (where he calls them 202 Papathanassopoulos 1961-62, 144-146, pl. 77: a1-a3, b; “beads”); Marangou 1990, 81, nos. 76, 78. Branigan 1974, cat. nos. 615-616, 625, 787, 789, 885; 223 Atkinson et al. 1904, 213, pl. XXXVIII: 15-17. pls. 13: 615-616, 625; 14: 787, 789, 885. Several other 224 Sampson 1985, 298. examples are in the Apeiranthos Museum. 225 Lamb 1936, 161-163, fig. 47: 2-4, 6-13, 16-21, 23. 203 Tsountas 1898, pl. 12: 7; Renfrew 1967, 8, 19, pl. 9, 226 Blegen et al. 1950, 50-51, 216-218; figs. 222: 33.116, nos. 43, 45; Branigan 1974, cat. nos. 608, 791; pls. 14: 33.264, 35.103, 36.277; 366-368; Blegen et al. 1951, 791; 26: 608. 15-16, 116-117, 233-234; figs. 54, 57-58, 151-153, 204 Zervos 1957, fig. 260, bottom; Bossert 1967, 65, Abb. 236-237; Renfrew 1972, 352, fig. 17. 3. 2: 4; Branigan 1974, cat. no. 776; pl. 14: 776. 227 Hood 1982, 639-640: nos. 22-32, 35-37; figs. 287: 205 Renfrew 1967, 8, 19, pl. 9, no. 44. Group C, 288; pl. 133: 23, 26-29, 31-32, 36-37. 206 Thimme 1977, 546, no. 455; 586-588, fig. 196. 228 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 23: 5-10; 32: 6; 41: 27-28, 31-33; 207 Doumas 1968, 161, no. 224; id. 1983, 44, 160, no. 202; 43: 4-9; 49: 3-6, 11-14. Branigan 1974, cat. no. 803; pl. 15: 803. 229 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 277-278, figs. F. 5-F. 6.

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 545 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age appear in Late Chalcolithic 2 and reappear in this area are Liman Tepe and, in case that this is Bronze Age 2, and Karataş-Semayük231. proved to be so, Palamari. Finally, the squat spindle whorl with incised On the other hand, the fortifications with decoration from Chalandriani232 (Fig. 2: 35) horseshoe-shaped bastions, seen again at Lerna finds parallels at Thermi233, at Troy II d-g and III245, Kolona -but town V246-, Palamari247 and IV234, in the Early Bronze 3b of Beycesultan235, Liman Tepe248, and also appearing at Kastri on and at Aphrodisias, where the type begins in Syros249, Panormos on Naxos250 and Thasos251, Late Chalcolithic 1 and continues through to the have a primarily island distribution, and are Iron Age236. sometimes connected with sites where material The last phase of the Early Bronze 2 of the “Kastri group” has been found (Kastri, period is characterized by the appearance in the Panormos, Liman Tepe). Aegean of two architectural forms, the so-called Some scholars have suggested Near “corridor house” and the fortifications with Eastern prototypes for these architectural forms, horseshoe-shaped bastions. Mesopotamian for the corridor house252, Syro- The “corridor house” type237 has so far Palestinian for the fortifications with horseshoe- been found at Lerna III238, Akovitika in shaped bastions253, whereas others argue for an Messenia239, Thebes240, Kolona II and III on indigenous development of the corridor house Aigina241, and at Liman Tepe242, on the western and suggest that the type grew out of a coast of Asia Minor. Other possible examples combination of simpler house forms254. The of the type are reported from Zygouries, suggestion of a Near Eastern origin of these Prosymna, Asea, Tiryns, Eutresis, Manika243 forms does not seem unlikely, particularly in and Palamari on Skyros244. The corridor house, view of the fact that both of them have now appearing most frequently in the area between been discovered at Liman Tepe, through which Boeotia and Messenia, is considered to be they would have spread to the Aegean. In characteristic of Mainland Greece and peculiar corroboration of this view, one could refer to to the Early Helladic II architecture. The only the evidence of connections between the sites with this type of building which lie outside Aegean and the Near East during this period, offered by both the direct imports in the Aegean from that area and the Aegean objects imitating 255 230 Kadish 1969, 61-65, ill. 11; pls. 26: figs. 24-27; 27: Near Eastern models . In this case, the figs. 34-35; 28: fig. 38, bottom row; Joukowsky 1986, i, 373-379; figs. 312: 1, 3-5, 7, 9-12; 313: 1, 3, 7-14, 245 Caskey 1958, 132-134, pls. 33 a, 34 a-b. 16. 246 Walter & Felten 1981, 28-33, Abb. 21-22, Plan 7. 231 Mellink 1967, 264, pl. 84: figs. 52-53, 57; Warner 247 Theochari-Parlama 1997, 347-353, figs. 1-2, pls. 1 b, 3- 1994, pls. 183-185. 5. 232 Tsountas 1899, 105, pl. 10: 7. 248 H. Erkanal 1996, 77, figs. 8-9; id. 1997, 5, plans 2 e, 3; 233 Lamb 1936, 161-163, fig. 47: 5, 15. fig. 11. 234 Blegen et al. 1950, 216-218, fig. 366: 36.13, 36.24, 249 Tsountas 1899, 115-130, fig. 32; Bossert 1967, 57-57, 35.280, 36.272; Blegen et al. 1951, 116-117, fig. 152: Plan II. 33.32, 36.286. 250 Doumas 1964, 411, fig. 2, pl. 483. 235 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 277-278, fig. F. 6: 4-5 (level 251 Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, paper delivered at the VI). Poliochni Congress, 1996. 236 Joukowsky 1986, i, 373-379, figs. 312: 2, 6, 8, 16; 313: 252 Cosmopoulos 1991, 24, n. 43. 6, 15. 253 Höckmann 1977, 161, fig. 161. For this see also 237 Shaw 1987; id. 1990. Sotirakopoulou 1997, 538. 238 Caskey 1956, 162-166, fig. 5; id. 1957, pl. 45; id. 1958, 254 Cosmopoulos 1991, 23-24, n. 44. 128, fig. 1, pls. 30, 31 a; id. 1959, 203, fig. 1. 255 Such are: a) the ivory used in the Early Bronze 2 239 Themelis 1970, 303-311, figs. 1-3; Karagiorga 1971, Aegean, which is generally considered to have been 126-129, fig. 2. imported from Egypt or the Near East (Renfrew 1972, 240 Aravantinos 1986. 445-448; Cosmopoulos 1991, 100-101); to this 241 Walter & Felten 1981, 12-13, Abb. 3 (Stadt II); 14-21, category belong a number of ivory objects from Crete Abb. 4-5 (Stadt III). (Renfrew 1972, 95, fig. 6. 7; 447-448; Cosmopoulos 242 H. Erkanal 1996, 78, 80, figs. 10-11; id. 1997, 5, plan 2 1991, 272, nos. 2-29), three ivory objects from Troy II b, fig. 8. (Blegen et al. 1950, 316: 37.568, 324: 36.37, 337: 243 Shaw 1990, 186 35.546; fig. 365: 35.546, 36.37, 37.568), an ivory 244 Theochari-Parlama 1997, 353. cylinder seal from Poliochni giallo (Bernabò-Brea

546 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU widespread occurrence of fortifications with in Mesopotamia, Central Anatolia, Troy II g, horseshoe-shaped bastions in the islands shows Poliochni giallo and Kastri on Syros258. clearly the way through which the idea of I have argued elsewhere259 that factors making such constructions travelled to the such as certain typological observations, range opposite Aegean coast. In the case of the of variants, frequency of occurrences, and time corridor house, however, whatever the truth and place of first appearance indicate that the about the origin of the form, we are missing as aforementioned forms of the “Kastri group” yet the evidence of the way through which the pottery originated from different parts of Asia idea was conveyed from one side of the Aegean Minor, and that the three latter of them spread to the other. In this respect, the documentation to the Cyclades and, through them, to Mainland of the form at Palamari would be undoubtedly Greece via Samos and Chios, islands whose of particular importance. relations with the Cyclades, as shown above, go back as far as the Aegean Late Neolithic period. THE “KASTRI” PHASE The depas amphikypellon260 (Fig. 2: 24) About the end of the Early Bronze 2 may, on present evidence, have originated in period and in the transitional Early Bronze 2-3 Troy, not only because of the great number of phase in the Cyclades and the eastern part of the examples but also because of the wide range Mainland Greece appear certain ceramic forms of variants of the type seen at that site261. It of foreign origin, namely the depas seems possible that its spread to the Cyclades amphikypellon, the one-handled tankard, the and the Greek Mainland was achieved via two-handled bell-shaped cup and the steep- Lemnos (Poliochni) and Skyros (Palamari), necked jug with a long beaked spout, which are islands with which the Cyclades had already considered to be characteristic of the so-called established relationships in the preceding "Kastri group"256. The arrival of the “Kastri periods. group” pottery in the Aegean coincides with the The one-handled tankard262 (Fig. 2: 25) simultaneous introduction in this area of the use has probably originated in the Southwest Asia of the potter’s wheel257, as well as with the Minor, as Mellink has already suggested263, sudden appearance of metal objects of tin both on typological and chronological grounds. bronze -supposedly coming from further east- From the viewpoint of position of the handle, height of the neck in comparison with that of the body and the occasionally existing 1976, 298-302, tav. CCLIV; Renfrew 1972, 445, pl. 23: decoration, the Cycladic and most Aegean 3; Hood 1978, 271, n. 33) and an ivory pommel from Thebes (Demakopoulou-Konsola 1975, 80, pl. 37 ε: μ); examples of the type lie closer to the tankards b) the greenstone cylinder seal from Amorgos from Troy and Karataş-Semayük: by contrast (Renfrew 1967, 7, cat. no. 19, pl. 4: 19; id. 1972, 445, with the examples we know from the rest of pl. 23: 2; Thimme 1977, 157-158, 545-546, 583, no. Asia Minor and Poliochni264, these have, as a 453; Hood 1978, 212-213, fig. 211 C; Cosmopoulos 1991, 104, 109), considered either Syrian or even rule, a handle which springs from the neck and Mesopotamian in origin, or as an imitation of a Syrian ends at the shoulder, or sometimes the belly, seal-type. Renfrew (1972, 445), however, states that, 2 and a tall neck, equal at least to /3 of the height while Near Eastern influence is certainly a possibility, of the body. In only a few cases do we find it would at least be possible to argue for a local 265 inspiration; and c) the hut pyxis of chlorite-schist from necks shorter than that and the handle on the Melos (Thimme 1977, 161, 520-521, no. 360), thought to be a copy of similar architectural forms in Palestine. Finally, the impression of a Mesopotamian cylinder 258 Pernicka, paper delivered at the Poliochni Congress, seal on an indigenous Samian jar found at Heraion 1996. (Isler 1973, 175, top right) is another implication of 259 Sotirakopoulou 1997, 530-535. connections between the Aegean and the Near East 260 Ibid. 1997, 530-531. during this period. 261 Podzuweit 1979, 151-153, Taf. 6, 1, A: I-VI. 256 For the “Kastri group” pottery and its chronology see 262 Sotirakopoulou 1997, 531-533. Sotirakopoulou 1993, 5-20. 263 Mellink 1986, 148, 150. 257 Rutter 1979, 6, 8; id. 1983, 336 n. 19, 347-348; 264 Bernabò-Brea 1964, tav. CXLIII: a-f. MacGillivray 1980, 24 n. 74; Konsola 1981, 119; 265 Tsountas 1899, pl. 9: 5; Zervos 1957, fig. 184; Renfrew Barber 1987, 89; Cosmopoulos 1991, 40. 1972, pl. 9: 4.

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 547 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age shoulder266, while in certain others the necks phase (Heraion I?274) corresponding to the are of about the same height as the body or Aegean Early Bronze 2 period. taller than the body267. However, the Trojan The two-handled bell-shaped cup of the examples of the type lack, as a rule, the clear type which is characteristic of the “Kastri demarcation between the neck and the body268. group”275 (Fig. 2: 26) is so far seen in Asia Moreover, the only Aegean examples of one- Minor only in the Early Bronze 3a period of handled tankards with fine horizontal ridges on Tarsus in Cilicia276 and at Liman Tepe. Similar the neck reported from Ayia Irini on Kea269 cups, though somewhat differing in the can, in a way, be parallelled to the tankards formation of the rim and the sides and in the from Karataş-Semayük, Sizma Hüyük and rendering of the handles, are also seen at the Yazir Hüyük in the South and Southwest Asia Samian Heraion277. Thus, it seems probable that Minor, which have horizontal grooves, instead the type originated in Cilicia and spread to the of ridges, on the neck and body or on the body Aegean by means of the İzmir region and alone270. From every point of view, then, the Samos. Aegean examples of the type lie closer to those from the Southwest Asia Minor. It is this part, Finally, the steep-necked jug with a long then, which seems to have been the place of beaked spout278 (Fig. 2: 30) seems again to origin of the one-handled tankard. In have originated in Asia Minor, and possibly corroboration of this view we can also refer to somewhere in the southwest part of it. This is the fact that the type appears there earlier than proved not only by the fact that both this and its in the Aegean: at Aphrodisias it appears in a variant with a tall cut-away spout (Fig. 2: 29) phase corresponding to the Aegean Early are common in Asia Minor, but also by the fact Bronze 1 and the early Early Bronze 2 that they first make their appearance there periods271, while at Iasos it is seen in the earlier than in the Aegean: the jug with a long 279 transitional Early Bronze 1-2 phase272. At beaked spout occurs at Yortan , 280 281 Liman Tepe, the one-handled tankard, together Beycesultan and Tarsus already in the Early Bronze 2 period, while the variant with with the depas, the bell-shaped cup and the 282 incised pyxis, was found in association with the tall cut-away spout occurs at Aphrodisias Urfirnis sauceboat sherds273, while on Samos, in a phase corresponding to the Aegean Early Bronze 1 and the early Early Bronze 2, at through which it evidently spread to the 283 Cyclades and the Greek Mainland, it is seen in a Iasos in the transitional Early Bronze 1-2 phase and at Yortan284 in the Early Bronze 2 period. At Emporio, the steep-necked jug with a long beaked spout appears in a phase (Period II) 266 Tsountas 1899, pl. 9: 5; Zervos 1957, fig. 184; Renfrew corresponding to a late stage of Troy I and the 1972, 452, fig. 20. 4: 3, pl. 9: 4; Caskey 1972, fig. 6: C 46; Wilson & Eliot 1984, fig. 1 a (Cyclades); Caskey & Caskey 1960, fig. 7: III. 6; Popham & Sackett 1968, fig. 7: 7; Konsola 1981, fig. 3 δ (Mainland Greece). 274 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 15: 6, 21: 1, 47: 4, 6. 267 e. g. Tsountas 1899, pl. 9: 7, 11; Zervos 1957, fig. 183; 275 Sotirakopoulou 1997, 533. Caskey 1970, 342; id. 1972, pl. 80: C 42-C 44 276 Garstang & Goldman 1947, pls. XCII: 1, XCIII: 1; (Cyclades); Theocharis 1952, fig. 12; Konsola 1981, Goldman 1956, 142-143, pls. 266, 356, 358, nos. 488- 122, fig. 3 δ (Mainland Greece); Schmidt 1902, nos. 491. 1097, 1761, 2000; Blegen et al. 1951, pls. 160+185: 277 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 14: 9; 39: 23, 28; 47: 8, 12. 37.1127, F 8-9.150; 259: 4 (Troy); Mellink 1964, 276, 278 Sotirakopoulou 1997, 533-534. pl. 80: fig. 14; ead. 1967, 253, pl. 76: fig. 9 (Karataş- 279 Forsdyke 1925, 6, pl. I, A36; CVA, France, Fasc. IV, Semayük). Louvre IFb, pl. 2: 30; Kâmil 1982, pls. XVII: 281, 268 Podzuweit 1979, Taf. 7, 1: H I. XIX: 36; figs. 81: 281, 97: 36. 269 Caskey 1972, fig. 6: C 45; Wilson & Eliot 1984, fig. 1 280 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 167, fig. P. 41: 5 a-c, pl. d. XXIIa: 4 (level XIV). 270 Mellaart 1954, figs. 323-324; Mellink 1964, pl. 80: fig. 281 Goldman 1956, 108, 112, 119, 128-129, nos. 224, 356; 15. pls. 250: 224, 262: 356. 271 Joukowsky 1986, ii, 563, fig. 405: 19, and 282 Joukowsky 1986, i, 394; ii, 563, fig. 405: 8; 583, fig. chronological chart on i, 476. 421: 16. 272 Pecorella 1984, 46-47, 48, fig. 2: 14-15; tav. XXXIV: 283 Pecorella 1984, 49, fig. 3, no. 21, tav. XLIX: 201. 129, XLIX: 198; for the dating of Iasos see ibid. 103. 284 Forsdyke 1925, 6, pl. I, A37; Kâmil 1982, pl. XVII: 273 Şahoğlu, in this volume. 277, 282; figs. 80: 277, 82: 282.

548 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU early part of Troy II285, while that with the tall truncated conical291 (Fig. 2: 28), seen at cut-away spout appears in a phase (Period IV) Heraion IV on Samos292 and Asomatos on corresponding to the earlier stages of Troy I286. Rhodes293, and the incised askoi of Phylakopi I Both variants of the steep-necked jug, then, type294 (Fig. 2: 33) found at the Samian Heraion seem to have spread to the Aegean by means of IV295, the Vathy Bay Cave296, Seraglio on Chios. Kos297, Rhodes298, Troy IV-V299, Bozhüyük300, Beycesultan X-VIII301 and Aphrodisias302, and The presence at this time in the Aegean imitated even in Cyprus303. A miniature black islands of intrusive elements, coming from the askos from Karataş-Semayük304, resembling east, has been viewed as a consequence either those from Kastri on Syros305 (Fig. 2: 21), is of intensified exchange287 or of the said by the excavator to come close to the Early strengthening of ties between the peoples of the Helladic III askoid vessels, while two other Aegean and Asia Minor after the violent askoi from Rhodes are painted in the Phylakopi destructions kn o wn to have taken place in both I dark-on-light rectilinear style306. Dark-on- areas about the end of the Early Bronze 2 light pattern-painted ware reminiscent of this period288 or of a competition in the Aegean and style is also reported from the Vathy Bay the west of Anatolia, by peaceful or aggressive Cave307 and Asomatos308. A miniature askoid means, for the acquisition of new sources of jug with a gently curving neck from Karataş- power, including the rare metals and “foreign” technologies289.

Abb. 11-12; ead. 1967, 71, Abb. 4: 2; Renfrew 1972, THE EARLY BRONZE 3 PERIOD 173, fig. 11. 2: 3, pl. 9: 3; Rutter 1979, fig. 2: 5; MacGillivray 1980, 17-18, figs. 5: 56, 419, 433; 6: 418; The Early Bronze 3 (c. 2300-2000 BC.) Wilson & Eliot 1984, 79, fig. 1: f-g; 291 appears to be a period of consolidation of the See: Tsountas 1899, pl. 9: 24, 24a; Atkinson et al. 1904, pls. IV: 1-3, V: 1-6; Rubensohn 1917, 42-43, advances of the preceding period, in both the Abb. 42-43; Åberg 1933, 83, Abb. 154; 105, Abb. 201- Aegean and Asia Minor. The Cyclades continue 202; Zervos 1957, figs. 75, 85, 198; Renfrew 1972, to have close trading ties with the islands of the 188, fig. 12. 2: 1-2; Barber 1981, 171, pl. 3. 292 East and Southeast Aegean and the Western Milojčić 1961, Taf. 15: 3, 49: 9 (spherical); ibid. Taf. 49: 8; Isler 1973, 175 (truncated conical). Asia Minor, in particular the southern part of it, 293 Marketou 1997, 401. and the East Aegean islands continue to play 294 See: Atkinson et al. 1904, pls. IV: 6, 8; V: 8-12; the role of the intermediary in the exchange of Rubensohn 1917, 19, Abb. 8-9; 22, Abb. 12; 39-42, products and ideas between the two regions, but Abb. 35-41b; 54, Abb. 57; Zervos 1957, figs. 92-93, 95; Renfrew 1972, 188, fig. 12. 2: 5, pl. 12; Overbeck the signs of contact have actually diminished. 1989, figs. 12-19, 38. Thus, Cycladic forms or styles are transported 295 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 15: 2; 18; 19: 8; 20: 2-3, 5; 23: 1; to Samos and the Dodecanese and, through 24: 7-13; 38: 16; 41: 22; 42: 17; 49: 15-18; Isler 1973, them, to the opposite coasts of Asia Minor, in 173 top, middle and right. 296 Furness 1956, 191, fig. 11: 1, pl. XX: 4-7; Benzi 1997, particular the southwest part of it, while forms 388-390, pl. 3 a-c. of the East Aegean and the Western Asia Minor 297 Marketou 1990, 41; ead. 1997, 407. find their way to the Cyclades and, in certain 298 Marketou 1990, 42; ead. 1997, 401, 402, fig. 6 cases, to Mainland Greece. (Asomatos). 299 Schmidt 1902, 92: no. 2066; Blegen et al. 1951, 109- To the Cycladic forms belong the incised 110, 136, 249, figs. 154 b: D29, 170: 13, 256: 41. 300 pyxides, both spherical290 (Fig. 2: 27) and Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 214-215, fig. P. 53: 2; Renfrew 1972, 192, pl. 12: 4. 301 Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 215, 217, figs. P. 53: 1; P. 56: 285 Hood 1982, 538, fig. 237, pl. 103: no. 2392. For the 1, 8. dating of Emporio II see ibid. 724; Joukowsky 1986, i, 302 Kadish 1969, 64, pl. 23: fig. 7; Joukowsky 1986, i, 395, 456. fig. 329: 1-2; ii, 587, fig. 425: 34. 286 Hood 1981, 390-391, fig. 177, pl. 69: nos. 1168-1169. 303 Merrillees 1979, 14-15, pl. II: 5-7; Dikaios and Stewart For the dating of Emporio IV see Hood 1982, 723; 1962, 277 n. 2, 283, 313, Type III B a, figs. XCVIII: 6, Joukowsky 1986, i, 456. CLII: 14. 287 Davis 1987, 32. 304 Mellink 1967, 253-254, pl. 76: fig. 12. 288 Joukowsky 1986, i, 446. 305 Bossert 1967, Abb. 5: 1-2; Rutter 1985, fig. 1: 1-2. 289 Nakou 1997, 644-645. 306 Merrillees 1979, 37, pl. III: 4. 290 See: Tsountas 1899, pl. 9: 15, 20; Rubensohn 1917, 44, 307 Benzi 1997, 390-392, pls. 3 d, 4 a-b. Abb. 45; Zervos 1957, fig. 101; Bossert 1960, 12-13, 308 Marketou 1990, 42-43; Benzi 1997, 392.

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 549 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age

Semayük309 seems to imitate the profile of a Age at Troy331 and other sites of Asia Minor rising spout tilted backward in Cycladic (Kusura, Alişar Hüyük, Tarsus, Mersin)332, are fashion310. Finally, a part of a trefoil-mouthed found in the earlier prehistoric levels of the jug with red lustrous slip from Seraglio311 is Samian Heraion333, in an apparently early Early said to be the same as the jug from Ayios Cycladic III context at Akrotiri on Thera334, at Loukas on Syros312. Manika335 and at Lerna336. To the forms of Asia Minor found at this Finally, a neck-handled jug with trumpet time in the Aegean belong the wheelmade mouth and painted dark-on-light decoration carinated bowls313 from the Samian Heraion III- from Phylakopi I337 finds parallels in jugs of the IV314, Seraglio315 and Tenos316 (Fig. 2: 31), the characteristic Samian shape commonly found in two-handled tankards317 (Fig. 2: 32) from several Heraion IV contexts338 and also Heraion IV-V318, the Vathy Bay Cave319, recorded from the Vathy Bay Cave and Seraglio320, Asomatos321 and Ayia Irini III-IV Asomatos339. on Kea322, and the face-pots323 from 324 325 Asomatos , Ayia Irini III and Aghios Conclusions Kosmas326. Moreover, the roll-top pins327, seen The archaeological evidence set out in a Chalcolithic level at Sitagroi328, in periods above proves, beyond any doubt, the existence verde and giallo of Poliochni329, in all periods of contacts among the Cyclades, the East of Thermi330 and throughout the Early Bronze Aegean islands and the Western Asia Minor from the very beginning of the Late Neolithic 309 Mellink 1967, 253-254, pl. 76: fig. 11. period through to the end of the Early Bronze 310 Atkinson et al. 1904, 91-92: no. 5, pl. IV: 11; Forsdyke Age, and the role played by each one of these 1925, 59-60: A331; fig. 69, pl. V: A331; Zervos 1957, figs. 130-132; Thimme 1977, 536, no. 419. three regions in the transport of products and 311 Marketou 1990, 41. ideas from one side of the Aegean to the other. 312 Tsountas 1899, 94-95, pl. 9: 6; Barber 1981, 168: no. 2, The important finds now coming to light 170: pl. 2. by the excavations at the sites of Liman Tepe 313 See: Lloyd & Mellaart 1962, 201, 207, 215, 219-221, figs. P. 47: 7-8, 35-37; P. 50: 12, 14-16; P. 52: 5; P. 55: and Bakla Tepe in the İzmir region constitute 6; P. 57: 14-16; P. 63: 20a (Beycesultan XII-VIb). further evidence in support not only of the close 314 Milojčić 1961, Taf. 14: 3, 38: 53, 45: 18. ties of the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland 315 French 1966, 49, fig. 7: 1. with the Aegean coast of Western Asia Minor 316 French 1966, 50, fig. 7: 2. 317 See: Podzuweit 1979, 154, Taf. 6, 1: B II (Troy IV); but also of the role evidently played by the French 1967, 36 (Beycesultan VI). Maeander and the Hermus river valleys in the 318 Milojčić 1961, 46, Taf. 15: 4, 8; 21: 5; 39: 22; 41: 13- cultural exchanges between the Aegean and 15; 43: 33, 37; 47: 1; Isler 1973, 173, 2nd row, middle and right. inland Anatolia. 319 Benzi 1997, 386, pl. 1 d-e. 320 Marketou 1990, 41, fig. 2. 321 Marketou 1990, 42; ead., paper given at the Urla PANAYIOTA SOTIRAKOPOULOU Symposium. 35 Laskou Street, Pangrati, 11633, 322 Caskey 1964, 320, pl. 49 a; id. 1972, 373. Athens, GREECE 323 See: Blegen 1963, 97, pl. 31: top right and bottom; Podzuweit 1979, 184-186, Taf. 11, 2, A: Ib3; 193-194, Taf. 15, 2, A: IIa; 218-219, Taf. 22, 1, A: Ib; 236, Taf. 331 Schmidt 1902, nos. 6380-6398, 6683-6684; Blegen et 25, 2, O: I (Troy II-III); Efe-İlasli 1997, 601, pl. I: 15- al. 1950, figs. 215: 36.415; 357: 35.563; Blegen et al. 18 (Seyitömer Hüyük); Mellaart 1963, 216, 218, fig. 1951, figs. 47: 34.199; 234: 35.493. 10: 16-20, 22, 24 (Konya plain, Early Bronze 2). 332 At some of these sites the type is seen already in the 324 Marketou 1997, 401, fig. 5; ead., paper given at the Chalcolithic period as well as after the Early Bronze Urla Symposium. Age. For references see Bernabò-Brea 1964, 664. 325 Caskey 1972, 375: C51, pl. 81: C51 a-b. 333 Milojčić 1961, 53: no. 13, Taf. 50: 6. 326 Mylonas 1959, 79-80, fig. 143: no. 510. 334 Two unpublished examples, for which see 327 Branigan 1974, 35, Type III; cat. nos. 1543-1616; pl. Sotirakopoulou (forthcoming). 18: 1543-1616. 335 Sampson 1988b, 107-108, fig. 93: 9, pl. 91. 328 Renfrew 1970, pl. XLIII, top right (phase III). 336 Ibid. 329 Bernabò-Brea 1964, 664, tav. CLXXV: 1, CLXXVI: 337 Atkinson et al. 1904, 101, pl. VIII: 7. 17; id. 1976, 294-295, tav. CCXXXVI: m-n. 338 Milojčić 1961, 46, Taf. 13: 1-2; 19: 1-3; 27: 4; 39: 6; 330 Lamb 1936, 166-167, 176, fig. 48 b: 32.15; pl. XXV: 42: 15-16; 43: 14; 47: 13. 32.15, 32.46. 339 Benzi 1997, 386, fig. 1 f.

550 Panayiota SOTIRAKOPOULOU

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List of Illustrations: Fig. 1: Mainland Greece, the Aegean islands and Asia Minor: the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age sites mentioned in the text. 1. Ayia Irini, Kephala; 2. Ayios Loukas; 3. Chalandriani, Kastri; 4. Mavri Spilia; 5. Grotta, Aplomata; 6. Akrotiri (Naxos); 7. Zas Cave; 8. Ayioi Anargyroi; 9. Panormos; 10. Spedos; 11. Louros; 12. Saliagos; 13. Despotiko; 14. Phylakopi; 15. Akrotiri (Thera); 16. Kapros; 17. Dokathismata; 18. Poliochni; 19. Koukonissi; 20. Palamari; 21. Thermi; 22. Mytilene; 23. Ayio Gala; 24. Emporio; 25. Heraion; 26. Tigani; 27. Vathy Bay Cave; 28. Seraglio; 29. Yiali; 30. Asomatos; 31. Kalythies; 32. Tomb of Protesilaos; 33. Kum Tepe; 34. Troy; 35. Bayindirköy; 36. Babaköy; 37. Yortan; 38. Çandarlı; 39. Larisa; 40. İzmir; 41. Liman Tepe; 42. Bakla Tepe; 43. Ephesos; 44. Miletos; 45. Iasos; 46. Bozdağ; 47. Karataş-Semayük; 48. Ahirköy; 49. Aphrodisias; 50. Yazir Hüyük; 51. Alaşehir; 52. Beycesultan; 53. Kusura; 54. Athens; 55. Peiraeus; 56. Aghios Kosmas; 57. Kitsos Cave; 58. Thorikos; 59. Kolona; 60. Corinth; 61. Zygouries; 62. Prosymna; 63. Tiryns; 64. Lerna; 65. Asea; 66. Thebes; 67. Eutresis; 68. Manika; 69. Skoteini Cave; 70. Ayia Triadha Cave; 71. Pefkakia; 72. Petromagoula; 73. Kritsana; 74. Sitagroi; 75. Dikili Tash; 76. Varna; 77. Bozhüyük; 78. Demircihüyük; 79. Sizma Hüyük; 80. Ordu; 81. Horoztepe; 82. Alaca Höyük; 83. Alişar Hüyük; 84. Kültepe; 85. Tarsus; 86. Mersin; 87. Tell Judeideh; 88. Byblos. Fig. 2: Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age forms from the Cyclades, the East Aegean islands and the Western Asia Minor. Fig. 3: Early Bronze Age metal types common in the Cyclades, the East Aegean islands and the Western Asia Minor.

The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 555 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age

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The Cyclades, the East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean 557 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age