ANKARA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Publication No: 1

Proceedings of the International Symposium

The Aegean in the , and the Early

October 13th – 19th 1997, Urla - İzmir (Turkey)

Edited by

Hayat Erkanal, Harald Hauptmann, Vasıf Şahoğlu, Rıza Tuncel

Ankara • 2008 ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ / ANKARA UNIVERSITY SUALTI ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA ve UYGULAMA MERKEZİ (ANKÜSAM) RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Yayın No / Publication No: 1

Ön kapak: İzmir - Höyücek’de ele geçmiş insan yüzü tasvirli bir stel. M.Ö. 3. Bin. Front cover: A stelae depicting a face from İzmir - Höyücek . 3rd BC. Arka kapak: Liman Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı II, Atnalı Biçimli Bastiyon. Back cover: Early Bronze Age II horse-shoe shaped bastion at Liman Tepe.

Kapak Tasarımı / Cover Design : Vasıf Şahoğlu

ISBN: 978-975-482-767-5

Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi / Ankara University Press İncitaşı Sokak No:10 06510 Beşevler / ANKARA Tel: 0 (312) 213 66 55 Basım Tarihi: 31 / 03 / 2008

CONTENTS

Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………...... xi Preface by the Editors ………………………………………………………………………………… xiii Opening speech by the Mayor, Bülent BARATALI …...……………………………………………...... xxiii Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Ekrem AKURGAL ……………………………………...... xxv Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Christos DOUMAS……………………………………………………….. xxvii

LILIAN ACHEILARA Myrina in Prehistoric Times …..……………………………………………………………. 1

VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Données Récentes Concernant Le Site Prehistorique De Dimini: La Continuité de l’Habitation Littorale depuis le Début du Néolithique Récent jusqu’à la Fin du Bronze Ancien ……………………………………………………………………………… 9

IOANNIS ASLANIS Frühe Fortifikationssysteme in Griechenland ………………………………………………. 35

PANAGIOTA AYGERINOU A Flaked-Stone Industry from Mytilene: A Preliminary Report …………………………… 45

ANTHI BATZIOU – EFSTATHIOU Kastraki: A New Bronze Age Settlement in Achaea Phthiotis …………………………….. 73

MARIO BENZI A Forgotten Island: Kalymnos in the Period ……………………………….. 85

ÖNDER BİLGİ Relations between İkiztepe by the Black Sea Coast and the Aegean World before Iron Age ……………………………………………………………………………... 109

TRISTAN CARTER Cinnabar and the Cyclades: Body modification and Political Structure in the Late EB I Southern Cyclades ………………………………………………………...... 119

CHRISTOS DOUMAS The Aegean Islands and their Role in the Developement of Civilisation …………...... 131

ANTHI DOVA Prehistoric Topography of Lemnos: The Early Bronze Age ………………………………. 141

NIKOS EFSTRATIOU The Neolithic of the Aegean Islands: A New Picture Emerging …………………...... 159

HAYAT ERKANAL Die Neue Forschungen in Bakla Tepe bei İzmir ..…………………………………………. 165

HAYAT ERKANAL Liman Tepe: A New Light on the Prehistoric Aegean Cultures …………………………… 179

JEANNETTE FORSÉN The Asea Valley from the Neolithic Period to the Early Bronze Age ……………...... 191

DAVID H. FRENCH Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age of Southwest ………………...... 197 viii Contents

NOEL GALE Metal Sources for Early Bronze Age Troy and the Aegean ………………………...... 203

BARTHEL HROUDA Zur Chronologie Südwestkleinasiens in der 2. Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr ...... 223

HALİME HÜRYILMAZ 1996 Rettungsgrabungen auf dem Yenibademli Höyük, Gökçeada / Imbros …………….. 229

ERGUN KAPTAN Metallurgical Residues from Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Liman Tepe …………………………………………………………………………...... 243

ANNA KARABATSOLI and LIA KARIMALI Etude Comparative Des Industries Lithiques Taillées Du Néolithique Final Et Du Bronze Ancien Egéen : Le Cas De Pefkakia ………………………………………….. 251

NECMİ KARUL Flechtwerkgabäude aus Osttrakien ……………………………………………………….. 263

SİNAN KILIÇ The Early Bronze Age Pottery from Northwest Turkey in Light of Results of a Survey around the Marmara Sea ………………………………………………………….. 275

OURANIA KOUKA Zur Struktur der frühbronzezeitlichen insularen Gesellschaften der Nord- und Ostägäis: Ein neues Bild der sogenannten “Trojanischen Kultur”…………….. 285

NINA KYPARISSI – APOSTOLIKA Some Finds of Balkan (or Anatolian) Type in the Neolithic Deposit of Theopetra Cave, Thessaly …………………………………………………………………. 301

LAURA LABRIOLA First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Matt Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean ………………………………………………………………………… 309

ROBERT LAFFINEUR Aspects of Early Bronze Age Jewellery in the Aegean …………………………………… 323

KYRIAKOS LAMBRIANIDES and NIGEL SPENCER The Early Bronze Age Sites of Lesbos and the Madra Çay Delta: New Light on a Discrete Regional Centre of Prehistoric Settlement and Society in the Northeast Aegean ……………………………………………………...... 333

YUNUS LENGERANLI Metallic Mineral Deposits and Occurences of the Izmir District, Turkey ………………… 355

EFTALIA MAKRI – SKOTINIOTI and VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Les Sites Du Neolithique Recent Dans Le Golfe Pagasetique : La Transformation Des Sites De L’age De Bronze En Sites Urbains (Le Cas De Dimini) ……………………. 369

ELSA NIKOLAOU, VASSO RONDIRI and LIA KARIMALI Magoula Orgozinos: A Neolithic Site in Western Thessaly, Greece ………………………. 387

EMEL OYBAK and CAHİT DOĞAN Plant Remains from Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe in the İzmir Region ……………………. 399

Contents ix

DEMETRA PAPACONSTANTINOU Looking for ‘Texts’ in the Neolithic Aegean: Space, Place and the Study of Domestic Architecture (Poster summary) …………………………………...... 407

ATHANASSIOS J. PAPADOPOULOS and SPYRIDOULA KONTORLI – PAPADOPOULOU Some thoughts on the Problem of Relations between the Aegean and Western Greece in the Early Bronze Age …………………………………………………. 411

STRATIS PAPADOPOULOS and DIMITRA MALAMIDOU Limenaria: A Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos ……………………… 427

DANIEL J. PULLEN Connecting the Early Bronze I and II Periods in the Aegean ……………………………….. 447

JEREMY B. RUTTER Anatolian Roots of Early Helladic III Drinking Behaviour …………………………………. 461

VASIF ŞAHOĞLU New Evidence for the Relations Between the Izmir Region, the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Third Millennium BC …………………………………. 483

ADAMANTIOS SAMPSON From the to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory ……………………. 503

EVANGELIA SKAFIDA Symbols from the Aegean World: The Case of Late Neolithic Figurines and House Models from Thessaly …………………………………………………………... 517

PANAGIOTA SOTIRAKOPOULOU The Cyclades, The East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age …………………….. 533

GEORGIA STRATOULI Soziale une ökonomische Aspekte des Chalkolithikums (spätneolithikum II) in der Ägäis aufgrund alter und neuer Angaben …………………………………………….. 559

GEORGE TOUFEXIS Recent Neolithic Research in the Eastern Thessalian Plain, Greece: A Preliminary Report ……………………………………………………………………….. 569

RIZA TUNCEL IRERP Survey Program: New Prehistoric Settlements in the Izmir Region ……………….. 581

HANNELORE VANHAVERBEKE, PIERRE M. VERMEERSCH, INGRID BEULS, BEA de CUPERE and MARC WAELKENS People of the Höyüks versus People of the Mountains ? …………………………………… 593

KOSTAS VOUZAXAKIS An Alternative Suggestion in Archaeological Data Presentations: Neolithic Culture Through the Finds from Volos Archaeological Museum ……………….. 607

Closing Remarks by Prof. Dr Machteld J. MELLINK ………………………………………………. 611

Symposium Programme ……………………………………………………………………………… 615

Memories from the Symposium……………………………………………………………………… 623

From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory

Adamantios SAMPSON

ABSTRACT: Between 1992 and 1996 a large excavation project has taken place at the cave of Cyclope on the uninhabited island of Youra, Northern Sporades. The finds date from the Mesolithic (9th-8th millennium BC.) to the Late Neolithic (5th- 4th millennium BC.). The obsidian and industries imply contact with the southern Aegean (Melos and Franchthi cave) and probably with Southwest Asia Minor (Antalya). The recent excavation at Maroulas in (Cyclades) also revealed burials and habitats of the same period. More Early and Middle Neolithic sites have been found in the area of the Northern Aegean, such as the cave of Cyclope on Youra, Kyra-Panagia, Skyros and Chios. Fifteen EN and MN sites exist in the island of . During this period there is a real scarcity of sites in the rest of the Aegean, while the whole area can be distinguished in six cultural units. In the Central Aegean (Cyclades) there is a long-term hiatus between the Mesolithic and the Late Neolithic which will probably be filled after intensive surveys. In the later part of the Late Neolithic there is an increase of settlements all over the Aegean, especially in Euboea and the , and five cultural units can be distinguished.

The Mesolithic in the Aegean a common feature with other Mesolithic sites of the mainland and the islands. The Mesolithic period in Greece was until recently scarce and uncertain, but relevant The absolute chronology of these strata, finds are accumulating day after day and the provided by the Laboratory of Archaeometry of period begins to reveal its real dimensions and Demokritos has yielded a series of calibrated special characteristics1. Τhe best known sites dates ranging from about, 8400 to 6500 BC. or were Franchthi cave and Sidari in Corfu, but in 9300-7500 BP., corresponding very well to the the last decade new sites have come to light, stratigraphic sequence. Also the typical such as the ones at Theopetra2 Kleisoura gorge microlithic technology on obsidian and flint in the Argolid3 and Epirus4; also the earliest imply that the aceramic deposits of Youra stratum at Zaimis cave in Attica, excavated belong to a Mesolithic . Unique finds, such some decades ago by Markowitz5, seems to as the bone hooks of different sizes and types, belong to the same period. Some more occur from the lower to the upper Mesolithic uncertain Mesolithic finds come from Euboea layers and imply that the group of people and Attica. Very important for the prehistory of occupying the cave specialized in fishing the Aegean was the recent discovery of activities. Mesolithic deposits in the cave of Cyclope6 and The long sequence of Mesolithic layers at the recovery of contemporary surface material Youra have been divided into two phases by of the same period from nearby islands. The calibrated radiocarbon dated. The Lower cave, located on the small island of Youra in the Mesolithic (c. 8400-7600 BC, 9300-8700 BP.) Northern Sporades, yielded thick Mesolithic and the Upper Mesolithic (7600- 6500 BC., layers varying from 0.80 to 3.00 m. The 8700-8000 BP.). In Franchthi7. The Lower deposits consisted of alternating layers of faunal Mesolithic starts around 9500 and is also remains and thick packed living floors (Fig.1). divided into two phases (9500-9000 and 9000- The faunal assemblages, (thousands of animal 8000 BP.). The obsidian, present at Franchthi bones, fish, marine molluscs and land snails), is since the Upper Palaeolithic, is part of the Mesolithic assemblage, although very rare. At Youra obsidian is present since the Upper 1 Sampson 1996. Mesolithic. 2 Kyparissi 1996. 3 Jameson et al. 1993; Koumouzelis & Kozlowski 1996. 4 Runnels 1994. 5 Markowitz 1931; Perlès 1990. 6 Sampson 1998. 7 Hansen 1988; Runnels 1994. 504 Adamantios SAMPSON

The Mesolithic finds from Youra date the the obsidian tools between Youra and Antalya beginning of occupation in the Aegean to three in Asia Minor12 . thousand years earlier than previously believed, Surveys in Kythnos revealed two more while the older8 and recent Mesolithic finds sites with probable Mesolithic finds, while at from the site of Maroulas on Kythnos (Fig. 2) Stelida on Naxos, the largest island of the show that the mesolithic habitation existed in Cyclades, a large amount of lithics made of the Cyclades and was maybe extended all over quarzite indicate a pre-Neolithic camp site13. In the Aegean. The first digging campaign on fact apart from persistent surveys, we also need Kythnos occured in 19969 and brought to light good luck to locate the few Mesolithic sites, six human burials (Fig. 3) and remains of paved then located far from the sea, and now maybe structures indicating habitation on a permanent even further a way (Fig.4). or seasonal basis. As on Youra, an accumulation of shells is also observed at What we realize is that the Mesolithic maroulas, mainly consisting of fish bones and begins earlier in the eastern mainland and the terrestrial molluscs. The majority of the lithics Aegean than in Western Greece at Corfu are made of Melian obsidian and only a few are (5870+340 BC, 7820 BP.), Epirus, and the west on flint. Burials of the Lower and Upper part of Balkans at Lepenski Vir14. Runnels Mesolithic have been found in Franchthi and explain this delay of the western sites to the show sophistication in the treatment of the introduction of the Mesolithic culture by dead10. In the cave on Youra a human skull of seafaring people who should not be related to an old woman was found in the Lower the Pleistocene inhabitants of Greece and came Mesolithic stratum. from the east15. The discovery of a pre- Neolithic site in Cyprus16, the resemblance of Given the rapid rise of sea level from the Youra lithic technology to that from the end of the Upper Pleistocene to the Neolithic Antalya region in SW Asia Minor and the (80 m, in 9000 BC, 50 in 8500 and 40 in 7000), common features with contemporary sites in the many coastal sites were covered by the sea11. () suggest early So the fragmentary picture of the pre-Neolithic contacts between the two areas. Nevertheless, I Aegean available till now by the archaeological believe that a hiatus existed between the Upper record is far from reality (Fig.4). There is no Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in Franchthi and doubt that its position between Asia Minor, that the absence for the moment of Mesolithic mainland Greece, and the Balkans rendered it a evidence in Eastern Thessaly is not sufficient to favourable area, which could profit from drive us to the conclusion that the Greek contacts from both directions and introduce to Mesolithic is unconnected with the Greek the west the new ideas coming from the east. It Palaeolithic. should be noted that Kythnos lies along the naval route of transportation of obsidian to the The probable existence of domesticated mainland and to the central and northern animals, mainly pigs, at the later stage of the Aegean probably via the Euboean Gulf. It is far Mesolithic at Youra, and the evidence of wild more likely that this transportation to the seed consumption at Franchthi suggest that Peloponnese (Franchthi cave) was made via experimentation with leading to Kythnos and the Saronic Gulf, rather than an indigenous and independent development of directly crossing the open sea from Melos. It the Neolithic village farming economy is not seems that in the Mesolithic Aegean the improbable. Moreover, new ideas derived communication for raw materials or for other probably from Asia Minor via the naval routes purposes was much broader than we once of the Aegean, arrived at a very early stage, believed, given the typological similarities of almost contemporary with or slightly later to

12 Sampson & Kozlowski 1997; Yalçinkaya et al. 1996. 8 Honea 1975. 13 Séfèriades 1983. 9 Sampson 1996. 14 Srejovic 1969. 10 Cullen 1995. 15 Runnels 1994, 725. 11 Kraft et al. 1982. 16 Simmons 1999. From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory 505 the period these changes took place in the east. culture is very probable, but only in Skyros Consequently the late part of the so-called some uncertain Mesolithic finds have thus far Mesolithic could progressingly be changed to been reported23. Papa to Choma in Skyros is Proto-Neolithic, similar to the corresponding still unexcavated, but types of pottery are very phase in the Near East and Asia Minor17, dated similar to those from Youra, Agios Petros, to the 9th millennium BC Chios and Euboea24. The extensive island of Euboea has produced more than 100 Neolithic

sites25, fifteen of which belong to the Early and The Early and Middle Neolithic Middle Neolithic26. Five of them have been The cave of Cyclope has provided a clear excavated, but unfortunately the deposits, sequence of layers from the Mesolithic to the always belonging to only one phase, were thin. Early and Middle Neolithic, though the EN is Apart from a few specimens from Skyros and scarcely represented. The 14C dates for the Euboea, the painted red-on-white pottery is Early Neolithic are 6341-6170 and 6162-6026 almost absent from all those sites which BC., while another date 5703-5630 BC. probably constitute a uniform culture in the corresponds to the Middle Neolithic level. The central and northern Aegean. It seems that the EN finds are not numerous but are very typical. Early and Middle Neolithic in the Northern Some pieces of coarse ware with impresso Sporades, except from Skyros, is connected to decoration are also found in EN levels in Thessaly and to the Balkans, as the pottery and Thessaly18 and are considered to have a the lithic material indicate. Skyros, Chios and provenance from the Balkans. Sickle blades Euboea share common features in pottery style, with denticulated retouch, which are typical of and maybe contacts with Asia Minor (Hacılar the macroblade industries of the period, were culture) are stronger. also found in the EN levels. Their honey color During this period sea travel in the and their shape originate probably from western Aegean seems rather limited and sporadic. Sea Bulgaria, which suggests strong connections trips Aegean cannot have been routine during between the Aegean and the Balkan Early the Neolithic period since the means of Neolithic. navigation did not develop until the Early To the end of the EN and the beginning Cycladic, when representations of boats are of MN belongs a series of closed and open known on pottery. To the Middle and Late vases with exceptional red-on-white Neolithic belongs, however, a series of decoration19. The red-on-white canvas (Fig. 5) imitations of boats used in the lakes of found only at Youra and the neighbouring site Macedonia27 and the Balkans. Such small boats of Aghios Petros in Kyra-Panagia20 has no would be useful only for seasonal sea trips affinities with the contemporary designs of the when there was no wind and always with the mainland. This type of pottery and the unusual aid of sea currents. clay figurines from Aghios Petros, resembling In the Cyclades this period is unknown; those from Asia Minor, suggest a very local but this is due to limited research. The recent workshop and culture run by the communities finds of the Mesolithic in Kythnos suggest that of the Northern Sporades, the so-called “Youra- we should also expect habitation during the Aghios Petros culture”. Early Neolithic. Some uncertain traces come Several other EN-MN sites are known in from surface surveys on Naxos and Siphnos. the Northern Aegean, such as Papa to Choma Although, given the low sea level during this on Skyros21 and Aghio Gala on Chios22. On phase, many Neolithic coastal sites should be those islands the existence of a Pre-Neolithic under the sea. In spite of the fact that EN-MN finds are absent from the Cyclades, we cannot 17 Özdoğan 1995. 18 Otto 1985. 23 Theocharis 1959. 19 Sampson 1996. 24 Sampson 1997. 20 Efstratiou 1985. 25 Sampson 1980; 1981. 21 Theocharis 1959. 26 Sampson 1998a. 22 Hood 1981. 27 Marangou 1991. 506 Adamantios SAMPSON accept Cherry’s view (1979) that the Aegean Tsangli phase in Thessaly (early LN I). islands were colonized as late as the 5th-4th However, it is more probable that it belongs to millennium. a later stage, such as the first half of the 5th millennium BC. Because of the unusual forms On the other hand the case of Crete is of pottery Saliagos was characterized as a unusual, since traces of a preceramic phase unique phenomenon in the Southern Aegean31; have already been found at . The origin more settlements of the Saliagos culture found and isolation of this culture is a matter of at Akrotiri on Santorini32, in Melos33, Naxos discussion28. In spite of this isolation, obsidian and Mykonos34 do not have Saliagos’s from Melos is present everywhere in the earliest particular shapes. Ftelia in , excavated levels. In the Southeastern Aegean the Early since 1995, has revealed a flourishing Neolithic is very rare and only the lowest levels settlement of Late Neolithic Ib and II (mid 5th of Agios Georgios cave in yielded some and 4th millenniumBC). Three building phases early painted pottery, resembling of the Hacılar (Fig. 7) have been unearthed along with a large phase29. A sample from this horizon gave a amount of pottery and other finds. Obsidian is radiocarbon date of about 5800-5600 BC., excessively abundant and the existence of a which corresponds to the MN of mainland local workshop is obvious. Arrow and spear Greece and the Hacılar culture. heads from Ftelia are very similar to those from Undoubtedly this fragmentary view of Saliagos (Fig. 8). the Aegean Early and Middle Neolithic reflects In the northern Aegean there are only a real scarcity of settlements. Also it is two sites of the period, the cave of Cyclope and observed that such early deposits are never Aghios Petros in Kyra-Panagia. The pottery found within the lower strata of Aegean from both sites seem to have connections with Neolithic settlements. But it is beyond any the mainland, Euboea, and with the Aegean. In doubt that with systematic survey the EN and Euboea the LN I settlements are not so MN sites are going to increase. numerous, but we have two well excavated sites Though EN-MN finds from the Aegean (Varka and Tharrounia) with rich material are scattered, we can distinguish five cultural following the pottery traditions of the units30: 1) The Northern Sporades group, 2) mainland35. Finds of the same phase are also The Euboean group, 3) East Aegean islands, 4) found on Chios, although rare, in Aghio Gala The Dodecanese and 5) Crete. The first group is Lower Cave, while the earliest levels of more strongly connected to the mainland but Emporio rather overlap the latest part of the also has similarities some resemblances to the period36. east Aegean. Skyros is especially differentiated Systematic surveys in the Dodecanese and culturally approaches the second and third produced many uncertain sites of the period, group. EN-MN finds from the fourth group are while in the cave of Agios Georgios at very scarce or absent, while the fifth group is Kalythies thick cultural layers from the late 6th - represented by rich evidence dating to the very early 5th millenniumBC have been found37. The beginning of the period, but totally similarities with Beycesultan in SE Asia idiosyncratic (Fig. 6). Minor38 are evident, while we cannot exclude connections with the Cyclades. Obsidian from Late Neolithic I Melos is found in large quantities everywhere In the Cyclades (5300/5200-4800 BC.) in the Dodecanese. During this period Crete sites are scarce even in Late Neolithic I. The exact chronological position of the Saliagos 31 Evans & Renfrew 1968. culture is unknown, though from the beginning 32 Sotirakopoulou 1990. 33 it was considered to be contemporary with the Renfrew 1982. 34 Sampson 1996. 35 Sampson 1977; 1993. 28 Broodbank 1995. 36 Hood 1981, 14. 29 Mellaart 1970. 37 Sampson 1987. 30 Sampson 1985. 38 Lloyd 1962. From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory 507 continues to be isolated, at least as far as we can constituted a natural bridge between the two judge from the pottery styles. areas. From the end of the 5th millennium Late Neolithic II onwards the Aegean possesses a fairly uniform culture with local variations. Five cultural In LN II (4300-3300 BC) there is a broad regions sharing basic similarities can be expansion of settlements all over the Aegean. distinguished (Fig. 10: 1) The Kephala-Attica- From the Northern Aegean (Youra, Poliochni, Euboea region to which the Cyclades also Kum Tepe in the Troad, Lesbos, Chios) come belong, 2) The NE Aegean region (Troad) and rich excavated materials of more or less the islands of Lemnos and Lesbos, 3) The uniform styles. Also the only site on Samos islands of the NW Aegean (Northern Sporades), (Tigani) yielded an important pottery group 4) The Dodecanese islands including Samos very similar to that from the Dodecanese39. and Chios, and 5) Crete. The first and second Finds of this period exist everywhere in the groups have many common features, while the Dodecanese (phase LAN 3-4). Especially the Dodecanese group except Chios and Samos last part of the period is present even in the retain some peculiarities. The group of the smallest islands (Alimnia, Seskli, Yali), which Northern Sporades has close similarities to the signifies a systematic exploitation of food Greek mainland and Euboea, while Crete starts resources (Fig. 9). Peculiar clay vessels, such as to have an outward look. cheese-pots, occur in abundance in Yali40, Alimnia and Leros41 suggesting that it is the In the 4th millennium BC. pottery area of the SE Aegean where their use spread varieties, like pattern-burnished ware, rolled from to the Greek mainland. Connections rims and cheese-pots, show that a cultural between the Dodecanese and the islands of the uniformity covered a large area from west east Aegean and the Asia Minor Chalcolithic Anatolia to the east Greek mainland. This is a cultures are strong, but in this period pottery period of many contacts in the Aegean; people varieties are transported everywhere, from one from both coasts were crossing this dangerous side of the Aegean to the other and between the sea by different naval routes. A travel from east and west coasts. Attica-Euboea to Asia Minor could follow the chain-islands of Kea or Andros, Tinos and The large islands of Lesbos, Chios, Mykonos. The latter has good visual contact to Samos and Rhodes, like Cyprus and Crete, are Ikaria, which would facilitate open sea characterized by their own individual crossing, and Samos is not far. Many other peculiarities and should probably viewed as itineraries could have been in use for the closed regions with an indigenous population. transportation of Melian obsidian to the four In the last Neolithic phase (LAN 4) population directions of the compass. movements to the Aegean would be expected to have originated in NE and central Asia Minor. Bronze objects have been found at all sites of LN II (LAN 3 and 4), in very low In Euboea in the LN II the sites increase quantities, but we consider it still to be an and the use of caves becomes dense. In the exaggeration to call this period Chalcolithic in Cyclades, Kephala on Keos42, Ftelia on the Aegean and mainland Greece, as some Mykonos and other sites on Naxos are the main colleagues do44. The Neolithic character is centres, but a survey started in 1995 showed obvious everywhere until the end of the period, that many other sites of this phase are foud as can be judged from the lithic and bone everywhere. Astypalaia, an island between the technology and the scarcity of metals. Cyclades and Southeastern Aegean seems very densely inhabited43 and undoubtedly As for the chronology of the east Aegean’s Neolithic phases, and especially those 39 Furness 1956; Felsch 1988. of the Late Neolithic, we largely rely on the 40 Sampson 1988. chronology established by Mellaart for 41 Sampson 1987. 42 Coleman 1977. 43 Simpson 1973. 44 Aslanis 1990. 508 Adamantios SAMPSON

Anatolia, because it is directly applicable to the cultures of this area, but we kep in mind that it does not signify any dependence on Asia Minor’s cultures. For the rest of the Aegean we follow the recently established chronology45 dividing LN into two phases, I and II, each including two subphases a and b (Table 1). The terms LAN 1-4, which we frequently employ for the Aegean Neolithic, correspond to Late Chalcolithic 1-4 of Anatolia46. LAN 1-2 also has a rough correspondence to LN Ia-b and LAN 3-4 to LN IIa-b respectively.

ADAMANTIOS SAMPSON Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, Dimokratias 1, 85100, Rhodes, GREECE

45 Coleman 1994. 46 Sampson 1984. From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory 509

Bibliography: Aslanis, I. 1992, The Prehistory of Macedonia. Athens. Broodbank, C. 1995, This Small World the Great. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades, Diss., Univ. of Cambridge. Cambridge. Cherry, J. L. 1979, “Four Problems in Cycladic Prehistory”, in: Davis, J.L.& J.E. Cherry (eds.) 1979, Papers in Cycladic Prehistory”. Los Angeles, 26-32. Coleman, J. 1977, Kephala. A Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetery. Princeton. Coleman, J. 1992, “Greece, the Aegean and Cyprus”, in: Ehrich R.W. (ed.) 1992, Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, London, 203-229. Cullen, T. 1995, “Mesolithic Mortuary Ritual at Franchthi Cave, Greece”, Antiquity 69, 270-289 Efstratiou, N. 1985, Agios Petros. A Neolithic site in the Northern Sporades, BAR Inter. Series 241. Oxford. Evans, J. & C. Renfrew 1968, Excavations at Saliagos near Antiparos. London. Felsch, Ρ. 1988, Das Kastro Tigani. Die Spätneolithische und Chalkolithische Siedlung. Bonn. Furness, A. 1956, “Some Early Pottery from Chios, Samos and Kalimnos”, PPS 22, 174-188. Jameson, M.H., C.N. Runnels & T.H. van Andel 1994, A Greek Countryside. The Southern Argolid from Prehistory to thePpresent Day, Stanford. Hansen, J. M. 1988, The Palaeoethnobotany of FranchthiCave. Bloomington. Honea, K. 1975, “Prehistoric Remains on the Island of Kythnos”, AJA 79, 277. Hood, S. 1981, Prehistoric Emporio and Aghio Gala I. London. Koumouzelis, M. & J. Kozlowski 1996, “Palaeolithic Sites in the Klissoura Gorge”, Archaiologia 60, 58. Kraft, J.C., J. Kayan, & O. Erol 1982,“Geology and Palaeogeographic Reconstruction of the Vicinity of Troy”, in: Rapp, G., J.A. Gifford (eds.) 1982, Troy. The Aarchaeological Geology. Princetion, 11-41. Kyparissi, N. 1996, “The Cave of Theopetra”, Archaiologia 60, 37. Lloyd, S. & J. Mellaart 1962, Beycesultan I. The Chalcolithic and Early Bronge Age Levels. London. Marangou, C. 1991, “Maquettes d’ embarcations: les debus”, in: Laffineur, R.,L.Basch (eds.) 1991, Thalassa. L’ Égéen prehistorique et la mer, Liege. Markowitz, G. 1931, “Die Zaimis-Hohle, Kaki-Skala Megaris, Griechenland”, Spelaologisches Jahrbuch 13-14, 133. Mellaart, J. 1970, Excavations at Hacılar. London. Özdoğan, A. 1995, “Life at Cayönü During the Prepottery Neolithic Period”, in: Readings in Prehistory Studies presented to Halet Cambel, İstanbul, 79-100. Otto, B. 1985, Die verzierte Keramik der Sesklo- und Dimini-Kultur Thessaliens. Mainz. Perlès, C. 1990, Les industries lithiques taillees. Les industries du Mesolithique et du Neolithique Initiale. Bloomington. Renfrew, C. 1982, An island Polity. The Archaeology of Exploitation in Melos. Cambridge. Runnels, C. 1994, “The of Greece from the Palaeolithic to the Advent of the Neolithic”, AJA 99, 699- 728. Sampson, A. 1977, “Excavations at the Neolithic Settlement of Varka, Euboea”, Archeion of Euboean Studies, Athens. Sampson, A. 1980, Prehistoric Sites and Settlements in Euboea (in Greek), Archeion of Euboean StudiesSupplement vol. 24, Athens. Sampson, A. 1981, The Neolithic and EH I in Euboea. Athens. Sampson, A. 1984, “The Neolithic of the Dodecanese and the Aegean Neolithic”, BSA 79, 239-249. Sampson, A. 1985, “The Neolithic in the Aegean”, AAA vol. 18 (1984), 255-268. Sampson, A. 1987, The Neolithic Period in the Dodecanese. Athens. Sampson, A. 1988, The Neolithic Settlement at Yali, Nissiros. Athens. Sampson, A. 1993, Skoteini at Tharrounia, The Cave, the Settlement and the Cemetery. Athens. Sampson, A. 1996, “Excavation of the Cave of Cyclope at Youra”, Alonnessos, in: Alram-Stern, E. 1996, Die Ägäische Frühzeit, Wien. Sampson, A. 1996, “New Evidence for the Mesolithic Period in Greece”, Archailogia 61, 46. Sampson, A. 1997, The Neolithic Settlement at Ftelia on Mykonos. Athens. Sampson, A. 1998, “The Neolithic and Mesolithic Occupation at the Cave of Cyclope, Youra, Alonnessos”, BSA 93, 1-22. Sampson, A. 1998a, “Three Sites of the EN in Euboea and their Connections to the Aegean”, AAA (in press). 510 Adamantios SAMPSON

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List of Illustrations: Fig. 1. Stratigraphy of trench C at Youra. Fig. 2. Maroulas on Kythnos. The site. Fig. 3. Mesolithic burial in Kythnos. Fig. 4. The Aegean in the Mesolithic Period. Fig. 5. Youra. Red on white Middle Neolithic pottery. Fig. 6. Early and Middle Neolithic sites in the Aegean. Fig. 7. Ftelia on Mykonos. The excavation. Fig. 8. Ftelia on Mykonos. Typical arrowheads of Saliagos type. Fig. 9. Neolithic sites in the Southeast Aegean. Fig. 10. The Aegean in the Late Neolithic II period.

Table 1. Comparative chronology in the Aegean.

From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory 511

512 Adamantios SAMPSON

From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory 513

514 Adamantios SAMPSON

From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory 515

516 Adamantios SAMPSON