An offprint from

Island Archaeology and the Origins of Seafaring in the Eastern Mediterranean

Proceedings of the Wenner Gren Workshop held at Reggio Calabria on October 19-21, 2012

In memory of John D. Evans

Eurasian Prehistory Guest Editors: Albert J. Ammerman and Thomas Davis

PART ONE (Eurasian Prehistory 10/2013)

Introduction

1. Introduction Albert J. Ammerman

2. Chronological framework Thomas W. Davis

Placing island archaeology and early voyaging in context

3. The origins of mammals on the Mediterranean islands as an indicator of early voyaging Jean-Denis Vigne

4. Cosmic impact, the Younger Dryas, Abu Hureyra, and the inception of agriculture in Western Asia Andrew M. T. Moore and Douglas J. Kennett

5. The homelands of the Cyprus colonizers: selected comments Ofer Bar-Yosef

6. Marine resources in the Early Neolithic of the Levant: their relevance to early seafaring Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer

7. Early seafaring and the archaeology of submerged landscapes Geoff N. Bailey

Case studies

A. Cyprus

8. Tracing the steps in the fieldwork at the sites of Aspros and Nissi Beach on Cyprus Albert J. Ammerman

9. Akrotiri-Aetokremnos (Cyprus) 20 years later: an assessment of its significance Alan H. Simmons

10. The transportation of mammals to Cyprus sheds light on early voyaging and boats in the Mediterranean Sea Jean-Denis Vigne, Antoine Zazzo, Isabella Carrère, François Briois and Jean Guilaine 11. On the chipped stone assemblages at Klimonas and Shillourokambos and their links with the mainland François Briois and Jean Guilaine

PART TWO (Eurasian Prehistory 11/2014)

12. Temporal placement and context of Cyro-PPNA activity on Cyprus Sturt W. Manning

B. The Aegean

13. The Aegean Mesolithic: material culture, chronology, and networks of contact Małgorzata Kaczanowska and Janusz K. Kozłowski

14. The Aegean Mesolithic: environment, economy, and voyaging Adamantios Sampson

15. The late forager camp of Ouriakos on the island of Lemnos: Human groups on the move at the turn of the Holocene in the Northern Aegean Nikos Efstratiou

16. Initial occupation of the Gelibolu Peninsula and the Gökçeada (Imbroz) island in the pre-Neolithic and Early Neolithic Onur Özbek and Burçin Erdogu

17. Lower Palaeolithic artifacts from Plakias, Crete: Implications for hominin dispersals Curtis Runnels, Chad DiGregorio, Karl W. Wegmann, Sean F. Gallen, Thomas F. Strasser, Eleni Panagopoulou

C. Central and Western Mediterranean

18. The spread of farming to the Adriatic: New insights from Dalmatia Andrew M. T. Moore

19. The question of voyaging foragers in the Central Mediterranean Marcello A. Mannino

20. Early prehistoric voyaging in the Western Mediterranean: Implications for the Neolithic transition in Iberia and the Maghreb João Zilhão

Looking forward

21. Setting our sights on the distant horizon Albert J. Ammerman Eurasian Prehistory, 11 (1–2): 63–74

The Aegean Mesolithic: Environment, Economy And Seafaring

Adamantios Sampson

Aegean University Rhodes, Department of Mediterranean Archaeology, Demokratios Ave, Rhodes, Greece

Abstract The re-establishment of the environment during the early Holocen is one of the most principal aims of the research, in order to interpret the behavioural patterns of the prehistoric people who crossed the Aegean during the final Paleolithic and Mesolithic period. The multitude of questions which arise from the archaeological record would find much simpler answers if one had to hand the area’s environmental situation as it was 11,000 years ago. It is very likely the microenvironments that were created at the beginning of the Holocen very probably took dramatic dimensions much more serious than these in central and western Europe. The hunters and foragers that lived in regions of the Aegean had to face the all contrarieties of new environment, deprived of the usual alimentary sources that probably existed still in the mainland. The Aegean Mesolithic may also be viewed as a period with sharp regional differentiation and economic complexity as well as a period of experimentation, regarding food procurence. Elements of proto- neolithization, appearing in the Aegean during the Mesolithic, may indicate, on the one hand, the possible local existence of domestication cases, resulting of economic social habitats and land use particularities as well as the existence of a focus of neolithization, comparable to the Cypriote one. On the other hand, they presume the possibility of direct or indirect contacts between local populations and Eastern groups as well as sea routes or ideas on their diffusion during Pre Pottery Neolithic. The similarities of the Mesolithic tools from the Cyclops Cave with them of the southeast Anatolia (the area of Antalya) and the common stone industry of Ikaria and Kythnos, as well as the transportation of the obsidian from Melos and Yali to different parts of the Aegean lead to the assumption that sea routes existed at least since the 9th mill. BC.. Smaller sea routes could existed among the islands of the central and southern Aegean serving for the distribution of Melos and Yali obsidian to the Mesolithic centers. A new Mesolithic site in Naxos is lying in the course of the voyage from Ikaria to Melos. Another one was responsible for the transport of Melian obsidian to the Dodecanese (Chalki island). A sea route is supposed to be in use in the Upper Mesolithic connecting Melos to Crete. Obsidian artifacts from Melos resembling the Aegean Mesolithic counterparts is present in Knossos aceramic levels from 7000 BC. Another sea route could exist connecting the southern Peloponnese to Crete via the Kythera and Antikythera islands. Presupposition for the cultural diffusion from the East to the Aegean islands are the Pre-pottery Νeolithic sea routes in the eastern Mediterranean, especially between Anatolia, the Levantine coast and Cyprus. It is very likely that this marine communication and the contacts were not unilateral but reciprocal and became also from both directions that is to say from the east to the west and vice versa.

Key words: Early Holocene, Mesolithic foragers, Proto-Neolithization, Seafaring, Obsidian circulation

Introduction Furthermore, other Mesolithic sites have been found in Naxos and Melos of the Cyclades In the last two decades, Mesolithic sites have region as well as on the island of Chalki in the been located and excavated around the Aegean Dodecanese.and Mesolithic sites have been Basin such as Cyclops Cave in the Northern reported in eastern Crete (Strasser et al., 2010) Aegean, Maroulas at Kythnos in the Cyclades and the island of Gavdos (Kopaka and Matzanas, and Kerame in Ikaria in the eastern Aegean. 2009). In the island of Kythnos more than 64 A. Sampson six Mesolithic open sites were located, while Figure 1 illustrates the topography in Maroulas is (for the moment) the most important the immediate vicinity of Youra island. The Mesolithic settlement in the Aegean (Sampson et terrain of Youra island along with that of all al., 2010). The same settlement pattern appears the surrounding islets, as well as the rocky and in eastern Ikaria, where Kerame seems the precipitous coastline in juxtaposition with the main settlement with five satellite sitesa small deep seais a product of the significant changes in distance away (Sampson et al., 2008a, 2012). sea level which took place at the end of the last Consequently, it appears that the Mesolithic stage Ice Age, contemporaneous with the beginning of existed throughout the whole Aegean Basin. In the Mesolithic period (Sampson, 2008a, 2011). the early Holocene, dramatic environmental and When the sea level rose suddenly and the island climatic changes contributed to the development creation began, the people who lived in the of seafaring and fishing, while the early area were forced to adapt to the new conditions domesticated animals evidenced in Cyclops Cave and obliged to invent new sailing and fishing presuppose long term navigation between Aegean techniques very early on. It is quite possible that and the East (Anatolia and Cyprus). Numerous the low-lying areas which were inundated created C14 dates, transportation of raw materials and particularly favorable fishing conditions which correlation of the lithic industries attest long and the the people who lived there turned to their short-term movements from northern to southern advantage. This reponse is certainly one way to Aegean and from west to east. For 2000 years explain the archaeological evidence of intense the Mesolithic groups sailing in the Aegean were fishing activities in the Aegean.An example following the same sea routes with the aid of the of these potentially rich fishing grounds is the sea currents. benches formed by the sea rise between Youra and the islet Psathoura (Fig. 1), which during the Upper Palaeolithic were joined together by The environment dry land. The dramatic change of the environment is The representation of the environment during evident in Maroulas on Kythnos, part of which the early Holocene is one of the principal areas has been eroded by the sea level rise (Fig. 2). of research seeking to interpret the behavioral In fact, the site was a peninsula in the early patterns of the prehistoric people who crossed the Holocene with the coast 500m away. Probably, Aegean during the final Paleolithic and Mesolithic a thick forest of oak trees covered parts of the periods. The multitude of questions arising from island as in the adjacent island of Keos which still the archaeological record would find much features today clumps of the same tree. Similar simpler answers if the environmental conditions environmental conditions prevailed in Kerame in prevalent 11000 years ago were better understood. Ikaria (Sampson et al., 2008, 2012) where the sea It is very likely that the micro-environments rise destroyed a large part of the settlement which created in the Aegean basin at the beginning of lay on sediments of conglomerate rocks (Fig. 3). the Holocene provided a much greater contrast The depth contours indicate a different shoreline to what had been previously dominant than with a formation at the 20- 25m depth, which may in central and western Europe. If so, then the have functioned as a harbor. hunters and foragers who lived in regions of the Nevertheless, some scholars insist that the Aegean had to face all the adversities of the new scenarios regarding the rise in sea level cannot environment, deprived of the previously available be accepted on an archaeological and geological food sources that probably still existed in the level. (Pirazzoli, 1986, 1991; Pirazzoli et al., mainland.Anthracological and pollen analyses in 1992). They believe that there were no natural the Cyclops Cave shed new light on the formation mechanisms that could have caused such great of the environment of Northern Sporades in the rises of 10 or 15 meters, while, on the other hand, beginning of the Holocene. Oak trees and all the tectonic movements could have possibly brought macia species are represented (Ntinou, 2011; on mainland sinking of up to 9 meters as in the Ioakeim, 2011). case of southwest Crete. The Aegean Mesolithic: Environment, economy and seafaring 65

Fig. 1. The islands of the Northern Sporades during the Mesolithic

The Mesolithic economy 2008a, 2011). However, good preservation and meticulous study of the faunal material from Until the 1990s only the excavated site of the Cyclops Cave showed a new model of Franchthi had revealed a pure Mesolithic economy Mesolithic economy with Capra aegagrus at a based on hunting, gathering and fishing., The transitional stage of domestication already in recent excavation of Cyclops Cave appeared to the Lower Mesolithic (8,600-7,500 BC). At this reveal a seasonal camp of hunters-gatherers who level (end of 9th millenium BC) the majority of specialized in fishing and bird hunting (Sampson, caprids belonged to goats (Capra aegagrus) and 66 A. Sampson

Fig. 2. The Maroulas settlement on Kythnos

Fig. 3. Sea contours at Kerame settlement on Ikaria The Aegean Mesolithic: Environment, economy and seafaring 67 few bones to sheep (Trantalidou, 2011). Sheep and probably were used to clean the fishing nets bones in bigger quantities were found in layers judging from ethnological parallels (Trantalidou, of the 1st half of the 8th millenium BC. (Sampson, 2011). Pigs are also present at contemporary sites 2005). The absence of wild ancestors from the on Cyprus (see Vigne in this issue). The economy environment of the Aegean and continental of the Mesolithic inhabitants of Maroulas was Greece in the beginning of the Holocene makes primarily focused on the exploitation of marine a powerful argument for the importation of these resources, principally fishing, but the quantity of animals from the East during the first attempts the material is much less than in Cyclops Cave and of domestication (Masseti, 1998:9). It is of Franchthi. The study of animal bones showed that paramount importance that this spread of such an this material was very scarce in Maroulas (1193 early domestication in the Aegean basin is almost bones of vertebrate faunal taxa among which contemporaneous with the early experiments of 558 mammal and bird bones), while 41.32% of domestication in the Zagros mountains (8500- the total vertebrate fauna collected belonged to 8000 BC calibrated) testifying rapid movements the Suidae family (Trantalidou, 2010).Fishermen from Anatolia along naval routes. Probably, other were oriented toward two types of resources, the waves of movements from Cyprus brought the migratory, seasonal fish, and certain species of sheep to the Aegean during the 8th millenium BC. inshore fish. They fished medium size migratory However, it appears that the Mesolithic fish and the largest of the inshore fish. Maroulas, resident of Youra performed precocious veterinary like Cyclops Cave, provides evidence for the surgeries on animals domesticated by him/her or processing and preservation of fish, and therefore already at an initial stage of domestication. This is the specific size range might have been chosen mainly the case concerning goats (Capra aegagrus) as the most suitable for this purpose. A nomadic in more inferior Mesolithic (Trantalidou 2003? residential mobility suits better the Mesolithic Trantalidou 2011) and Theopetra (Newton 2003), groups of Kythnos who probably exploited on a small number of pigs (Sus scrofa) in Youra and a seasonal basis other islands or some regions Maroulas in the same period, and a minimum of Attica. Maroulas was a permanent or semi- number of sheep (Ovis orientalis) in Youra in a permanent settlement in contrast to the other somewhat later stage. Especially about the pigs, five small Mesolithic sites found in coastal areas Trantalidou speculates a particular relation of in the eastern side of the island. This is also management from the person that combines control characteristic of eastern Ikaria, where Kerame of animals and hunting (animals free in the island seems to be a seasonal base with the other five in semi-wild status), without however being able to sites at a small distance (Fig. 4). prove it sufficiently because of the small and non- During the same period in continental Greece homogeneous sample. In any case, the abundance a different subsistence strategy is recorded linked of flora [oak] in the Aegean during the Mesolithic with older, more conservative, choices. However, implies the abundance of acorn (comestible also even this area is not unified, but features local by humans, as argued in Mesolithic Europe) and variations as implied by the finds of the Mesolithic potentially strengthens indirectly the argument for hunters/gatherers of Sarakenos Cave in the Kopais free pasturage of pigs. The ethnic parallel shows plain who used local limestone materials for their the usefulness of pigs for the cleaning of fishing tools (Sampson, 2008b; Sampson et al., 2009). nets which may lead to one more idea about the likely management of animals by Mesolithic fishermen of the Aegean. On the issue of pigs Mesolithic sea routes present at Youra and Maroulas, Trantalidou (2010) speculates a particular relation of management that The geographic and environmental conditions combines control of animals and hunting (animals in the Aegean basin were ideal in the beginning roaming free in the island in a semi-wild status), but of the Holocene for the investigation of sailing she was unable to verify this because of the small and fishing. The small distances between the and non-homogeneous sample. Pigs could be fed islands offered a surmountable challenge thereby from the mast generated by the forest of oak trees encouraging the development of sailing skills. In 68 A. Sampson

Fig. 4. Ikaria. Kerame settlement and surrounding sites the same period the situation in the southeastern other. All those experiences should be transferred Mediterranean (Cyprus and Syro-palestine) from the Aegean to the east Mediterranean. The would be much less favorable since small islands kind of transportation means is unknown but are absent and the greater sea distances would the sea conditions in the Aegean do not allow have been more daunting. Also, the Levantine the use of a canoe, whereas a papyrella boat of region generally is more sensitive to climatic adequate size would be more effective (Tzalas, changes as it lies in the boundaries of the semi 1995, 2002). Much has been written about the arid/ arid area. An abrupt environmental change prehistoric sea routes from the northeast Aegean (Berger et al., 2009) happened during the PPNB to the south (Melos) through the Evoikos gulf period (8000 cal BC) and the climate became (Sampson, 1985; Agouridis, 1997), which had cooler, but at the end of PPNB (7000 cal BC) the provided the necessary safety for prehistoric climate became increasingly arid (Robinson et vessels. In addition, sea-surface circulation which al., 2001). During this period of climatic crisis, would have been well recognized back then populations from the East started searching (Papageorgiou, 1997), was a significant factor in for areas with more hospitable climates to the seafaring in northern Aegean, especially in the west. Sea currents prevailing in Cyprus and East early periods (Mesolithic-Neolithic) when sails Mediterranean seem to facilitate the navigation probably were not in use (Fig. 4). The northeastern from the east to the west, but we do not know Aegean current from Ellispontos to the southwest the direction of these currents during the whole facilitates voyages from northeast Anatolia to year.It is very probable that the first attempts of Lemnos, Ag. Efstratios, Youra, Alonnessos, sailing began in the Aegean in a period of lower Skopelos, Skiathos, and Thessaly, especially sea level when the islands were closer to each during the summer.The similarities between the The Aegean Mesolithic: Environment, economy and seafaring 69 stone industries of Ikaria (Sampson et al., 2012) and Kozłowski, 2008). Taking into account the and Kythnos may lead to the assumption that a rough weather conditions which prevail in the sea route existed since the 9th millenium BC open sea of the Myrtoon Pelagos and the fact that connecting the two sides of the Aegean along no helpful currents existed in this area, and the the chain of the Cycladic islands (Andros, Tenos, results of our survey in 1999 on the small islands Mykonos, Ikaria, and Samos). Despite the open of Falconera and Parapola (Sampson, 2006), sea between Mykonos and Ikaria (the Ikarion we come to the conclusion that the transfer of Pelagos), visual contact between the two islands obsidian to Franchthi was not carried out straight and the marine currents would facilitate the sail from Melos, but through the islands of the western (Fig. 5). In fact, recent studies (Papageorgiou, Cyclades and Attica (Fig. 5).Smaller sea routes 2008) have proved that the marine currents during probably existed among the islands of the central winter- and summertime even in the summerin and southern Aegean for the distribution of Melos the islands of the Cyclades facilitate voyages and Yali obsidian to the Mesolithic centers. A from Asia Minor to the western Aegean and back. new Upper Mesolithic site in Naxos (Fig. 5) lies These currents start from Attica and Euboea and in the course of the voyage from Ikaria to Melos lead through the islands of Andros, Tenos and (Sampson, 2010). Another Upper Mesolithic site Mykonos continue to Ikaria and Samos. was found in Chalki island (Fig. 5) with enormous A similar route to the East for the Mesolithic quantities of Melian and Yali obsidian (Sampson, groups of the Aegean can be postulated, based on 2010) resulting a sea route from Cyclades to the similarities found among the Mesolithic tools Dodecanese. A sea route is thought to have from Cyclops Cave with those in the Antalya been in use in the Upper Mesolithic connecting region in southeast Asia Minor (Kaczanowska Melos with Crete. Obsidian artifacts from Melos

Fig. 5. Probable sea routes during the Mesolithic 70 A. Sampson resembling their Aegean Mesolithic counterparts points recorded at the present moment bring to are present in Knossos aceramic levels from light local histories and place the island Aegean 7000 BC (Kaczanowska and Kozłowski, 2011). in a new frame. The Aegean basin is upgraded Another sea route probably existed connecting the from a regional area to the “cradle”- focal point southern Peloponnese with Crete via Kythera and in the map of multi-centric Neolithization, which Antikythera islands.We believe that once ancient could gradually replace the unique “cradle” in mariners gained experience sea movements were the eastern Mediterranean. An open and creative limitless, especially in the case of the Aegean, social area emerges on the islands, which does where they were facilitated by the existence of not have the attribute of the exclusive receptor numerous islands, but also in the case of SW (demic diffusion theory) or the isolated and Anatolia and Cyprus because cruising along introvert model suggested by Seferiades’s the coast was performed effortlessly.We must extreme indigenist Neolithic theory (2007). assume the existence of even earlier navigation The prevalent “model” seems to be that of a in the Aegean as numerous Middle Palaeolithic constant presence in the Aegean for roughly sites were found on the island of Euboea and in 2000 years by populations living in a mixed the Northern Sporades (Sampson, 1996, 2006). Mesolithic/Neolithic stage, familiar with the sea, Another example attesting seafaring activities in navigation and geography, and participating in the central northern Aegean during the Middle common networks of exchange of raw material Palaeolithic (OIS 5 or 5a) is the site of Alonitsi and sharing common technological types. These on the island of Agios Eustratios discovered three are dynamic populations of the Aegean who years ago. The island during this period was not have acquired skills in navigation, specialized connected to the mainland. The latest Paleolithic in fishing techniques and food preservation and site at Fisini of Lemnos (Efstratiou et al., 2013) choose to settle near the coasts and rarely inland. has not been precisely dated yet, however types The recent discovery of a large settlement on the of stone industry seem to bear similarities island of Chalki (Sampson, 2010) constitutes a with the epipalaeolithic stone industries of the stop in the SW Aegean and suggests routes to Antalya caves (Öküzini Cave; Yalçinkaya et al., Cyprus and Crete. Until now the choice to inhabit 2002) and may attest to earlier movements in the small islands is related to their interests in key Aegean. positions suitable for fishing and belonged to a network of sea routes. The common industries of Kythnos, Ikaria, Naxos, and Chalki probably Discussion indicate the same active population that extends to the southern half of the Aegean and shares The Aegean Mesolithic may also be viewed as similar nutritional needs. So far the absence of the a period with sharp regional differentiation and nutritional model of Youra (combination of food economic complexity as well as a period of producing economy with fishing) in the southern experimentation, regarding food procurement. Aegean cannot imply a cultural and economic Elements of proto-neolithization appearing in deviation but is probably due to the absence of the Aegean during the Mesolithic may indicate, cave sediments on these islands and the large on the one hand, the possible local existence of erosion of the open-air sites.These elements of domestication cases resulting from economic proto-neolithization presupposes intense activity social habitats and land use particularities as along the main sea route from the southern Aegean well as the existence of a focus on neolithization, to Cyprus and Pre-pottery Νeolithic seafaring in comparable to the one in Cyprus (multi-focus the eastern Mediterranean, especially between neolithization theory; cf. Sampson and Katsarou, Anatolia, the Levantine coast and Cyprus. It is 2004; Sampson, 2005, 2006, 2010). On the other very likely that this marine communication and hand, they presume the possibility of direct or the contacts were not unilateral, but reciprocal, indirect contacts between local populations and and came from both directions, namely from the Eastern groups as well as sea routes or ideas east to the west and vice versa (Fig. 6). Flake diffused during Pre-Pottery Neolithic.Τhe focal industries from sites of Cyprus such as Nissi The Aegean Mesolithic: Environment, economy and seafaring 71

Fig. 6. Movements and contacts between Aegean and Near East

Beach (Ammerman, 2010, 2011; Ammerman et References al., 2008), though they cannot be dated for the moment, are probably an evidence of contacts Agouridis C. 1997. Sea routes and navigation in between Aegean Mesolithic groups searching the third millenium Aegean. Oxford Journal of way out to the East and Cypriote hunters and Archaeology 16, 2–24. foragers. Ammerman A.J. 2010. The first Argonauts Admittedly, great progress is still ongoing towards the study of the earliest seafaring in the regarding Mesolithic research although there are Mediterranean. In: A. Anderson, J. Barret, K. Boyle still pending questions about the interpretation (eds) Global origins and development of Seafaring. concerning the Mesolithic society and economy in The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Greece. Admittedly, the revealing and excavation Research, Cambridge, 81–92. of Mesolithic strata has been hindered by the Ammerman A.J. 2011. The paradox of early existence of over laying and subsequent deposits. voyaging in the Mediterranean and the slowness of Consequently, cave excavations may provide the the Neolithic transition between Cyprus and Italy. best new material and show the real importance In: G. Vavouranakis (ed.) The seascape in Aegean of Mesolithic presence in each area. Therefore, Prehistory. Monographs of the Danish Institute at it is essential to employ a strategy of research Athens, Athens, 31–49. combining excavations in rock shelters or caves Ammerman A.J., Flourentzos P., Gabrielli with intensive surface survey, as well as conduct R., Higham T., McCartney C., Turnbull T. studies of material by means of stratigraphy and 2008. Third report on early sites on Cyprus. Report absolute dating. of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1–32. 72 A. Sampson

BERGER J.F., GUILAINE J. 2009. The 8200 cal BP Papageorgiou D. 1997. Currents and winds in abrupt environmental change and the Neolithic Northern Aegean. In: C. Doumas, V. LaRosa (eds) transition: A Mediterranean perspective. Quaternary Poliochni and the Early Bronze Age in Northern International 200, 31–49. Aegean. Athens, 424–442. Efstratiou N., Biagi p., karkanas p., Papageorgiou D. 2008. Sea routes in the starnini e. 2013. A Late Palaeolithic site at Prehistoric Cyclades. In: N. Brodie, J. Doole, G. Ouriakos (Limnos, Greece) in the north-eastern Gavalas, C. Renfrew (eds) Horizon – colloquium Aegean. Antiquity [Online] 87(335). Available on the Prehistory of Cyclades. McDonald Institute at: http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/efstratiou335/ for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 9–11. [Accessed 26 November 2014]. Pirazzoli P.A. 1986. The early Byzantine tectonic KACZANOWSKA M., KOZŁOWSKI J.K. 2008. paroxysm. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supple- Chipped stone artefacts. In: A. Sampson (ed.) ment 62, 31–49. The Cave of Cyclops: Mesolithic and Neolithic PirazZoli P.A. 1991. World atlas of Holocene Networks in the Northern Aegean, Greece. Vol. 1, sea-level changes. Elsevier Science Publishers, Intra-Site Analysis, Local Industries, and Regional Amsterdam. Site Distribution. INSTAP Academic Press, PiraZZoli P.A., thommeret j., thommeret y., Philadelphia, 169–178. laborel j., montaggioni l.f. 1992. Crustal Kaczanowska M., Kozłowski J.K. 2011. block movements from Holocene shorelines. Crete Lithic industry from the aceramic levels at Knossos and Antikythera. Tectonophysic 86, 27–43. (Crete, Greece): an alternative approach. Eurasian ROBINSON A.R., LESLIE W.G., THEOCHARIS Prehistory 8(1-2), 67–87. A., LASCARATOS A. 2001. Mediterranean Sea Kopaka K., Matzanas C. 2009. Palaeolithic circularion. In: Ocean currents. Academic Press, industries from the island of Gavdos near neighbour London, 1–19. to Crete in Greece. Antiquity 83(321). Available Sampson A. 1985. Manika. An Early Helladic town at: http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kopaka321/ in Chalkis. Archives of Euboean Studies, Athens. [Accessed 26 November 2014]. Sampson A. 1996. The Palaeolithic period in Euboea Ioakeim C. 2011. Palynological evidence. In: A. and Northern Sporades. Archaeology and Arts 60, Sampson (ed.) Τhe Cyclops Cave on the island of 51–58. Youra, Greece. Mesolithic and Neolithic networks Sampson A. 2005. Early productive stages in the in the Northern Aegean Basin, vol II: Dietary Aegean Basin from 9th to 7th millenium BC. In: C. resources and Palaeoenvironment. INSTAP Lichter (ed.) How Did Farming Reach Europe? Academic Press, Monograph Series, Philadelphia. Anatolian-European Relations from the Second Laskaris N., sampson a., Mavridis f., Half of the 7th Through the First Half of the 6th Mil- Liritzis I. 2011. Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene lennium Cal. BC. Proceedings of the International seafaring in the Aegean: New obsidian hydration Workshop-Ege Yayinlari, Istanbul, 131–141. dates employing the novel SIMS-SS method. Sampson A. 2006. Prehistory of the Aegean. Palaeo- Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 2475–2479. lithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic. Atrapos, Athens. Masseti Μ. 1998. The prehistoric diffusion of the Sampson A. 2008a. The Cave of the Cyclops. Asiatic mouflon, Ovis gmelini Blyth, 1841, and of Mesolithic and Neolithic networks in the Northern the bezoar, Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1977, in the Aegean, Greece, vol. 1. INSTAP Academic Press, Mediterranean region beyond their natural distri- Monograph Series, Philadelphia.Sampson A. butions. In: E. Hadjisterkotis (ed.) Proceedings of 2008b. The Sarakenos Cave at Akraifnion, Boeotia, the 2nd International Symposium on Mediterranean Greece. University of the Aegean and Polish Mouflon. Game Fund Cyprus, Nicosia, 1–19. Academy of Arts and Sciences, Rhodes-Kraków. Ntinou M. 2011. Charcoal analysis. In: A. Sampson Sampson A. 2010. Mesolithic Greece. Ion, Athens. (ed.) Τhe Cyclops Cave on the island of Youra, Sampson A. (ed.). 2011. Τhe Cyclops Cave on the Greece. Mesolithic and Neolithic networks in the island of Youra, Greece. Mesolithic and Neolithic Northern Aegean Basin, vol II: Dietary resources networks in the Northern Aegean Basin, vol II: and Palaeoenvironment, INSTAP Academic Press, Dietary resources and Palaeoenvironment. INSTAP Monograph Series, Philadelphia, pages. Academic Press, Monograph Series, Philadelphia. The Aegean Mesolithic: Environment, economy and seafaring 73

Sampson A., Katsarou s. 2004. Cyprus, Aegean Trantalidou K. 2010. Dietary adaptations of and the Near East during the PPN. Neo-lithics. The coastal people in the Aegean Archipelago during Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research the Mesolithic period: The macrofauna assemblages 2, 13–15. of Maroulas on Kythnos. In: A. Sampson, M. Sampson A., Kaczanowska m., Kozłowski Kaczanowska, J.K. Kozłowski (eds) Τhe prehistory J.K. 2008. The first Mesolithic site in the eastern of the island of Kythnos and the Mesolithic part of the Aegean Basin: excavations into the site settlement of Maroulas. Polish Academy of Arts Kerame I on the island of Ikaria. Annual of the and Science - University of the Aegean, Kraków, Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, 321–329. 163–178. Sampson A., Kaczanowska m., KozŁowski Trantalidou K. 2011. From Mesolithic fisherman J. K. 2009. Sarakenos Cave in Boeotia from and bird hunters to Neolithic goat herders: The Palaeolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Eurasian transformation of an island economy in the Aegean. Prehistory 6(1), 1–33. In: A. Sampson (ed.) The Cyclops Cave on Youra, SAMPSON A., KACZANOWSKA M., KOZŁOWSKI Alonnessos, Vol. II. New York, INSTAP Press, J.K. 2010. Τhe prehistory of the island of Kythnos 53–150. and the Mesolithic settlement at Maroulas. Polish Tzalas H. 1995. On the obsidian trail: with a Academy of Arts and Sciences - University of the papyrus craft in the Cyclades. In: H. Tzalas (ed.) Aegean, Kraków. Tropis III. Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Sampson A., Kaczanowska m., Kozłow- ship construction in Antiquity. Hellenic Institute ski J.K. 2012. Mesolithic occupations and envi- for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, Athens, ronments on the Island of Ikaria, Aegean, Greece. 441-468. Folia Quaternaria 80. Polish Academy of Arts and Tzalas H. 2002. Le premier temoignage de Sciences, Kraków. navigation en haute mer, la Papyrella. AIESEE, Seferiades M. 2007. Complexity of the processes 2éme Conference Internationale. UNESCO, Paris, of Neolithization: Tradition and modernity of the 121. Aegean world at the dawn of the Holocene period YALÇINKAYA I., OTTE M., KOZŁOWSKI J.K., (11–9 kyr). Quaternary International 167, 177–185. BAR-YOSEF O. 2002. La grotte d’Ökűzini. STRASSER T.F., PANAGOPOLOU E., RUNNELS Evolution du Paléolithique final du Sud-Ouest de C., MURRAY P., THOMPSON P., KARKANAS l’Anatolie. Centre de recherches archéologiques de P., McCOY F., WEGMAN K. 2010. Stone age l'Université de Liège, Liège. seafaring in the Mediterranean. Evidence from the Plakias region for Lower Palaeolithic and Meso- lithic habitation of Crete. Hesperia 79, 145–190.