DOCSLIB.ORG

(DWR) Formulation Organoclick AB

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(DWR) Formulation Organoclick AB Enhancing the durability of fluorocarbon-free Durable Water Repellant (DWR) formulation OrganoClick AB By: Meron Solomon Degree Project in Fibre and Polymer Technology, 30 credits, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Supervisors: Salman Hassanzadeh & Juhanes Aydin Examiner: Minna Hakkarainen 1 Abstract The focus of the project was to alter and optimize the water repellant textile coating formulations to reach enhanced durability. For this purpose, the project was approached with three methods. Firstly, bio-based components were implemented in the mother emulsion to act as surfactant and crosslinking agent and to provide hydrophobic properties. Secondly different binders were added to crosslink and increase the coating resistance towards washes. Lastly additives at nano-scale were added to increase surface roughness in order to obtain higher hydrophobicity and improved of crosslinking capacity due to the presence of more functional groups. The stability of all emulsions was controlled using different techniques such as optical microscopy to determine particle size, distribution and any observable instability (flocculation etc.), normal aging at room temperature and accelerated aging using higher temperature. All coatings were applied using a laboratory padder on standard PA and PES pieces of textiles and hydrophobic performance was evaluated through ISO 4920 spray test. By standard washing and repeating spray test, durability could be assessed. Further structure and property studies have been run using other tests such as: contact angle measurement, breathability of the coating and SEM observations. Based on the obtained results the incorporation of low HLB, bio-based surfactants in low amount (~0,25%) resulted in an increase in the hydrophobic performance of the tested textiles. However, a decrease in shelf life could be observed with these surfactants at room temperature. Sonication was successfully used to increase both stability and shelf life significantly. Some binders and nanoparticles proved to be successful in increasing the coating quality and thus the durability. Overall many of the developed formulations could enhance performance on PA compared to the already present commercial product. On PES textile, however, the developed strategies yielded hydrophobic effect close to the commercial product. 2 Sammanfattning Målet med projektet var att ändra och optimera formuleringen av en hydrofoberande textilbehandling för att nå goda vattenavstötande egenskaper och ökad hållbarhet i tvätt. För att uppnå detta testades tre metoder. Den första var att implementera biobaserade komponenter i systemet för att fungera som ytaktiva medel och tvärbindningsmedel med funktionella grupper för att bidra med hydrofoba egenskaper. I den andra metoden tillsattes bindemedel för tvärbindning med syfte att öka kemiska interaktioner och beläggningskvaliteten på textilen. Slutligen tillsattes nano partiklar med funktionella grupper för att öka ytråheten samt tvärbindningar och genom det erhålla högre grad av vattenrepellens och hållbarhet. Stabiliteten hos alla emulsioner observerades genom optisk mikroskopi för bestämning av partikelstorlek, flockulering och andra egenskaper. Visuellt observeras emulsioner i rumstemperatur och i ugn under en längre tidsperiod för att dra slutsatser om livslängden. Alla beläggningar applicerades med en laboratoriepadder på standard PA och PES tyger. Den vattenavstötande prestandan utvärderades genom ISO 4920 spray test. Genom att tvätta och repetera spray testerna kunde man bestämma behandlingens hållbarhet. Att använda bio-baserade surfaktanter visade sig i vissa fall öka den hydrofoba prestandan på tyget. En kortare livslängd på emulsionen kunde emellertid observeras när dessa ytaktiva ämnen inkluderades i behandlingen. Genom att sonikera dessa formuleringar kunde dock en ökad livslängd erhållas. Vissa bindemedel och nano partiklar visade sig vara framgångsrika med syfte att öka beläggningskvaliteten och därigenom hållbarheten. Sammanfattningsvis, gav många av de utvecklade formuleringarna en förbättrad prestanda på PA jämfört med den redan existerande kommersiella produkten. PES var emellertid inte framgångsrik med de utvecklade beläggningarna där resultaten låg under eller i samma nivå som den kommersiella produkten. 3 Abbreviations Contact Angle CA Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy EDS Polyamide PA Polyester PES Cotton COT Water vapor transmission rate WVTR Nanoparticle NP Hydrophilic-Lipophilic balance HLB Room temperature RT Metal Catalyst MCAT Keywords Hydrophobicity, textile coating, cross-linker, nanoparticles, surface roughness 4 Table of content 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Hydrophobicity .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Surface Tension ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Emulsion ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.4 Surfactants ................................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Textile industry............................................................................................................................ 11 1.6 Cross-linkers ................................................................................................................................ 12 1.7 Nanoparticles ............................................................................................................................... 13 1.8 Determination of hydrophobicity ................................................................................................ 14 1.9 Analytical measuring ................................................................................................................... 14 2. Purpose of study ............................................................................................................................ 15 3. Experimental Method .................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Material ....................................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Textile impregnation ................................................................................................................... 18 3.4 Performance test .......................................................................................................................... 19 3.5 Analytical tests ............................................................................................................................ 20 3.5.1 Contact Angle Measurement ................................................................................................ 20 3.5.2 Stability Test ......................................................................................................................... 20 3.5.3 SEM ...................................................................................................................................... 20 3.5.4 Breathability ......................................................................................................................... 21 4. Results and discussion ................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Strategy 1: Bio-based surfactants ................................................................................................ 22 4.1.1 Performance .......................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.2 Contact angle ........................................................................................................................ 32 4.1.3 SEM ...................................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.4 Stability and Shelf Life ......................................................................................................... 34 4.1.5 Discussion of Surfactants ..................................................................................................... 41 4.2 Strategy 2: Cross-linking ............................................................................................................. 41 4.2.1 Performance .......................................................................................................................... 42 4.2.2. Properties of Coated Fabrics ............................................................................................... 45 4.2.3 Contact Angle ....................................................................................................................... 45 4.2.4 SEM ...................................................................................................................................... 46 4.3 Strategy 3: Additives ................................................................................................................... 46 4.3.1 NP 1 .....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Physical Characteristics of the O/W Macroemulsion of Oleoresin of Astaxanthin Obtained from Biomass of Haematococcus Pluvialis
    Some physical characteristics of the O/W macroemulsion of oleoresin of astaxanthin obtained from biomass of Haematococcus pluvialis 1 Carolina Espinosa-Álvarez a, Carolina Jaime-Matus b & Pedro Cerezal-Mezquita a a Laboratorio de Microencapsulación de Compuestos Bioactivos (LAMICBA), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile. [email protected], [email protected] b Empresa Atacama BioNatural Products S.A., La Huayca, Pozo Almonte, Chile, Pozo Almonte, Región de Tarapacá. Iquique – Chile [email protected] Received: August 30th, 2018. Received in revised form: December 12th, 2018. Accepted: January 15th, 2019. Abstract Macroemulsions facilitate the solubilization, stability, bioaccessibility, and bioactivity of compounds with low solubility, as is the case of the emulsion developed from astaxanthin oleoresin (10%). In this study, some characteristics of the physical behavior of the macroemulsion with astaxanthin oleoresin that are in close relationship with stability were determined. One of them was the viscosity at 5, 10, 20 and 30°C. Another, corresponded to observing the size variation of the micelles, observed under the microscope for 8 days and finally, the color was determined in CIEL*a*b* system for 34 days. The results showed that the macroemulsion behaved like a shear thinning fluid up to 20°C, becoming a shear thickening fluid at 30° C. In addition, the macroemulsion presented stability in the color as time elapsed;
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,824,877 Glover Et Al
    United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,824,877 Glover et al. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 25, 1989 54 HIGH POLYMER CONTENT SILICONE 4,244,849 1/1981 Saam ................................... 525/477 EMULSIONS 4,620,878 11/1986 Gee ..................................... 252/312 75 Inventors: Shedric O. Glover; Daniel Graiver, OTHER PUBLICATIONS both of Midland, Mich. U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 809,090. 73) Assignee: Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Primary Examiner-Morton Foelak Mich. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Edward C. Elliott (21) Appl. No.: 151,686 57 ABSTRACT 22) Filed: Feb. 2, 1988 A polydiorganosiloxane emulsion having a combination (51) Int. Cl." .............................................. C08L 53/04 of high polymer content and low viscosity can be pro (52) ... 523/221; 524/588 duced by blending a high polymer content polydiorgan (58) Field of Search ......................... 523/221; 528/588 osiloxane macroemulsion, having a polymer content of greater than 60 percent by weight and an average parti 56 References Cited cle size of greater than 0.14 micrometers, and a high U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS polymer content polydiorganosiloxane microemulsion, 3,294,725 12/1966 Findlay et al. ..................... 260/29.2 having a polymer content of from 20 to 30 percent by 3,433,780 3/1969 Cekada et al. .. ... 260/29.2 weight and an average particle size of less than 0.14 3,975,294 8/1976 Dumoulin ....... ... 252/354 micrometers, with the ratio of the average particle size 4,052,331 10/1977 Dumoulin ... ... 252/312 of the macroemulsion to the average size of the micro 4,146,499 3/1979 Rosano ...........
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Interactions in Surfactant Solutions: from Micelles to Microemulsions
    MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS: FROM MICELLES TO MICROEMULSIONS By MONICA A. JAMES-SMITH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 1 Copyright 2006 by Monica A. James-Smith 2 To my parents who have been my #1 supporters since October 17, 1977. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my Almighty Heavenly Father for allowing me to make it to this point and for seeing me through every obstacle that arose. I am forever grateful to my husband, Rod, for all of his support, love and encouragement. I sincerely thank my parents, Dan and Elaine James, for always believing in me, for their constant prayers, and for always providing the right words when the journey seemed difficult. I would like to thank Melanie, Dan, Chris, and Bruce for knowing how to make me feel like I can accomplish anything. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my best friend, Brandi Chestang, who has been there to answer every phone call and has cheered me on all my life. I am also greatly appreciative to all of my other friends, family, and loved ones. I must also extend my sincerest appreciation to my in-laws who have taken me in as a family member and provided tremendous support as I have pursued this degree. I am forever grateful to Dr. Dinesh O. Shah for being a mentor, an advisor, and a confidant, for providing me with the highest caliber of guidance and for always pushing me towards greatness.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of the Application of Fuel and Water Emulsion on CO and Nox Emission and Fuel Consumption in a Miniature Gas Turbine
    energies Article Impact of the Application of Fuel and Water Emulsion on CO and NOx Emission and Fuel Consumption in a Miniature Gas Turbine Paweł Niszczota * and Marian Gieras Department of Division of Aircraft Engines, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Miniature gas turbines (MGT) are an important part of the production of electric energy in distributed systems. Due to the growing requirements for lower emissions and the increasing prices of hydrocarbon fuels, it is becoming more and more important to enhance the efficiency and improve the quality of the combustion process in gas turbines. One way to reduce NOx emissions is to add water to the fuel in the form of a water-based emulsion (FWE). This article presents the research results and the analysis of the impact of the use of FWE on CO and NOx emissions as well as on fuel consumption in MGT GTM-120. Experimental tests and numerical calculations were carried out using standard fuel (DF) and FWE with water content from 3% to 12%. It was found that the use of FWE leads to a reduction in NOx and CO emissions and reduction in the consumption of basic fuel. The maximum reduction in emissions by 12.32% and 35.16% for CO and NOx, respectively, and a reduction in fuel consumption by 5.46% at the computational operating point of the gas turbine were recorded. Citation: Niszczota, P.; Gieras, M. Keywords: miniature gas turbine; combustion zone; CO emissions; NOx emissions; water fuel Impact of the Application of Fuel and Water Emulsion on CO and NOx emulsion; fuel consumption Emission and Fuel Consumption in a Miniature Gas Turbine.
    [Show full text]
  • Microemulsion and Macroemulsion Behaviour of Systems Containing Oil
    THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL MICROEMULSION AND MACROEMULSION BEHAVIOUR OF SYSTEMS CONTAINING OIL, WATER AND NONIONIC SURFACTANT being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull by N David Ian Horsup, B. Sc. August 1991 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Paul Fletcher for his assistance -and advice during the period of my research and for his encouragement of my interest in surface and colloid chemistry. Thanks are also due to Dr. Robert Aveyard, Dr. Bernard Binks and my fellow colleagues for many fruitful discussions. I am also grateful to the Agricultural and Food ResearchCouncil and Unilever (Colworth) for the provision of a three year studentship. August 1991 To my parentsfor providing me with the opportunity to pursue my academicstudies. Scientist atoneis tracepoet, fiegives us the moon,he promises the stars, he'fI makpus a new universeif it comesto that. Allen Ginsberg, "Poem Rocket, " Kaddish and Other Poems (1961). ABSTRACT In this thesis, attempts have been made to correlate some equilibrium properties of microemulsions with the formation and stability of macroemulsions. Studies have been mainly limited to water-in-oil (W/O) systems stabilised by pure nonionic (CnE, Initially however, brief surfactantsof the poly-oxyethylene alkyl ether n) type. a accountis presentedof the behaviour of W/O microemulsions stabilised by commercial nonionic surfactantsof the type usedin foods. A detailed study of the equilibrium behaviour of W/O microemulsions stabilised by tetra-oxyethylene mono-n-dodecyl ether, C12E4,in hydrocarbon oils is presented. Aggregates form above a certain surfactant concentration in the oil, designated the critical microemulsion concentration, cµc.
    [Show full text]
  • Microemulsion Microstructure(S): a Tutorial Review
    nanomaterials Review Microemulsion Microstructure(s): A Tutorial Review Giuseppe Tartaro 1 , Helena Mateos 1 , Davide Schirone 1 , Ruggero Angelico 2 and Gerardo Palazzo 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry, and CSGI (Center for Colloid and Surface Science), University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (G.T.); [email protected] (H.M.); [email protected] (D.S.) 2 Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DIAAA), University of Molise, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 18 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent, isotropic single-phase mixtures of two immiscible liquids stabilized by surfactants (and possibly other compounds). The assortment of very different microstructures behind such a univocal macroscopic definition is presented together with the experimental approaches to their determination. This tutorial review includes a necessary overview of the microemulsion phase behavior including the effect of temperature and salinity and of the features of living polymerlike micelles and living networks. Once these key learning points have been acquired, the different theoretical models proposed to rationalize the microemulsion microstructures are reviewed. The focus is on the use of these models as a rationale for the formulation of microemulsions with suitable features. Finally, current achievements and challenges of the use of microemulsions are reviewed. Keywords: microemulsions; wormlike micelles; packing parameter; flexible surface model; hydrophilic–lipophilic difference (HLD); net average curvature (NAC) 1. Introduction As a matter of fact, water and oil do not mix. There are several applications in which this is a bitter truth and the coexistence of oil and water as separate macroscopic phases, interacting just through a small interface, is highly disappointing.
    [Show full text]
  • Master's Thesis Template
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RHEOLOGY AND STABILITY BEHAVIOUR OF SURFACTANT STABILIZED WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT By ISRAEL OLUWATOSIN Norman, Oklahoma 2016 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RHEOLOGY AND STABILITY BEHAVIOUR OF SURFACTANT STABILIZED WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE MEWBOURNE SCHOOL OF PETROLEUM AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING BY ______________________________ Dr. Fahs Mashhad, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Suresh Sharma ______________________________ Dr. Maysam Pournik © Copyright by ISRAEL OLUWATOSIN 2016 All Rights Reserved. Dedication I dedicate this work first to God almighty for his love, provision and protection. My deepest gratitude goes also to my parents, brothers and my fiancée for their indefatigable love and support throughout my life. Thank you all for being there for me always. Acknowledgement I am deeply indebted to my advisor Dr. Fahs Mashhad whose inspiring suggestions and encouragement helped throughout the research. I also appreciate her team building approach to research. My thanks and appreciation goes to Dr. Bryan Grady for training me on how to use the rotational viscometer in his lab. I appreciate Dr. Suresh Sharma and Dr. Maysam Pournik for serving on my thesis committee. I am especially grateful to Sergio Gomez for assisting me in running some of the experiments. My thanks go also to all my colleagues in the PERL research lab for their direct and indirect assistance and helpful discussions during my work. Finally, I like to also appreciate Joe Flenniken and Gary Stowe for their useful suggestions and also helping me out with the lab equipment.
    [Show full text]
  • Limestone-Particle-Stabilized Macroemulsion of Liquid And
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4445-4450 Limestone-Particle-Stabilized subterranean disposal, in enhanced oil recovery, in super- critical CO2 extraction processes, and in liquid or supercritical Macroemulsion of Liquid and CO2 reaction schemes. Here we emphasize the application of CaCO3-particle-stabilized CO2-in-water macroemulsions Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in for ocean sequestration of CO2 to ameliorate global warming. Water for Ocean Sequestration Materials and Methods The exploration of the formation and properties of a calcite- D. GOLOMB,* E. BARRY, D. RYAN, particle-stabilized liquid carbon dioxide in water macro- C. LAWTON, AND P. SWETT emulsion is performed in a high-pressure batch reactor with Departments of Environmental, Earth and Atmospheric view windows. The reactor, the auxiliary equipment for Sciences, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of MassachusettssLowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854 introducing the reactants into the reactor, and the monitoring instruments are depicted in Figure 1. The reactor consists of a 110 mL volume high-pressure stainless steel cell equipped with tempered glass windows (PresSure Products F03XC06B). When liquid or supercritical CO2 is mixed with an aqueous The windows are placed at right angles, one illuminated with a 20 W 12 V compact halogen bulb, the other allowing slurry of finely pulverized (1-20 µm) limestone (CaCO3) in a high-pressure reactor, a macroemulsion is formed recording on a video camera. The view window diameter is 24 mm. The window diameter is used as a scale for consisting of droplets of CO2 coated with a sheath of CaCO3 particles dispersed in water. The coated droplets are determining droplet and globule diameter sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Researches of a Combustion Engine Fuelled with a Fuel-Water Microemulsion
    Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 25, No. 4 2018 ISSN: 1231-4005 e-ISSN: 2354-0133 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.4791 RESEARCHES OF A COMBUSTION ENGINE FUELLED WITH A FUEL-WATER MICROEMULSION Mirosław Kowalski, Antoni Jankowski Air Force Institute of Technology Ksiecia Boleslawa 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland tel.: +48 22 851301, fax: +48 22 851313 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The emulsion is a mixture of two or more insoluble liquids. Microemulsion is the emulsion with particles dimension in a range of one micrometre and smaller. Such a microemulsion of water and diesel fuel will create a novel quality and allows one to simultaneously achieve environmental and economic effects, as well as eliminate the ad-verse impact of normal emulsions, or adverse effects of water injection into the engine intake system or directly into the combustion chamber, as well as the sequential injection of water directly into the combustion chamber. Application of microemul- sion of water and diesel to fuel diesel engine positively affects the combustion process through the catalytic impact of microparticles of water, and improves the process of preparation of the microemulsion injection into the combustion chamber as a result of water microparticles’ microexplosions. This article presents the investigation results of an inter- nal combustion engine fuelled by an emulsion of water and diesel fuel and fuelled by emulsion of FAME and water. It therefore seems appropriate to a strong increase in the degree of dispersion of water droplets in the emulsion by apply- ing the methods to obtain the size of water droplets on nanometric range.
    [Show full text]
  • 49660955016.Pdf
    DYNA ISSN: 0012-7353 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Espinosa-Álvarez, Carolina; Jaime-Matus, Carolina; Cerezal-Mezquita, Pedro Some physical characteristics of the O/W macroemulsion of oleoresin of astaxanthin obtained from biomass of Haematococcus pluvialis DYNA, vol. 86, no. 208, 2019, January-March, pp. 136-142 Universidad Nacional de Colombia DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n208.74586 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49660955016 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Some physical characteristics of the O/W macroemulsion of oleoresin of astaxanthin obtained from biomass of Haematococcus pluvialis 1 Carolina Espinosa-Álvarez a, Carolina Jaime-Matus b & Pedro Cerezal-Mezquita a a Laboratorio de Microencapsulación de Compuestos Bioactivos (LAMICBA), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile. [email protected], [email protected] b Empresa Atacama BioNatural Products S.A., La Huayca, Pozo Almonte, Chile, Pozo Almonte, Región de Tarapacá. Iquique – Chile [email protected] Received: August 30th, 2018. Received in revised form: December 12th, 2018. Accepted: January 15th, 2019. Abstract Macroemulsions facilitate the solubilization, stability, bioaccessibility, and bioactivity of compounds with low solubility, as is the case of the emulsion developed from astaxanthin oleoresin (10%). In this study, some characteristics of the physical behavior of the macroemulsion with astaxanthin oleoresin that are in close relationship with stability were determined.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoemulsions: Formation, Properties and Applications Cite This: Soft Matter, 2016, 12,2826 Ankur Gupta,A H
    Soft Matter View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications Cite this: Soft Matter, 2016, 12,2826 Ankur Gupta,a H. Burak Eral,bc T. Alan Hattona and Patrick S. Doyle*a Nanoemulsions are kinetically stable liquid-in-liquid dispersions with droplet sizes on the order of 100 nm. Their small size leads to useful properties such as high surface area per unit volume, robust stability, optically transparent appearance, and tunable rheology. Nanoemulsions are finding application in diverse areas such as drug delivery, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and material synthesis. Additionally, they serve as model systems to understand nanoscale colloidal dispersions. High and low Received 7th December 2015, energy methods are used to prepare nanoemulsions, including high pressure homogenization, Accepted 19th February 2016 ultrasonication, phase inversion temperature and emulsion inversion point, as well as recently developed DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02958a approaches such as bubble bursting method. In this review article, we summarize the major methods to prepare nanoemulsions, theories to predict droplet size, physical conditions and chemical additives Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. www.rsc.org/softmatter which affect droplet stability, and recent applications. 1 Introduction and water phases of the emulsion. The emulsifier also plays a role in stabilizing nanoemulsions through repulsive electro- Nanoemulsions are emulsions with droplet size on the order of static
    [Show full text]
  • Phase Behavior and Emulsion Stability of the Aot/Decane
    ISNN: 00000-00000 Yithanllili Bastidas, Lisset Hernández, Issarly Rivas, Kareem Rahn-Chique and German Urbina-Villalba PHASE BEHAVIOR AND EMULSION STABILITY OF THE AOT/DECANE/ WATER/NaCl SYSTEM AT VERY LOW VOLUME FRACTIONS OF OIL Yithanllili Bastidas1, Lisset Hernández2, Issarly Rivas3, Kareem Rahn-Chique3, German Urbina-Villalba3* 1Universidad Nacional Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada (UNEFA), Núcleo Carabobo, Naguanagua, Venezuela. 2Instituto Universitario Santiago Mariño, Sede Maracaibo, Venezuela. 3Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios de la Física, Aparta- do 20632, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela. Abstract The stability of a ternary system composed of decane/water/Aerosol-OT and salt is revisited. Phase diagrams and emulsions similar in composition to those previously studied by Hofman and Stein [Hofman, 1991] were made. Ac- cording to our results, and contrary to the common experience, these systems exhibit a maximum of stability very close to the balance zone. Keywords AOT, Balance Zone, Volume Fraction, Emulsion, Decane, Stability, Surfactant. 1. INTRODUCTION emulsions can only be kinetically stable and not thermody- namically stable as their microemulsion analogs. The phase behavior of ternary systems composed of oil, When the affinity of the surfactant for oil and water is water and surfactant markedly depends on the relative af- similar, the mixture of oil, water and surfactant generates finity of the amphiphile for the immiscible liquids. This a three-phase region in the phase diagram (Winsor III dia- chemical compatibility relies on its hydrophilic and hydro- gram) [Shinoda, 1967; Kunieda, 1981]. Two of these phases phobic moieties. The spatial separation of these two regions are basically composed of water and oil, and the third phase along its molecular structure renders the dual empathy of essentially contains all the surfactant in the system.
    [Show full text]