Emulsion Micro Emulsion and Nano Emulsion: a Review
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
An Introduction to Fast Dissolving Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery Systems: a Review
Muthadi Radhika Reddy /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(7), 2020, 925-940 An Introduction to Fast Dissolving Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery Systems: A Review Muthadi Radhika Reddy1* 1School of pharmacy, Gurunanak Institute of Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India and Department of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management University, Vizag, Andhra Pradesh, India INTRODUCTION 2. Useful in situations where rapid onset of action Fast dissolving drug delivery systems were first developed required such as in motion sickness, allergic attack, in the late 1970s as an alternative to conventional dosage coughing or asthma forms. These systems consist of solid dosage forms that 3. Has wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, Rx disintegrate and dissolve quickly in the oral cavity without Prescriptions and OTC medications for treating pain, the need of water [1]. Fast dissolving drug delivery cough/cold, gastro-esophageal reflux disease,erectile systems include orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) and dysfunction, sleep disorders, dietary supplements, etc oral thin films (OTFs). The Centre for Drug Evaluation [4] and Research (CDER) defines ODTs as,“a solid dosage 4. No water is required for the administration and hence form containing medicinal substances which disintegrates suitable during travelling rapidly, usually within a matter of seconds, when placed 5. Some drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx upon the tongue” [2]. USFDA defines OTFs as, “a thin, and esophagus as the saliva passes down into the flexible, non-friable polymeric film strip containing one or stomach, enhancing bioavailability of drugs more dispersed active pharmaceutical ingredients which is 6. May offer improved bioavailability for poorly water intended to be placed on the tongue for rapid soluble drugs by offering large surface area as it disintegration or dissolution in the saliva prior to disintegrates and dissolves rapidly swallowing for delivery into the gastrointestinal tract” [3]. -
Preparation and Characterization of Oil-In-Water and Water-In-Oil Emulsions
1 Preparation and Characterization of Oil-in-Water and Water-in-Oil Emulsions Prepared For Dr. Reza Foudazi, Ph.D. Chemical and Materials Engineering New Mexico State University By Muchu Zhou May 10, 2016 2 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of This Report The objective of this report is to clarify what I have done this semester for research course CHME 498. The research interest is “Preparation and Characterization of Oil-in-Water and Water-in-Oil Emulsions”. Thus, I would like to talk about what is emulsion, what are the main characteristics of emulsions, what are the existing methods for preparations of emulsions and how to make simple emulsions. 1.2 Background of This Report Emulsion is a kind of mixture comprised of two or more liquids, which usually are immiscible, and surfactant. The common types of emulsions are oil-in-water emulsion and water-in-oil emulsion. According to Aronson (1988), the emulsions have important industrial value in the wide range of field and it has been studied extensively recently. The emulsions play an important role in the industrial production and it has been applied to many fields including food industry, cosmetics industry and pharmaceutical industry. In the food industry, emulsifier can function as dough conditioners in order to improve tolerance to variations in flour and other ingredient quality. In the cosmetic industry, the majority of facial creams and lotions are emulsions. 1.3 Scope of This Report 3 This report is going to cover the following contents. Introduction of emulsions. Effect of surfactant. Common materials for preparation of emulsions. -
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 9988-10008; doi:10.3390/ijerph120809988 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Review E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use Christian Giroud 1,2,3,*, Mariangela de Cesare 4, Aurélie Berthet 2,3,6, Vincent Varlet 1,2,3, Nicolas Concha-Lozano 2,3,6 and Bernard Favrat 2,3,5,7 1 Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine (CURML), CH-1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Community Medicine and Health (DUMSC), Rue du Bugnon 44, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (N.C.-L.); [email protected] (B.F.) 3 Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland 4 Unità di Medicina e Psicologia del Traffico, via Trevano 4, Casella postale 4044, CH-6904 Lugano, Switzerland; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Unit of Traffic Medicine and Psychology, CURML, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland 6 Institute for Work and Health (IST), Route de la Corniche 2, CH-1066 Epalinges - Lausanne, University of Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland 7 Center of General Medicine, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine (PMU), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 44, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +41(0)-79-556-58-91; Fax: +41(0)-21-314-70-90. Academic Editor: Paul B. -
Some Physical Characteristics of the O/W Macroemulsion of Oleoresin of Astaxanthin Obtained from Biomass of Haematococcus Pluvialis
Some physical characteristics of the O/W macroemulsion of oleoresin of astaxanthin obtained from biomass of Haematococcus pluvialis 1 Carolina Espinosa-Álvarez a, Carolina Jaime-Matus b & Pedro Cerezal-Mezquita a a Laboratorio de Microencapsulación de Compuestos Bioactivos (LAMICBA), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile. [email protected], [email protected] b Empresa Atacama BioNatural Products S.A., La Huayca, Pozo Almonte, Chile, Pozo Almonte, Región de Tarapacá. Iquique – Chile [email protected] Received: August 30th, 2018. Received in revised form: December 12th, 2018. Accepted: January 15th, 2019. Abstract Macroemulsions facilitate the solubilization, stability, bioaccessibility, and bioactivity of compounds with low solubility, as is the case of the emulsion developed from astaxanthin oleoresin (10%). In this study, some characteristics of the physical behavior of the macroemulsion with astaxanthin oleoresin that are in close relationship with stability were determined. One of them was the viscosity at 5, 10, 20 and 30°C. Another, corresponded to observing the size variation of the micelles, observed under the microscope for 8 days and finally, the color was determined in CIEL*a*b* system for 34 days. The results showed that the macroemulsion behaved like a shear thinning fluid up to 20°C, becoming a shear thickening fluid at 30° C. In addition, the macroemulsion presented stability in the color as time elapsed; -
Grade 6 Science Mechanical Mixtures Suspensions
Grade 6 Science Week of November 16 – November 20 Heterogeneous Mixtures Mechanical Mixtures Mechanical mixtures have two or more particle types that are not mixed evenly and can be seen as different kinds of matter in the mixture. Obvious examples of mechanical mixtures are chocolate chip cookies, granola and pepperoni pizza. Less obvious examples might be beach sand (various minerals, shells, bacteria, plankton, seaweed and much more) or concrete (sand gravel, cement, water). Mechanical mixtures are all around you all the time. Can you identify any more right now? Suspensions Suspensions are mixtures that have solid or liquid particles scattered around in a liquid or gas. Common examples of suspensions are raw milk, salad dressing, fresh squeezed orange juice and muddy water. If left undisturbed the solids or liquids that are in the suspension may settle out and form layers. You may have seen this layering in salad dressing that you need to shake up before using them. After a rain fall the more dense particles in a mud puddle may settle to the bottom. Milk that is fresh from the cow will naturally separate with the cream rising to the top. Homogenization breaks up the fat molecules of the cream into particles small enough to stay suspended and this stable mixture is now a colloid. We will look at colloids next. Solution, Suspension, and Colloid: https://youtu.be/XEAiLm2zuvc Colloids Colloids: https://youtu.be/MPortFIqgbo Colloids are two phase mixtures. Having two phases means colloids have particles of a solid, liquid or gas dispersed in a continuous phase of another solid, liquid, or gas. -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,824,877 Glover Et Al
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,824,877 Glover et al. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 25, 1989 54 HIGH POLYMER CONTENT SILICONE 4,244,849 1/1981 Saam ................................... 525/477 EMULSIONS 4,620,878 11/1986 Gee ..................................... 252/312 75 Inventors: Shedric O. Glover; Daniel Graiver, OTHER PUBLICATIONS both of Midland, Mich. U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 809,090. 73) Assignee: Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Primary Examiner-Morton Foelak Mich. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Edward C. Elliott (21) Appl. No.: 151,686 57 ABSTRACT 22) Filed: Feb. 2, 1988 A polydiorganosiloxane emulsion having a combination (51) Int. Cl." .............................................. C08L 53/04 of high polymer content and low viscosity can be pro (52) ... 523/221; 524/588 duced by blending a high polymer content polydiorgan (58) Field of Search ......................... 523/221; 528/588 osiloxane macroemulsion, having a polymer content of greater than 60 percent by weight and an average parti 56 References Cited cle size of greater than 0.14 micrometers, and a high U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS polymer content polydiorganosiloxane microemulsion, 3,294,725 12/1966 Findlay et al. ..................... 260/29.2 having a polymer content of from 20 to 30 percent by 3,433,780 3/1969 Cekada et al. .. ... 260/29.2 weight and an average particle size of less than 0.14 3,975,294 8/1976 Dumoulin ....... ... 252/354 micrometers, with the ratio of the average particle size 4,052,331 10/1977 Dumoulin ... ... 252/312 of the macroemulsion to the average size of the micro 4,146,499 3/1979 Rosano ........... -
Minty Mouthwash Launched
MARKETPLACE 2D LINGUAL Marketplace is provided as a service to readers using text and images from the manufacturer, supplier or distributor and does not imply endorsement by ORTHODONTICS Vital. Normal and prudent research should be exercised before purchase or Non-visible lingual braces have been available use of any product mentioned. for some time but despite the obvious aesthetic advantages for the wearer, ease of use, cost effec- tiveness and patient comfort have all been cited GIVE YOUR SURGERY Three pre-set positions, back and base as drawbacks by dentists and orthodontists. movements are operated by foot control thus A new 2D system by Forestadent has round A MODERN LOOK eliminating a cross infection risk. The seamless edges and smooth surfaces, allowing free- Not everyone wants to purchase a complete upholstery also benefi ts cross infection dom of movement for the tongue – enabling Treatment Centre when sometimes it’s only the control, providing no available hiding places patients to eat and speak without impairment chair that needs replacing. Takara Belmont’s Pro for bacteria, ensuring optimum hygiene. If your almost immediately after the appliance has been II chair can be sold independently of the Cleo chair is starting to date your surgery call Takara inserted. The self ligating brackets feature a ver- treatment centre and has some unique benefi ts. Belmont on 020 7515 0333 or email tical slot for quick and easy archwire insertion. The folding leg rest gives the chair a modern [email protected]. Alternatively, In addition, the 2D bracket, which has a look that is also extremely practical; its com- all products are available to view total thickness of 1.3 mm to 1.65 mm, can be pact size makes surgeries look less cramped and at either of Belmont’s showrooms bonded directly or indirectly and its clips have the design is a lot less intimidating for patients located in London (020 7515 0333) been designed to open and close easily. -
Low-Flow, Minimal-Flow and Metabolic-Flow Anaesthesia Clinical Techniques for Use with Rebreathing Systems ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: AHEAD of HIS TIME Professor Jan A
Low-flow, minimal-flow and metabolic-flowLow-flow, anaesthesia D-38293-2015 Low-flow, minimal-flow and metabolic-flow anaesthesia Clinical techniques for use with rebreathing systems Christian Hönemann Bert Mierke Drägerwerk KGaA & Co. AG IMPORTANT NOTES Medical expertise is continually undergoing change due to research and clinical experience. The authors of this book intend to ensure that the views, opinions and assumptions in this book, especially those concerning applications and effects, correspond to the current state of knowledge. But this does not relieve the reader from the duty to personally carry the responsibilities for clinical measures. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not mean that such names are exempt from the applicable protection laws and regulations, even if there are no related specific statements. All rights to this book, especially the rights to reproduce and copy, are reserved by Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA. No part of this book may be reproduced or stored mechanically, electronically or photographically without prior written authorization by Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA. Fabius®, Primus®, Zeus® and Perseus® are trademarks of Dräger. AUTHORS Christian Hönemann Bert Mierke PhD, MD PhD, MD Vice Medical Director Medical Director Chief physician in the collegiate system of Chief physician of the Clinic for the department of Anaesthesia and Operative Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Intensive Care, St. Marienhospital Vechta St. Elisabeth GmbH, Lindenstraße 3–7, Catholic Clinics Oldenburger Münsterland, 49401 Damme, Germany Marienstraβe 6–8, 49377 Vechta, Germany Low-flow, minimal-flow and metabolic-flow anaesthesia Clinical techniques for use with rebreathing systems ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: AHEAD OF HIS TIME Professor Jan A. -
Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2013-11-15 Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids Marjan Javadi Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Javadi, Marjan, "Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 3879. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3879 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids Marjan Javadi A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy William G. Pitt, Chair Morris D. Argyle Brad C. Bundy Alonzo D. Cook Randy S. Lewis Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University November 2013 Copyright © 2013 Marjan Javadi All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids Marjan Javadi Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Doctor of Philosophy People receiving chemotherapy not only suffer from side effects of therapeutics but also must buy expensive drugs. Targeted drug and gene delivery directed to specific tumor-cells is one way to reduce the side effect of drugs and use less amount of therapeutics. In this research, two novel liposomal nanocarriers were developed. This nanocarrier, called an eLiposome, is basically one or more emulsion droplets inside a liposome. -
(DWR) Formulation Organoclick AB
Enhancing the durability of fluorocarbon-free Durable Water Repellant (DWR) formulation OrganoClick AB By: Meron Solomon Degree Project in Fibre and Polymer Technology, 30 credits, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Supervisors: Salman Hassanzadeh & Juhanes Aydin Examiner: Minna Hakkarainen 1 Abstract The focus of the project was to alter and optimize the water repellant textile coating formulations to reach enhanced durability. For this purpose, the project was approached with three methods. Firstly, bio-based components were implemented in the mother emulsion to act as surfactant and crosslinking agent and to provide hydrophobic properties. Secondly different binders were added to crosslink and increase the coating resistance towards washes. Lastly additives at nano-scale were added to increase surface roughness in order to obtain higher hydrophobicity and improved of crosslinking capacity due to the presence of more functional groups. The stability of all emulsions was controlled using different techniques such as optical microscopy to determine particle size, distribution and any observable instability (flocculation etc.), normal aging at room temperature and accelerated aging using higher temperature. All coatings were applied using a laboratory padder on standard PA and PES pieces of textiles and hydrophobic performance was evaluated through ISO 4920 spray test. By standard washing and repeating spray test, durability could be assessed. Further structure and property studies have been run using other tests such as: contact angle measurement, breathability of the coating and SEM observations. Based on the obtained results the incorporation of low HLB, bio-based surfactants in low amount (~0,25%) resulted in an increase in the hydrophobic performance of the tested textiles. -
Emulsion and It's Applications in Food Processing
Adheeb Usaid A.S et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.241-248 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Emulsion and it’s Applications in Food Processing – A Review Adheeb Usaid A.S1, Premkumar.J2 and T.V.Ranganathan3 1.Bachelor of Engineering, 2.Research Scholar, 3. Professor Department of Food Processing and Engineering School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Karunya University, Coimbatore-641114, Tamilnadu, India. ABSTRACT An emulsion is a heterogeneous system consisting of atleast one immiscible liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets. Emulsions are classified based on the nature of the emulsifier or the structure of the system. The range of droplets size for each type of emulsion is quite arbitrary. Macro emulsions are the most common form of emulsions used in food industries than nano and micro emulsions. There are several methods are possible and a wide range of equipments are available for emulsion formations. These methods include shaking, stirring and injection, and the use of colloid mills, homogenizers and ultrasonics. The unique nature of emulsions with a narrow size distribution of different sized droplets has number of applications in food industries including bakery products, dairy, candy products, meat products and beverages. Still most applications are waiting for commercial exploitation. Key words: Applications, Colloid mills, Emulsions, Homogenizers, Ulrasonics. I. INTRODUCTION The definition of an emulsion has continued function of an emulsifier is to join together oily and to evolve since the 1930s. Becher (1957),developed aqueous phases of an emulsion in a an elaborate definition from several previous authors. -
Molecular Interactions in Surfactant Solutions: from Micelles to Microemulsions
MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS: FROM MICELLES TO MICROEMULSIONS By MONICA A. JAMES-SMITH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 1 Copyright 2006 by Monica A. James-Smith 2 To my parents who have been my #1 supporters since October 17, 1977. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my Almighty Heavenly Father for allowing me to make it to this point and for seeing me through every obstacle that arose. I am forever grateful to my husband, Rod, for all of his support, love and encouragement. I sincerely thank my parents, Dan and Elaine James, for always believing in me, for their constant prayers, and for always providing the right words when the journey seemed difficult. I would like to thank Melanie, Dan, Chris, and Bruce for knowing how to make me feel like I can accomplish anything. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my best friend, Brandi Chestang, who has been there to answer every phone call and has cheered me on all my life. I am also greatly appreciative to all of my other friends, family, and loved ones. I must also extend my sincerest appreciation to my in-laws who have taken me in as a family member and provided tremendous support as I have pursued this degree. I am forever grateful to Dr. Dinesh O. Shah for being a mentor, an advisor, and a confidant, for providing me with the highest caliber of guidance and for always pushing me towards greatness.