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Prototype National Report. Vol. 2. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

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Prototype National Report. Vol. 2. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services TEEB-Russia Biodiversity Conservation Center ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF RUSSIA PROTOTYPE OF THE NATIONAL REPORT Volume 2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Accounting Principles in Russia Edited by E. N. Bukvareva, T. V. Sviridova Moscow – 2020 ISBN 978‐5‐93699‐107‐3 © Biodiversity Conservation Center, 2020 Report edited by E.N. Bukvareva, T.V. Sviridova Authors: K.A. Aleksandriiskaia, S.N. Bobylev, E.N. Bukvareva, A.A. Danilkin, A.V. Drozdov, M.Yu. Dubinin, A.D. Dumnov, V.I. Grabovsky, O.A. Illarionova, M.V. Kalyakin, A.V. Khoroshev, O.A. Klimanova, E.Yu. Kol‐ bovskii, S.N. Lysenkov, O.A. Murashko, S.A. Ostroumov, R.A. Perelet, G.I. Ruban, A.S. Semenova, A.V. Shcherbakov, S.V. Solovyeva, T.V. Sviridova, O.V. Voltzit, E.S. Yesipova German experts: K. Grunewald (IOER Dresden), L. Kümper‐Schlake (BfN Bonn) The translation of the Russian text into English was done by KERN AG, Sprachendienste in Frankfurt am Main. Recommended citation: Bukvareva, E.N., Sviridova, T.V. (Eds.). (2020). Ecosystem services of Russia: Proto‐ type National Report. Vol. 2. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Accounting Principles in Russia. English version of the report published originally in Russian in 2020. Moscow: BCC Press. The book was prepared and published as part of the project “Assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem ser‐ vices in the Russian Federation – informing management principles and international processes”. The pro‐ ject was сommissioned by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), the TEEB Russia pro‐ jects were funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). They were supported by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation (MNR) with the active participation of experts from the Biodiversity Conservation Center (Mos‐ cow), Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development (Dresden), Russian Academy of Sci‐ ences (A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, the Institute of Geography, Center for Forest Eco‐ logy and Productivity, and the Institute for Systems Analysis), Lomonosov Moscow State University (the faculties of Biology, Geography, Economics and Zoological Museum), the Russian State Agrarian Uni‐ versity – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, and limited liability company «NextGIS». Project coordinators: A.R. Grigoryan (BCC), K. Grunewald (IOER) Project scientific leader: E.N. Bukvareva (BCC) Project website: http://teeb.biodiversity.ru/en Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Key Messages ................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Major Objectives, Scales of Analysis and Data Sources.................................................................. 10 2.1. The main objectives of the project ................................................................................................. 10 2.2. Spatial scales of analysis and data sources ..................................................................................... 13 2.3. Data processing and analysis methods ........................................................................................... 15 3. Ecosystem Asset Indicators ......................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Indicators of the state of ecosystems............................................................................................. 16 3.1.1. Degree of territory transformation...................................................................................................... 16 3.1.2. Fragmentation of natural ecosystems ................................................................................................. 17 3.1.3. Phytomass and productivity ................................................................................................................ 18 3.2. Indicators of bird diversity ............................................................................................................. 20 3.2.1. Birds and Important Bird Areas as providers of ecosystem services..................................................... 20 3.2.2. Review of existing bird databases ....................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3. Indicators used in the project .............................................................................................................. 31 3.2.3.1. Use of data from the Atlas of Breeding Birds of European part of Russia ............................................................... 31 3.2.3.2. Indicators of bird species richness ............................................................................................................................. 32 3.2.3.3. Indices of Red Book bird species ................................................................................................................................ 34 3.2.3.4. Overall index of bird diversity .................................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.3.5. Regional aspects of the application of bird diversity indicators .............................................................................. 41 3.2.3.6. Indicators of the synanthropization level of bird population ................................................................................... 43 3.2.3.7. Effect of the scale of analysis on relationships between bird diversity indicators and their interpretation ......... 49 3.2.3.8. Opportunities to use bird diversity indicators in SEEA-EEA ...................................................................................... 53 3.3. Indicators of plant diversity............................................................................................................ 55 3.3.1. Number of vascular plant species per 100,000 km2 ............................................................................. 55 3.3.2. Number of plant species in local flora ................................................................................................. 55 3.3.3. Plant species richness in administrative districts of the Central Federal Okrug of RF ........................... 56 3.3.3.1. Level of floristic study and primary sources of data on plant species diversity in European Russia....................... 56 3.3.3.2. Preliminary results of the analysis of plant species richness .................................................................................... 57 3.3.3.3. Basic reasons for inaccuracy and distortion of estimates of plant species richness ............................................... 59 3.3.3.4. Possibilities of using and refining indicators of plant diversity ................................................................................ 61 4. Ecosystem Services of Russia: Detailing after the TEEB-Russia 1.................................................... 62 4.1. Refined ecosystem services estimate for European Russia ............................................................ 62 4.1.1. Wood production ................................................................................................................................ 62 4.1.2. Carbon storage.................................................................................................................................... 63 4.1.3. Air purification by suburban forests .................................................................................................... 63 4.1.4. Asuurance of runoff volume by terrestrial ecosystems ........................................................................ 70 4.1.5. Prevention of soil water erosion ......................................................................................................... 71 4.1.6. Pollination ........................................................................................................................................... 78 4.1.7. Creation of natural conditions for weekend recreation ....................................................................... 85 4.1.8. Aesthetic value of ecosystems ............................................................................................................ 89 4.1.9. Features of ecosystem services geographically tied to cities and farmlands ........................................ 98 4.1.10. Ecosystem services of the largest cities of Russia ............................................................................... 99 3 4.2. Importance of ecosystem services for preserving the culture and traditional way of life of indigenous peoples of Russia ....................................................................................................... 102 4.2.1. Indigenous small-numbered peoples of Russia ...................................................................................102 4.2.2. Significance of ecosystem services for traditional natural resource management ...............................104 4.2.2.1. Reindeer herding: the ES of fodder production in natural pastures....................................................................... 104 4.2.2.2. Marine mammal hunting: the ES of production by marine ecosystems ................................................................ 106 4.2.2.3. Traditional fishing: the
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