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Raton-Clayton and Ocate Volcanic Fields J New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/52 Raton-Clayton and Ocate volcanic fields J. C. Aubele and Crumpler. L. S., 2001, pp. 69-76 in: Geology of Llano Estacado, Lucas, Spencer G.;Ulmer-Scholle, Dana; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 52nd Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 340 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2001 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission. Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications. One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission. Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use. Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission. This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 52nd Field Conference, Geology of the Llano Estacado, 2001 69 RATON-CLAYTON AND OCATE VOLCANIC FIELDS J.C. AUBELE AND L.S. CRUMPLER New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87104;[email protected] Abstract.- The Raton-Clayton (RCVF) and Ocate Volcanic Fields (OVF) constitute the most significant late Cenozoic volcanic activity east of the Rocky Mountains. A salient characteristic ofvolcanic fields is the relatively low volumetric rates oferuption compared with major volcanic 2 centers. The RCVF consists of about 125 vents and, including outlying portions, covers nearly 20,000 km • Rocks range from about 9 Ma to less than 60,000 yrs, yielding a recurrence rate ofapproximately 1.3 X I O.S volcanic events per year. The RCVF can be divided into three main phases of volcanic activity: (1) Raton, which includes basalt flows and rhyodacite domes; (2) Clayton, which includes voluminous basalt flows and the Sierra Grande shield volcano; and (3) Capulin, which includes cinder cones and flows centered on Capulin Volcano National Monu­ ment. Although widely cited, the previous age estimate of less than 10,000 yrs for Capulin Volcano was based on an interpreted correlation, not an absolute date. TWo dating techniques, the cosmogenic helium technique and the Ar-Ar technique indicate a date for Capulin of about 58,000 yrs. Three major series of Java flow units were erupted from Capulin, with the second and third series erupted from the base ofthe cone at the "boca". It is likely that the eruption of the boca flow altered the profile of Capulin, subsequently its symmetry was restored by continued building of the cone. The Ocate Volcanic Field consists of at least 16 flows and about 50 associated vents ranging in age from 8.34±0.50 Ma to 0.81±0.14 Ma. Like the RCVF, three major topographic levels of lava flows relate to three age groups: {I) older than 5 Ma, which includes flows capping mesas with surfaces around 3000m in elevation and an apparent E-W fissure line of vents near Wagon Mound; (2) 5-4 Ma, which includes most of the flows around Agua Fria; and (3) younger than 4 Ma, which includes the most abundant flows in the OVF and such vents as Cerrito Pelon, Cerro Negro, Cerro del Oro and Maxon Crater. Flows from Maxon flowed 90 km eastward along the canyon cut by the Mora River where they occur lOOm below the rim of the canyon and 125m above the present level ofthe river. The youngest flows in the field were erupted from Cerro del Oro, in the central part of Charette Mesa, northwest of Wagon Mound. INTRODUCTION et al. (1990), Nielson and Dungan, (1985), Phelps et al. (1983), and Stormer ( 1972). The rock names used here do not, therefore, The Raton-Clayton volcanic field (RCVF) is the eastern-most reflect the current lUGS chemical classification scheme. Cenozoic volcanic field in the United States. To the east, Ceno­ zoic volcanic rocks are not encountered at this latitude again until CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANIC FIELDS the mid-Atlantic ridge. The RCVF lies at the northeastern end of the "Jemez lineament", an alignment of volcanic fields extend­ The volcanic fields of late Cenozoic age throughout the south­ ing from the Pinacate field of Mexico through Arizona and into west are distinctive individually, in terms of the details of petrol­ New Mexico. The Jemez Lineament has been cited by some as a ogy, timing of eruptions, size, and morphology of vents; but over­ structural anomaly, a hot spot trace, or a chance alignment of dis­ all, they are all characterized by many small centers oferuption of parate fields arising from different melting anomalies. The Ocate fundamentally basaltic, but ranging to more silicic, compositions. volcanic field (OVF) lies immediately to the southwest along the Much of what we know about volcanic fields is petrologic and eastern foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Together stratigraphic, but studies of basaltic volcanism in general within these two fields constitute the most significant late Cenozoic vol­ the past three decades (Connor and Conway, 2000) have begun to canic activity east of the Rocky Mountains. explore the processes of volcanic eruption (well-recorded within This paper is intended to be a review ofwork by many research­ volcanic fields), individual vents, the lava flows which make up ers in both of these volcanic fields. The paper also summarizes the bulk of their erupted volumes, and the overall significance of and coalesces present knowledge about the fields and all dates fields in terms of their relationship to regional structures and pat­ acquired on rocks from these fields. Stormer, publishing in the terns, and rates of activity. 1970's; Nielsen and Dungan, O'Neill, O'Neill and Mehnert, and Perhaps a salient characteristic of volcanic fields is the rela­ Staatz in the 1980's; and Sayre, et al., Scott, et al., and Stroud tively low volumetric rates of eruption compared with major vol­ in the 1990's have all significantly increased our knowledge canic centers (Crumpler et at., 1992). Rates of 1()·3 km3 per year and understanding of these volcanic fields. Sayre, et al. ( 1995) are so characteristic as to be practically diagnostic. Currently and Stroud (1996), have fundamentally changed the "common these low rates within volcanic fields are seen as evidence for knowledge" of the date for Capulin Volcano. Geologist/NPS Park relatively small amounts of melting in the underlying mantle Ranger Allyson Mathis collected material from the researchers over extended periods on the order of hundreds of thousands to cited above for presentations to Monument visitors during her millions of years. In contrast to major volcanic centers and edi­ work in the 1990's at Capulin Volcano National Monument (A. fices, such rates are so low that residence time in any likely shal­ Mathis, unpublished manuscript and personal communication, low magma reservoirs exceeds the cooling time for the magma 1997). bodies. As a result, the individual batches of magma produced Both fields contain volcanic rocks categorized by several must find their way to the surface, ultimately resulting in a researchers using a range of petrologic classification schemes, series of isolated eruptions that are unrelated to surrounding erup­ since new classifications are favored each decade. In general, tions in terms of the details of their petrology. It is likely that vol­ the petrologic classifications used in this article are from Scott canic fields represent melt production within many small areas 70 AUBELE AND CRUMPLER 0 Q Clayton _ . Age 2 3 6 Allton o'C::::====:520 km Age 3.6-9 FIGURE l. Geologic map of the Raton-Clayton volcanic field, showing the three principal phases of volcanism, the fundamental petrology and the currently known ages for volcanic units. Map redrafted with revisions after Luedke and Smith (1978). of the regional mantle that are close to the solidus in response to Ma and the youngest erupted less than 60,000 years ago (Sayre, regional thermal and local physiochemical anomalies. et al., 1995; Stroud, 1996) (see Table I), yielding a recurrence rate of approximately 1.3 x 1o -s volcanic events per year. Thus RATON-CLAYTON VOLCANIC FIELD the eruption of Capulin over 60,000 years ago does not preclude future activity based on the overall recurrence intervals for the The RCVF, delineated in Figure I, consists of about 125 vents field as a whole. and extends from near Trinidad, Colorado, 140 km southeastward One of the distinctive characteristics of the Raton-Clayton to Clayton, NM (Dungan, et al., 1989).
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