Green Infrastructure a Practitioner's Guide.Indd
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GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE A PRACTITIONER'S GUIDE Centre for Ministry of Science and Housing and Environment Urban Affairs Green Infrastructure A PractitionerÕ s Guide.indd 1 07/08/17 5:16 PM Green Infrastructure A PractitionerÕ s Guide.indd 2 07/08/17 5:16 PM Centre for Ministry of Science and Housing and Environment Urban Affairs GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE A Practitioner’s Guide Green Infrastructure A PractitionerÕ s Guide.indd 1 07/08/17 5:16 PM Research director and coordinator: Suresh Kumar Rohilla Writers: Shivali Jainer and Mahreen Matto Research support: Dhruv Pasricha Editor: Arif Ayaz Parrey Cover: Raj Kumar Singhj Design: Ajit Bajaj Production: Rakesh Shrivastava and Gundhar Das Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs We are grateful to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India for their support to CSE as a Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Management. © 2017 Centre for Science and Environment Material from this publication can be used, but with acknowledgement. Citation: Suresh Kumar Rohilla, Shivali Jainer and Mahreen Matto 2017, Green Infrastructure: A Practitioner’s Guide, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi Published by Centre for Science and Environment 41, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi 110 062 Phones: 91-11-40616000 Fax: 91-11-29955879 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cseindia.org Printed at Avantika Printers, New Delhi Green Infrastructure A PractitionerÕ s Guide.indd 2 07/08/17 5:16 PM Contents Glossary 7 Executive summary 9 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Need for a guide 16 1.2 How to use the guide 16 2. Understanding green infrastructure 19 2.1 Evolution of GI in India 20 2.2 Water management services addressed by GI 21 2.3 Potential of GI in India 28 3. Green infrastructure approach 35 3.1 Inlands and desert areas 35 3.2 Urban areas with hills 52 3.3 Urban areas with floodplains 58 3.4 Coastal cities 67 4. Value of green infrastructure 75 4.1 Benefits of GI 75 4.2 Stakeholder involvement 78 4.3 BMPs and research work in the Indian context 80 5. Conclusion 99 Bibliography 100 References 101 Appendixes 104 Green Infrastructure A PractitionerÕ s Guide.indd 3 07/08/17 5:16 PM GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE List of figures Figure 1.1: Effect of urbanization on natural water resources 10 Figure 1.2: Urbanization and increase in built up area in select Indian cities 11 Figure 1.3: Status of waterbodies in a few Indian states 13 Figure 1.4: Green areas in select Indian cities as per master plans 14 Figure 1.5: Percentage of recreational areas in select Indian cities 15 Figure 1.6: Comparison between natural and urban hydrological cycles 16 Figure 1.7: The GI convergence 17 Figure 2.1: India’s green infrastructure timeline 22 Figure 2.2: Distinguishing between grey and green infrastructure 27 Figure 2.3: Comparison of attributes of a conventional and green urban area 27 Figure 2.4: GI at different urban scales 29 Figure 3.1: Broad geographical zones of India for GI 36 Figure 3.2: Green areas and buffers in the urban context 38 Figure 3.3: Four major zones surrounding a lake 39 Figure 3.4: Comparison of conventional and integrated method of site planning 40 Figure 3.5: Overlay of maps for prioritizing GI 42 Figure 3.6: Traditional water management in Jodhpur 42 Figure 3.7: A generalized wetland buffer 44 Figure 3.8: Proposed plan and the result after implementation (inset) 46 Figure 3.9: Land use plan of Tokyo 47 Figure 3.10: Network plan under Green Tokyo 48 Figure 3.11: Data layers for GI 49 Figure 3.12: Seasonal flooding in water square—space capacity for different amounts of rainfall 51 Figure 3.13: Land utilization in Guwahati in 1972 and 2000 55 Figure 3.14: Projected average daily rainfall 55 Figure 3.15: Experimental watersheds 56 Figure 3.16: An example of planning and designing interventions in Guwahati 57 Figure 3.17: Major physiographic elements of a typical floodplain 59 Figure 3.18: Example of a watershed—Arkavathy sub-basin within the river basins of Karnataka, India 60 Figure 3.18: Figure 3.19: Green infrastructure approach for floodplains 60 Figure 3.20: Range of minimum riparian buffer widths for meeting specific buffer objectives 61 Figure 3.21: Stream orders with buffer areas and locations of associated riparian wetlands and floodplain 61 Figure 3.22: Stream buffers in urban areas 62 Figure 3.23: Overlay of maps for GI in Gothenburg 63 Figure 3.24: Riverfront development project—Kahn river 65 Figure 3.25: Location of case studies 66 Figure 3.26: River Napa restoration 66 Figure 3.27: Factors involved in reduction of coastal flooding 69 Figure 3.28: Muddy coastal shoreline buffer 70 Figure 3.29: Sandy coastal shoreline buffer 70 Figure 3.30: Zoning of Laane-Viru, Estonia 71 4 Green Infrastructure A PractitionerÕ s Guide.indd 4 07/08/17 5:16 PM A PRACTITIONER’S GUIDE Figure 3.31: Spatial representation of benefits of GI 72 Figure 3.32: Design and planning process of GI 73 Figure 4.1: Benefits of green infrastructure 77 Figure 4.2: Role of government bodies in GI implementation 78 Figure 4.3: How to improve participation in GI 79 Figure 4.4: Comprehensive land valuation process 81 Figure 4.5: Development potential process 82 Figure 4.6: Waterlogged areas of Gorakhpur, 2008 83 Figure 4.7: Proposed land use—Wazirabad Barrage to Okhla Barrage 85 Figure 4.8: Change in water bodies in KC Valley, 1970–2016 88 Figure 4.9: LULC change in KC Valley, 1992 to 2020 (top), built-up area has dramatically increased over the years (bottom) 89 Figure 4.10: Planning process for Mount Abu 94 Figure 4.11: Elevation of Mt Abu 95 Figure 4.12: Slope of Mt Abu 95 Figure 4.13: Slope sensitivity of Mt Abu 95 Figure 4.14: Land cover of Mt Abu 95 Figure 4.15: New Delhi Municipal Corporation area 97 List of tables Table 1.1: Objectives of the guide 17 Table 1.2: Target audience of the guide 18 Table 2.1: Protected areas of India 31 Table 2.2: India’s vital forest statistics 31 Table 2.3: Hierarchy of organized greens in Indian cities 31 Table 3.1: Legal provisions on GI for inland and desert urban areas 37 Table 3.2: Attributes for categorization of wetlands 45 Table 3.3: Legal provisions on GI for cities in hilly areas 53 Table 3.4: Benefits of floodplains in maintaining the natural hydrological cycle 58 Table 3.5: Legal provisions on GI for cities with floodplains 59 Table 3.6: Recommendations 64 Table 3.7: Coastal area regulations in India 68 Table 3.8: Characteristics of Silver Creek Watershed, Toledo 72 Table 4.1: GI solutions for water resources management 76 Table 4.2: Multi-stakeholder involvement in designing and implementing GI 79 Table 4.3: BMPs on GI in the Indian context 80 Table 4.4: Studies conducted on Zone O development plan 84 Table 4.5: Land use for Zone ‘O’ prior to notification 85 Table 4.6: Proposed land use distribution for Zone ‘O’ 85 Table 4.7: Proposed land use—Wazirabad Barrage to Okhla Barrage 85 Table 4.8: Proposed activities in sub-zones 86 Table 4.9: Short- and long-term measures suggested to save Bengaluru’s lakes 90 Table 4.10: Volume of water harvested and recharged and capital cost per MCM 92 5 Green Infrastructure A PractitionerÕ s Guide.indd 5 07/08/17 5:16 PM GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE List of abbreviations AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation CBO Community-based organization CGWB Central Ground Water Board CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization CRZ Coastal regulation zone CWC Central Water Commission DPR Detailed project report GI Green infrastructure HTL High-tide line ITPI Institute of Town Planners, India LTL Low-tide line MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs NAPCC National Action Plan for Climate Change NCR National Capital Region NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NGT National Green Tribunal NLCP National Lake Conservation Plan NPCA National Programme for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre NWCP National Wetland Conservation Programme PHED Public Health and Engineering Department RRZ River regulation zone RWA Residents’ welfare association TCPO Town and Country Planning Organisation ULB Urban local body URDPFI Urban and regional development plan formulation and implementation WSUDP Waster sensitive urban design and planning 6 Green Infrastructure A PractitionerÕ s Guide.indd 6 07/08/17 5:16 PM A PRACTITIONER’S GUIDE Glossary Aquifer A porous, water-logged sub-surface geological formation. The description is generally restricted to media capable of yielding a substantial supply of water. Buffer strip A vegetated area ordinarily situated on gently sloping ground designed to filter out pollutants insoluble in runoff. It is also known as filter strip. Catchment area A geographical area defined by topography from where all runoff water drains into a reservoir. Often used as a synonym for watershed and river basin. Eutrophication The process by which a lake evolves into a bog or marsh and ultimately assumes a completely terrestrial state and disappears. During eutrophication, the lake becomes so rich in nutritive compounds, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, that algae and other microscopic plant life become superabundant. Evapotranspiration The process of loss of water to the atmosphere from the earth’s surface, evaporation from the capillary fringe of the groundwater table, and the transpiration of groundwater by plants whose roots tap the capillary fringe of the groundwater table.