Inorganic Chromium(Iii) Compounds
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2018 Annual Surface Water Quality Monitoring Report Clean Harbors Lambton Facility Clean Harbors Canada, Inc. GHD | 455 Phillip Street Waterloo Ontario N2L 3X2 Canada | 044985 | Report No 39 | January 24, 2019 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose and Organization ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Site Location ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Ownership and Key Personnel .......................................................................................... 2 1.4 Waste Disposal Site ........................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Water Management System .............................................................................................. 3 1.5.1 Surface Water Management ............................................................................. 3 1.5.2 Process Water Management ............................................................................ 4 1.5.3 SWTP Maintenance .......................................................................................... 4 1.6 Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 5 2. Physical Setting ........................................................................................................................... -
Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Chromium-Induced Hepatotoxic and Genotoxic Effect in Albino Rats
Global Veterinaria 16 (4): 323-329, 2016 ISSN 1992-6197 © IDOSI Publications, 2016 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gv.2016.16.04.10332 Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Chromium-Induced Hepatotoxic and Genotoxic Effect in Albino Rats Emad A. Hashish and Shimaa A. Elgaml Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkyia, Egypt Abstract: Chromium is a widespread environmental waste. It is an industrial contaminant with teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on animals and human. This study was carried out to evaluate the potential protective effect of melatonin on the hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity generated by potassium dichromate (K2 Cr 27 O ) in albino rats. Rats were divided into four groups; control, melatonin (10 mg/kg b.wt.), melatonin pretreated with single S/C injection of K2 Cr 27 O (15 mg/kg b.wt.) and potassium dichromate treated group. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after K2 Cr 27 O treatment. K2 Cr 27 O treated rats showed significant (P<0.05) increase in the hepatic marker enzymes activity (aspartate aminotransferase-AST and alanine aminotransferase-ALT) and serum bilirubin (total and direct) was detected. Significant (P<0.05) decrease in the serum total protein and albumin was observed after K2 Cr 27 O treatment. Meanwhile, serum globulin, A/G ratio and indirect bilirubin showed no significant change. Hepatic DNA damage was observed using comet assay. The histological alterations confirmed the previous results. Melatonin pretreated rats showed an amelioration of the adverse effects of K2 Cr 27 O toxicity. An improvement in the serum hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT), proteinogram (total protein and albumin) and bilirubin (total and direct) was observed. -
Chromium Stress in Plants: Toxicity, Tolerance and Phytoremediation
sustainability Review Chromium Stress in Plants: Toxicity, Tolerance and Phytoremediation Dipali Srivastava 1,†, Madhu Tiwari 1,†, Prasanna Dutta 1,2, Puja Singh 1,2, Khushboo Chawda 1,2, Monica Kumari 1,2 and Debasis Chakrabarty 1,2,* 1 Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (P.D.); [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (K.C.); [email protected] (M.K.) 2 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Extensive industrial activities resulted in an increase in chromium (Cr) contamination in the environment. The toxicity of Cr severely affects plant growth and development. Cr is also recognized as a human carcinogen that enters the human body via inhalation or by consuming Cr-contaminated food products. Taking consideration of Cr enrichment in the environment and its toxic effects, US Environmental Protection Agency and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry listed Cr as a priority pollutant. In nature, Cr exists in various valence states, including Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is the most toxic and persistent form in soil. Plants uptake Cr through various transporters such as phosphate and sulfate transporters. Cr exerts its effect by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hampering various metabolic and physiological pathways. Studies Citation: Srivastava, D.; Tiwari, M.; on genetic and transcriptional regulation of plants have shown the various detoxification genes get Dutta, P.; Singh, P.; Chawda, K.; up-regulated and confer tolerance in plants under Cr stress. -
Appendix Iii
APPENDIX III MATES V FINAL REPORT Monitoring and Laboratory Analysis Protocol MATES V Final Report DISCLAIMER Any or all reference made in this Appendix to a specific product or brand name does not constitute an endorsement of that product or brand by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. Appendix III-2 MATES V Final Report Appendix III Monitoring and Laboratory Analysis Protocol III.1. INTRODUCTION III.1.1 Background In 1986, the South Coast Air Quality Management District (South Coast AQMD) performed a study of ambient air toxics impacts in the South Coast Air Basin. Although this study involved only limited measurements, it was an important beginning of the Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study (MATES). In 1998, the South Coast AQMD conducted a follow up to that initial study, but included an intensive ambient air toxics monitoring program, which became MATES II. The objective of MATES II was to establish a baseline of existing air toxics ambient emissions, exposure and risk level data and an assessment of model accuracy. Sampling for MATES II was performed over a one-year period at ten sites throughout the South Coast Air Basin (Basin). The MATES II Final Report was approved by the South Coast AQMD Board in March 2000. As a follow up study to MATES II, MATES III was conducted from April 2004 through March 2006. The initial scope of the study was for one year, however, sampling continued for a second year due to concerns of the impact of heavy rains on data collected during the first year. The MATES III Final Report was published in September 2008. -
Hexavalent Chromium (Cr VI) in Drinking Water
PUBLIC HEALTH GOALS FOR CHEMICALS IN DRINKING WATER HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM (Cr VI) July 2011 Governor of the State of California Edmund G. Brown Jr. Acting Secretary for Environmental Protection California Environmental Protection Agency Linda S. Adams Acting Director Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment George V. Alexeeff, Ph.D. Public Health Goal for Hexavalent Chromium (Cr VI) in Drinking Water Prepared by Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency July 2011 PREFACE Drinking Water Public Health Goals Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency This Public Health Goal (PHG) technical support document provides information on health effects from contaminants in drinking water. PHGs are developed for chemical contaminants based on the best available toxicological data in the scientific literature. These documents and the analyses contained in them provide estimates of the levels of contaminants in drinking water that would pose no significant health risk to individuals consuming the water on a daily basis over a lifetime. The California Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 (Health and Safety Code, Section 116365) requires the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) to perform risk assessments and adopt PHGs for contaminants in drinking water based exclusively on public health considerations. The Act requires that PHGs be set in accordance with the following criteria: 1. PHGs for acutely toxic substances shall be set at levels at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, with an adequate margin of safety. 2. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances that may cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects and shall be set at levels that OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. -
Nutrition Journal of Parenteral and Enteral
Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition http://pen.sagepub.com/ Micronutrient Supplementation in Adult Nutrition Therapy: Practical Considerations Krishnan Sriram and Vassyl A. Lonchyna JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009 33: 548 originally published online 19 May 2009 DOI: 10.1177/0148607108328470 The online version of this article can be found at: http://pen.sagepub.com/content/33/5/548 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: The American Society for Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition Additional services and information for Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition can be found at: Email Alerts: http://pen.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://pen.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Aug 27, 2009 OnlineFirst Version of Record - May 19, 2009 What is This? Downloaded from pen.sagepub.com by Karrie Derenski on April 1, 2013 Review Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Volume 33 Number 5 September/October 2009 548-562 Micronutrient Supplementation in © 2009 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10.1177/0148607108328470 Adult Nutrition Therapy: http://jpen.sagepub.com hosted at Practical Considerations http://online.sagepub.com Krishnan Sriram, MD, FRCS(C) FACS1; and Vassyl A. Lonchyna, MD, FACS2 Financial disclosure: none declared. Preexisting micronutrient (vitamins and trace elements) defi- for selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). In practice, a multivitamin ciencies are often present in hospitalized patients. Deficiencies preparation and a multiple trace element admixture (containing occur due to inadequate or inappropriate administration, Zn, Se, copper, chromium, and manganese) are added to par- increased or altered requirements, and increased losses, affect- enteral nutrition formulations. -
Sd0000029 Evaluation of Chromfte Ore and The
SD0000029 EVALUATION OF CHROMFTE ORE AND THE OPTIMUM METHODS FOR INDUSTRIAL EXTRACTION OF CHROMIUM A TI1HSIS SUBMITTED BY Bakheit Mustafa Mohamed Salih IN CANDIDATURE FOR TIU:DI:GRFJ:OI MASTER OF SC1HNCT DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF SCIENCE (P.O.BOX 321) OCTOBER 1999 UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM 31/ 28 ABSTRACT Samples of chromite ore, collected from Gam and Cheikay mining area (Ingessana Hills) in east Sudan, were analysed to assess the chromium content. Methods for extraction and analysis of chromium metal were developed and established. Analysis were carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to estimate the contents of chromium, iron, calcium, and magnesium. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to evaluate the levels of chromium, iron, and calcium in the ore. Volumetric analysis was performed to assess chromium and iron, whilst gravimetric analysis was employed to measure the amounts of calcium, magnesium, aluminum and silicon present in the ore. The data was chemically and statistically analyzed to compare the results obtained by the given analytical methods. The results are in good agreement except iron oxide, which displayed a significantly different value when measured by x-ray fluorescence. The data obtained exhibited similarity in almost all cases, when compared with local and global researches, reports, and literature. The study has revealed the average contents of Cr2O3, FeO, CaO, MgO, A12O3, and SiO2 as 40.66. 11.96, 11.94. 0.36. 16.94, 11.45% respectively. MnO and NiO were detected in trace amounts, the corresponding levels in the ore being 72 and 27 ppm. The average chromium content in extracted potassium dichromate measured by using AAS, XRF, and volumetric methods was found to be 31.7%. -
THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS of TANNING* by ANTHONY D
7 QUO VADIT CHROMIUM? THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF TANNING* by ANTHONY D. COVINGTON* British School of Leather Technology The University of Northampton BOUGHTON GREEN ROAD, NORTHAMPTON NN2 7AL, UK ABSTRACT La pregunta expuesta es: donde nos llevará este nuevo concepto en términos del futuro de la curtición? From leather science, a deeper understanding of the La respuesta es: a un desplazamiento paradigmático. theoretical basis of the tanning mechanism has unified the inorganic and organic chemistries of Curtición al cromo permanecerá con nosotros, pero leather making processes. The 'link-lock' mechanism en un futuro se visualizará muy diferentemente provides an explanation of present reactions and a su tecnología por hoy percibida. Opciones para la tool for future developments. transformación del proceso ya sí se pueden proponer. Es importante en este ejercicio cuestionar detalladamente The question now posed is: where does this new los aspectos convencionalmente aceptados de thinking take us, in terms of the future of tanning? esta reacción. The answer is: into a paradigm shift. Tecnologías alternativas de curtición en la era Chrome tanning will remain with us, but in the moderna pueden ahora ser desarrolladas, para future it can be viewed very differently from its producir cueros altamente estables hidrotérmicamente. currently perceived technology. Options for Aquí la teoría eslabón-cerrojo ha demostrado que tales transforming the process may now be proposed. resultados no son obtenibles con un solo reactivo, por lo Important in this exercise is to question closely the menos dos componentes de curtido son requeridos. conventionally accepted features of the reaction. Más aun, la curtición podrá ser más acertadamente formulada para que encaje con la química (o bioquímica) Alternative technologies for tanning in the modern de la reacción según su rendimiento y los requerimientos era can now be developed, to make high hydrothermal del impacto ambiental del cuero. -
Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 178.3130
Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 178.3130 List of substances Limitations Alum (double sulfate of aluminum and ammonium, potassium, or sodium). 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol(p-chlorome-tacresol) ............................................ For use as preservative only. Chromium potassium sulfate (chrome alum) ............................................... For use only in glue used as a colloidal flocculant added to the pulp suspension prior to the sheet- forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paper board. 3,5-Dimethyl-1,3,5,H-tetrahydrothiadia-zine-2-thione .................................. For use as preservative only. Disodium cyanodithioimidocarbonate .......................................................... Do. Defoaming agents ........................................................................................ As provided in § 176.210 of this chapter. Ethanolamine. Ethylenediamine. Formaldehyde .............................................................................................. For use as a preservative only. Potassium N-methyldithiocarbamate ........................................................... Do. Potassium pentachlorophenate .................................................................... Do. Rosins and rosin derivatives ........................................................................ As provided in § 178.3870. Sodium chlorate. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Sodium 2-mercaptobenzothiazole ................................................................ For use as preservative only. Sodium -
Basic Analytical Toxicology
The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations with primary responsibility for international health matters and public health. Through this organization, which was created in 1948, the health professions of some 190 countries exchange their knowledge and experience with the aim of making possible the attainment by all citizens of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life. By means of direct technical cooperation with its Member States, and by stimulating such coopera tion among them, WHO promotes the development of comprehensive health services, the prevention and control of diseases, the improvement of environmental conditions, the development of human resources for health, the coordination and development of biomedical and health services research, and the planning and implementation of health programmes. These broad fields of endeavour encompass a wide variety of activities, such as developing systems of primary health care that reach the whole population of Member countries; promoting the health of mothers and children; combating malnutrition, controlling malaria and other communicable diseases including tuberculosis and leprosy; coordinating the global strategy for the prevention and control of AIDS; having achieved the eradication of smallpox, promoting mass immunization against a number of other preventable diseases; improving mental health; providing safe water supplies; and training health personnel of all categories. Progress towards better health throughout the world also demands international cooperation in such matters as establishing international standards for biological substances, pesticides and pharma ceuticals; formulating environmental health criteria; recommending international nonproprietary names for drugs; administering the International Health Regulations; revising the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and collecting and disseminating healih statistical information. -
The Structure and Color of Alums Student Version.Pdf
Created by Erica Gunn, Simmons College ([email protected]) and posted on VIPEr (www.ionicviper.org ) on 7/21/2014. Copyright Erica Gunn 2014. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license visit http://creativecommons.org/about/license/ . The Structure and Color of Alums Alum is the common name for the hydrated salt of potassium aluminum sulfate. This is called a “double salt” because it contains two different cations - in this case, potassium and aluminum - that crystallize together in a single solid. The alum crystal structure shown below contains aluminum (gray) and 2- i potassium (purple) ions, as well as tetrahedral sulfate (SO 4 ) counterions. The crystal is a hydrate, and the red atoms shown attached to the metals indicate oxygens from the water molecules. (Hydrogens are not shown, for simplicity.) As indicated in the figure, the metal atoms have an octahedral coordination sphere, with a single metal ion surrounded by 6 water molecules. (The site symmetry of the potassium atoms is somewhat distorted from a true octahedron.) The formula for this compound is KAl[SO 4]2*12H2O. It is important to note that this compound is a salt, and so it fully dissolves into individual ions in solution. Here, the octahedral coordination of the metal ions depends on the crystal structure, unlike coordination compounds that maintain the same coordination geometry in the solid and solution states. a b c d Figure 1. a) Crystal structure of KAl[SO ] *12H O. (K = purple, Al = gray, S = yellow, O = red). -
Questions TRANSITION METALS: CHROMIUM
Chemguide – questions TRANSITION METALS: CHROMIUM It is quite likely that you won't need to know all the chemistry below. Check your syllabus and past papers and concentrate on those questions that you need to be able to answer. 1. This question is mainly about the reactions of chromium(III) ions in solution. a) What sort of pH would you expect to find if you tested a solution containing chromium(III) sulphate? b) Write an equation to show the cause of that pH. c) A solution of chromium(III) sulphate is a violet-blue-grey colour, but on heating it turns green. Explain what is happening. d) The diagrams in this part of the question show the effect of adding various other solutions to a solution containing hexaaquachromium(III) ions. In each case, give the formula for the chromium- containing complex(es) in each tube. (i) addition of sodium hydroxide solution: (ii) addition of ammonia solution: (iii) addition of sodium carbonate solution: e) Describe briefly how you would produce a sample of sodium chromate(VI) solution starting from a solution containing hexaaquachromium(III) ions. www.chemguide.co.uk Chemguide – questions f) To convert the sodium chromate(VI) solution formed in part (e) into sodium dichromate(VI), you would first boil the solution, and then add an acid to it. (i) Why is it necessary to boil the solution before adding the acid? (ii) Adding the acid disturbs an equilibrium in the solution between chromate(VI) and dichromate(VI) ions. Write the equation showing that equilibrium. (iii) Explain why adding an acid converts chromate(VI) ions into dichromate(VI) ions.