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Status and Management of Pales Weevil in the Eastern United States

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Status and Management of Pales Weevil in the Eastern United States Stt nd Mnnt f l Wvl n th Etrn Untd Stt Sco M Saom Assistant professor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, Virginia The pales weevil—Hylobius aes (Herbst) is a subcortical feeding insect with a large geographic range and wide host- species range amongst conifers. It is a regeneration pest of for- est and Christmas tree plantation, and nurseries, feeding on stems of seedlings and branch tips of saplings. It breeds in freshly killed stumps and slash. Across the geographic range of pales weevil, different conifer management objectives and constraints result in varying pest impacts and application of different pest management strategies. A questionnaire was sent to 32 states where pales weevil was believed to occur. Responses indicated that pales weevil is an important Christmas tree pest in the north central states, a pest of pine seedlings and Christmas trees in the northeastern states, and principally a pest of pine seedlings in the southern states. Pest management tactics used in the north central states focus on igue 1—The states in which pales weevil is known to occur are stump treatments (removal or application of insecticides). In shaded. the northeastern states, tactics include stump and seedling insecticide treatments and delayed planting of seedlings in seeig sems a oos a saig ac is (igue recently harvested sites. In the South, the most popular tactic 2). is to delay planting of seedlings. All these tactics are consid- aes weei as aso ee imicae as e icia ered effective, yet they are also costly and those that include eco o Leptographium procerum (Ke o ease insecticides are not favored by land managers. Overall, there wie ie (Pinus strobus a Scos ie ( sylvestris is a fair amount of dissatisfaction by foresters and landowners i igiia (ewis a Aeae 19; ei a with currently available tactics. The need for development of Aeae 199a Oeaig geeaios occu more effective and less hazardous pest management tactics is ougou e geogaic age o aes weei wi discussed. ee aes oes (1/ -11; 1997 e uaio o e ie cyce eig aou 1 yea i sou- e Caaa (iega 1959 a oe Uie Saes e aes weevil—Hylobius pales (es (eiso 191 a ess a 1 yea i e soue (Coeoea Cucuioiae—as og ee cosiee a es o seeigs a saig sage coieous ees i cea a ease o Ameica (Cae 191; eiso 191 A comee eiew o e sysemaics isiu- io ioogy a ecommee es maageme ac- ices o is isec as ee esee y yc (19 aes weei is ou ougou e ease a ce- a Uie Saes (igue 1 as we as souease Caaa (yc 19 I geea au weeis ae aace y e esious oaies ouce y ea a yig ees (o a i 1973; ee 197; eiso 191; omas a ee 199 ey e ee a oiosi i e oos yig sums o oes o ae ees wee oos eeo ui e ose o wie (Aeso 19; ogge a oes 1977 Suse- quey oewieig aus emege e oowig sig o oo aus emege e oowig sig a igue 2—Adult pales weevil feeding on hark tissue of twig (photo- summe a ee o ee ak a camia issue o graph courtesy of Stephen Cade). Uie Saes (ea a McCiick 193; ogge a i wic aes weei as ee ocumee o occu oes 1977; Sees 197 (igue 1 (yc 19 ee wee 9 quesios i e e auace o aes weei is geeay ee- quesioaie e is quesios see o ieiy e o os aaiaiiy ecause e weeis ca ee e esoe A i quesio aske i aes weei o ie issue a ee i ecey kie o ea mae- as ee ee a es o coies i a sae I e ia ey ca e ese i iee coie maage- aswe was o ey wee isuce o o aswe ay me seigs is may aiay eai wy aes moe quesios I e aswe was yes ey comee weei is caae o ecomig a es o usey a e quesioaie e emaiig quesios ocuse o aaio seeigs a Cismas ees Aoe ea- siuaios i wic aes weei is a es i ei sae so o is success may e a aes weei as ee esoes wee e aske o ae e seeiy o eoe o ee o 11 coieous geea icuig 9 aes weei as a es i ei sae Seeiy cassiica- ee secies (yc 19 ios age om mio o seious eaie o oe es Cuey e oowig es maageme acics ae oems wii e sae e es saus o aes aaiae o eucig e imac o aes weei weei was o ase o ecoomic aa ecause suc ecos ae scace e esoes wee e aske o 1 eemiig sie aa om os secies comosi- is e os secies mos imace om 1 (mos imac- io a sie eaaio aciiies e (seco mos imace a so o e e 2. aesig e sie eoe mi-summe quesio aske wa maageme acics ae ecom- 3 eayig e aig o ew seeigs o 1 o mee Agai esoes wee aske o ak ei yeas ae aes ecommeaios wi 1 (mos eque (seco 4. eaig seeigs wi isecicie eie eoe o mos eque a so o Ee oug a acic may e ae aig (o a oes 19 ecommee i may o e iea eeoe e e 5 eaig sums wi isecicies (iese a quesio aske i sae oicias a uses wee saisie aeso 1975; omas 1971 wi e cuey use acics asy esoes wee 6. emoig sums o ecey aese ees aske o sae ei oiios o eseac ees o (eami 193 imoig maageme o aes weei 7 o aesig e oom wo o aces us e quesioaies wee se ou o 1 sae oicia i keeig sums aie (Coei a Wiso 19a eac o 3 saes I a ew cases moe a 1 iiiua esoe o e quesioaie a e aswes om oowig some eimiay iquiies I ou a wii a sae wee e comie io a sige e eceie imac o aes weei o coie esose Aoug some o e esoes may o seeigs a Cismas ee oucio aie om ae a iimae kowege o aes weei aciiy i sae o sae as i e aicaio o es maageme ei sae ey wee equese o oai iomaio acics (Saom 199 eeoe e oecies o is om e eso i e sae es ae o aswe e ae ae o moe comeey caaceie e oowig quesios o aeaiey ass e quesioaie o o iomaio ougou e geogaic age o aes em ecause I cosiee i uikey o eac sae o weei ae moe a a ew iiiuas wo cou aswe eaie quesios aou aes weei I ocuse o e e imac o e es o oes usey a mos kowegeae eso i e sae Cismas ee maageme e es maageme acics use o coma e esus a iscussio oem e eseac ees as eesse y sae oes esoses wee oaie om a 3 saes ea oices Accoig o e esoes aes weei as ee ee a es i Massacuses a Coecicu Sae oes ea oices wee agee ecause ey eeoe e es o e summay wi o icue kee aeas o oes es aciiy a ae oe cae iomaio om ese saes owee i sou e uo o make ecommeaios o eeo ogams oe a a imoa eay ae o aes weei y o esies o ei sae eiso (191 was ase o suies caie ou i aa oes i eesam Massacuses Meos es saus aes weei was eoe o cause sei- ous amage o aces o Cismas ees i I eeoe a quesioaie o e comee y sae Wiscosi Iiois esyaia a ew esey a oes eomoogiss o oes ea oices o a saes o a esse ee i Iiaa (igue 3a Seea o e miwese saes a Maie eoe moeae ac e coas i imacs ewee e soue a amage Seious amage o Cismas ees seeigs o cea saes is o ueece Aoug o was eoe i Iiois ew Yok ew esey a Caoia a igiia ae ecome sog Cismas- Maie (igue 3 I aiio 11 oe saes ae is ee-oucig saes e mai oecie o oeses o oem as moeae aes weei was eoe o e a gowig coies i e Sou is si uwoo a seious seeig es o oes aaios i amos a sawime oucio Ee oug seea o e o o e soue saes us Maya (a oe sae cea saes ae a e o o e Cismas ee o- a ew Yok (igue 3c Aoug e soue saes ucio is (aioa Cismas ee Associaio ae og eoe is oem i was ueece o uuise eo e soue saes suass e ae Maya a ew Yok icue i is gou oease a o cea saes comie i o- aes weei was geeay eoe as a mio es i ume o coie gowig sock (1 oume o sawime useies (igue aoug ew esey i eo (1 aesig o gowig sock (1 a aesig seious amage o aces o usey ees (igue o sawime (91 (Aoymous 19 igue 3—t status of pales weevil in the eastern United States: for branches on Christmas trees (A), seedlings in Christmas tree planta- tions (, and seedlings in forest plantations (C). os secies Amog e sueye saes e secies o ee mos equey aacke y aes weei is eemie i a y o e geogaic ocaio a e eaie imoace a oecies o oes a Cismas ee maages I e o cea saes o Iiaa Miciga Miesoa a Wiscosi Scos ie is e mos equey aacke ee secies o- owe cosey y ease wie a e e ie (P.
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