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Sco M Saom

Assistant professor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, Virginia

The pales — aes (Herbst) is a subcortical feeding with a large geographic range and wide host- species range amongst . It is a regeneration pest of for- est and Christmas tree plantation, and nurseries, feeding on stems of seedlings and branch tips of saplings. It breeds in freshly killed stumps and slash. Across the geographic range of pales weevil, different management objectives and constraints result in varying pest impacts and application of different pest management strategies. A questionnaire was sent to 32 states where pales weevil was believed to occur. Responses indicated that pales weevil is an important Christmas tree pest in the north central states, a pest of pine seedlings and Christmas trees in the northeastern states, and principally a pest of pine seedlings in the southern states. Pest management tactics used in the north central states focus on igue 1—The states in which pales weevil is known to occur are stump treatments (removal or application of insecticides). In shaded. the northeastern states, tactics include stump and seedling insecticide treatments and delayed planting of seedlings in seeig sems a oos a saig ac is (igue recently harvested sites. In the South, the most popular tactic is to delay planting of seedlings. All these tactics are consid- aes weei as aso ee imicae as e icia ered effective, yet they are also costly and those that include eco o Leptographium procerum (Ke o ease insecticides are not favored by land managers. Overall, there wie ie (Pinus strobus a Scos ie ( sylvestris is a fair amount of dissatisfaction by foresters and landowners i igiia (ewis a Aeae 19; ei a with currently available tactics. The need for development of Aeae 199a Oeaig geeaios occu more effective and less hazardous pest management tactics is ougou e geogaic age o aes weei wi discussed. ee aes oes (1/ -11; 1997 e uaio o e ie cyce eig aou 1 yea i sou- e Caaa (iega 1959 a oe Uie Saes e aes weevil— (es (eiso 191 a ess a 1 yea i e soue (Coeoea Cucuioiae—as og ee cosiee a es o seeigs a saig sage coieous ees i cea a ease o Ameica (Cae 191; eiso 191 A comee eiew o e sysemaics isiu- io ioogy a ecommee es maageme ac- ices o is isec as ee esee y yc (19 aes weei is ou ougou e ease a ce- a Uie Saes (igue 1 as we as souease Caaa (yc 19 I geea au weeis ae aace y e esious oaies ouce y ea a yig ees (o a i 1973; ee 197; eiso 191; omas a ee 199 ey e ee a oiosi i e oos yig sums o oes o ae ees wee oos eeo ui e ose o wie (Aeso 19; ogge a oes 1977 Suse- quey oewieig aus emege e oowig sig o oo aus emege e oowig sig a igue 2—Adult pales weevil feeding on hark tissue of twig (photo- summe a ee o ee ak a camia issue o graph courtesy of Stephen Cade). Uie Saes (ea a McCiick 193; ogge a i wic aes weei as ee ocumee o occu oes 1977; Sees 197 (igue 1 (yc 19 ee wee 9 quesios i e e auace o aes weei is geeay ee- quesioaie e is quesios see o ieiy e o os aaiaiiy ecause e weeis ca ee e esoe A i quesio aske i aes weei o ie issue a ee i ecey kie o ea mae- as ee ee a es o coies i a sae I e ia ey ca e ese i iee coie maage- aswe was o ey wee isuce o o aswe ay me seigs is may aiay eai wy aes moe quesios I e aswe was yes ey comee weei is caae o ecomig a es o usey a e quesioaie e emaiig quesios ocuse o aaio seeigs a Cismas ees Aoe ea- siuaios i wic aes weei is a es i ei sae so o is success may e a aes weei as ee esoes wee e aske o ae e seeiy o eoe o ee o 11 coieous geea icuig 9 aes weei as a es i ei sae Seeiy cassiica- ee secies (yc 19 ios age om mio o seious eaie o oe es Cuey e oowig es maageme acics ae oems wii e sae e es saus o aes aaiae o eucig e imac o aes weei weei was o ase o ecoomic aa ecause suc ecos ae scace e esoes wee e aske o 1 eemiig sie aa om os secies comosi- is e os secies mos imace om 1 (mos imac- io a sie eaaio aciiies e (seco mos imace a so o e e aesig e sie eoe mi-summe quesio aske wa maageme acics ae ecom- 3 eayig e aig o ew seeigs o 1 o mee Agai esoes wee aske o ak ei yeas ae aes ecommeaios wi 1 (mos eque (seco eaig seeigs wi isecicie eie eoe o mos eque a so o Ee oug a acic may e ae aig (o a oes 19 ecommee i may o e iea eeoe e e 5 eaig sums wi isecicies (iese a quesio aske i sae oicias a uses wee saisie aeso 1975; omas 1971 wi e cuey use acics asy esoes wee emoig sums o ecey aese ees aske o sae ei oiios o eseac ees o (eami 193 imoig maageme o aes weei 7 o aesig e oom wo o aces us e quesioaies wee se ou o 1 sae oicia i keeig sums aie (Coei a Wiso 19a eac o 3 saes I a ew cases moe a 1 iiiua esoe o e quesioaie a e aswes om oowig some eimiay iquiies I ou a wii a sae wee e comie io a sige e eceie imac o aes weei o coie esose Aoug some o e esoes may o seeigs a Cismas ee oucio aie om ae a iimae kowege o aes weei aciiy i sae o sae as i e aicaio o es maageme ei sae ey wee equese o oai iomaio acics (Saom 199 eeoe e oecies o is om e eso i e sae es ae o aswe e ae ae o moe comeey caaceie e oowig quesios o aeaiey ass e quesioaie o o iomaio ougou e geogaic age o aes em ecause I cosiee i uikey o eac sae o weei ae moe a a ew iiiuas wo cou aswe eaie quesios aou aes weei I ocuse o e e imac o e es o oes usey a mos kowegeae eso i e sae Cismas ee maageme e es maageme acics use o coma e esus a iscussio oem e eseac ees as eesse y sae oes esoses wee oaie om a 3 saes ea oices Accoig o e esoes aes weei as ee ee a es i Massacuses a Coecicu Sae oes ea oices wee agee ecause ey eeoe e es o e summay wi o icue kee aeas o oes es aciiy a ae oe cae iomaio om ese saes owee i sou e uo o make ecommeaios o eeo ogams oe a a imoa eay ae o aes weei y o esies o ei sae eiso (191 was ase o suies caie ou i aa oes i eesam Massacuses Meos es saus aes weei was eoe o cause sei- ous amage o aces o Cismas ees i I eeoe a quesioaie o e comee y sae Wiscosi Iiois esyaia a ew esey a oes eomoogiss o oes ea oices o a saes o a esse ee i Iiaa (igue 3a Seea o e miwese saes a Maie eoe moeae ac e coas i imacs ewee e soue a amage Seious amage o Cismas ees seeigs o cea saes is o ueece Aoug o was eoe i Iiois ew Yok ew esey a Caoia a igiia ae ecome sog Cismas- Maie (igue 3 I aiio 11 oe saes ae is ee-oucig saes e mai oecie o oeses o oem as moeae aes weei was eoe o e a gowig coies i e Sou is si uwoo a seious seeig es o oes aaios i amos a sawime oucio Ee oug seea o e o o e soue saes us Maya (a oe sae cea saes ae a e o o e Cismas ee o- a ew Yok (igue 3c Aoug e soue saes ucio is (aioa Cismas ee Associaio ae og eoe is oem i was ueece o uuise eo e soue saes suass e ae Maya a ew Yok icue i is gou oease a o cea saes comie i o- aes weei was geeay eoe as a mio es i ume o coie gowig sock (1 oume o sawime useies (igue aoug ew esey i eo (1 aesig o gowig sock (1 a aesig seious amage o aces o usey ees (igue o sawime (91 (Aoymous 19

igue —t status of pales weevil in the eastern United States: for branches on Christmas trees (A), seedlings in Christmas tree planta- tions (, and seedlings in forest plantations (C). os secies Amog e sueye saes e secies o ee mos equey aacke y aes weei is eemie i a y o e geogaic ocaio a e eaie imoace a oecies o oes a Cismas ee maages I e o cea saes o Iiaa Miciga Miesoa a Wiscosi Scos ie is e mos equey aacke ee secies o- owe cosey y ease wie a e e ie (P. resinosa Ai (ae 1 Aiioa ie secies wee eoe o e aacke i e oease saes ye o ease wie ie a Scos ies wee e mos igy ake I e Sou ooy ie (P. taeda is eoe o e e mos aacke secies e seco mos aacke aeas o e soea ie (P. echinata Mi esie eig ocae o o igiia o Maya a eawae eoe simia os secies imace as eoe y mos o e soue saes A secies eoe i is suey ae ee eiousy ise as susceie oss y yc (19 a souces eei es maageme acics I e o cea saes e eames ecommee mos equey o mii- miig aes weei amage ae some om o sum eames (ae esoes wee si ewee aoig isecicia eame o sums o sum emoa/sas maageme o aoaces ocus o eucig eeig maeia o aes weei e esoe om Wiscosi emasie eaye a- ig oe sum eame ye si ake sum ea- me wi isecicies seco esoes i saes a ecomme sum emoa a saiaio (ae ae ease wi e esus I coas esoes i a saes eaig sums wi isecicies ae ieese i iig moe "eiomeay iey" a ess cosy eames Aoug eayig aig 1 o yeas is eecie i is uoua wi may gowes Ee e esoe om Wiscosi wo ake is acic 1 is ieese i iig a aeaie aoac I e oease saes ecommeaios aie (ae esoes om ew esey esyaia oe Isa a Wes igiia ake isecicie eame o sums iges weeas ose om Maie Maya a ew Yok ecommee eaye a- ig o seeigs e iges esoes om ew esey a Wes igiia gae a aiy ig akig ( o cuig sums ow o gou ee a coeig em wi soi Seea o e esoes ecomme- e eaig seeigs wi isecicies ye oy e eawae esoe gae a acic is iges aig (ie wi sum emoa a sas maageme Some o e esoes ou eaig sums wi igue 4—Pest status of pales weevil in the eastern United States: isecicie acceae ye oes wou ike a aea- for seedlings in nurseries (A) and branches on nursery trees (B). ie o iae e mos wiey use isecicie o ae 1 — Ranking of conifer species most affected by pales weevil ae 2—Pest management tactics recommended and used for (1 = most affected), as reported by surveyed states; all species are managing pales weevil in the United States pines unless otherwise indicated

1 = t nl d r rndd tt = nxt t n tt nd 3 = lt n tt; rnn ndt tt nt vn ndrd rtnt A = l plntn nth t r; trtnt = trt dln r tr sum sayig eame o seeigs wi isecicies th ntd; trtnt C = trt tp th ntd; trtnt = rv tp is o a oua oio wi wokes as ey wou lh nd /r nttn; trtnt E = vr tp dn t l; trtnt = nn ae o wok wi aaous maeias Coeig sums wi soi is a saisacoy eame o saes aey a oem e imay ecommeaio is o o ew esey a Wes igiia u I am o awae o a oig uise eo ecommeig is eame eaye aig ae aesig was cosiee Saisacio wi sum emoa/saiaio was mie eecie y a esoes i e Sou owee Some esoes sae a is acic woks ye oe some o o cosie is aoac ecoomica ee esoe escie saiaio as oo ime cosumig oug e eay is om mos o 1 yea ae a I e Sou a u 1 sae esoe ake e 1 o yeas eee i e oe saes Isecicie eaye aig o seeigs as eie e is o sec- eames o seeigs wee aso cosiee eecie o mos ecommee eame (ae is was ye saisacio was aso mie o is acic o e oowe y eaig seeigs wi isecicies Sum same easos as sae aoe eames wee aey ecommee ece i igiia e ieeces i eame ecommeaios a eessee wic ae sigiica Cismas ee ewee e soue a o cea saes may e iusies owee o Caoia a Geogia o agey a eecio o ei iee maageme oec- wi sog Cismas ee iusies o o ecom- ies Wi e emasis i e o cea saes o me sum eames I eas wee aes weei is Cismas ee oucio iesie maageme o aaios aows o sum eames Yeay aes- Aus ae mos acie uegou a ae aey ig a seaig acices associae wi Cismas acie aoegou uig suy ays (Coei ees oie a cosise souce o os oaies a a Wiso 19 eeig maeia o e weeis is makes eaye Aus ae aace o oaies ouce y yig aig o seeigs ess esiae a oay ess coies eecie owee i e Sou wee emasis is o ouaios ae igy aggegae (ieske a oucio o uwoo a sawime aesig is aa 1993 geeay iemie o a emoa a saia scae eeoe ack o coiuousy aaiae eeig mae- Samig o aes weei is iicu a equies ao- ia makes eaye aig a moe aeaig a eec- iesie eciques agig om iggig is a i- ie acic ig em wi isecicie-ace ie maeia (ogge eseac ees esoes om e o cea a oes 1977 o usig C aiie ia as saes iicae aie ees o eseac icuig ie aie wi eao a ueie (aa a u isoy suies ee moioig ioogica coo 19 Suies ae ee couce o eic weei a ieiicaio o eomoes I is ikey a ece aciiy maiy as amage o seeigs (awece 1975 eseac eos a uicaios may o e eacig o e-aes Cismas ees (ieske a aa 1993 eeyoe equay Muc eee iomaio o aes awece (1975 was uae o coeae weei a weei ie isoy (oma a oes 1997; aa a caces wi weei eeig o seeigs u ieske u 199; ieske a aa 199a; a eciques o a aa (1993 i i a coeaio ewee e moioig e es (aa a u 19; ieske a ume o emaes ae a weei aciiy i o- aa 199 1991 1993 is ow aaiae ess eo as owig yeas owee i is ukow wee ei goe io e ae wo aeas aa ca e use as a eiae eico o aes weei Iiaa eoe a ee o iesigae e oe o su- aciiy is may e aiay ue o e iee o- coica eeig isecs i ecoig ptrph pr ems associae wi measuig amage o ees esu- r o ees a uimaey succum o oceum oo ig om e come o weeis ese i e Wis- isease ei a Aeae (199a c suie cosi Cismas ee sysem I Swee oae is oic eesiey owee e acua imig o (197 a ee success coeaig a caces o e iocuaio o e ee wii e Cismas ee oaio cosey eae Euoea ie weei (. bt o as o ee cocusiey eemie (Saom a Gay seeig amage 1993 uuise aa esoes om e ess imace o cea saes i o ee ay imoe- Cocusios mes wee eee esoes om e oease saes ocuse o ee ae seea maageme oios aaiae o e ee o eeo eie sae cemicas o o-cem- use agais aes weei e ieeces i eame ica coo acics Oe suggesio om e Maie ecommeaios o may o e saes ae aiay a esoe was o i a way o ki sums e ucio o maageme oecies a cosais I is esoe suggese a eicie eames mig aae a ecommee acics ca e eecie ye e ess oic a mig soe e oem o aaiae may aowes o o oow em ossiy a esu eeig maeia ees a o (199 197 owe- o ig cos o ime aocaio e easos wy acics e eoe ie success i ayig ue oi ea- wee o oe oowe was o iesigae i is cooeo o 5- o sums i a eo o iii suey aes weei eeig A oious weakess i e eecie use o maage- I e Sou e mos essig ee is o e ee- me acics is a iaiiy o coeae weei esiy ome o a meo o eic weei amage eso- wi amage Suc a oo wou oie a eaiey es om o 1 soue saes ake is ee e easy way o aa-ae sies Eecie aig ec- iges is is o suisig o a oes (19 iques ae ciica o moioig weei esiies Suc sae a e igges oem i maagig o aes eciques ecame easie i e Uie Saes wi e weei is e iaiiy o coeae ume o weeis a aoio o e C ia as aie wi eao a sie wi oeia amage o seeigs Samig o a ueie (aa a u 19 owee ese ie ouaios o aes weei is ase o ee u- as ae o eecie i cacig aes weei i amea asecs o ei ioogy igiia uess ecey kie o cu os maeia is a comoe o e ouque (eig 199 I is suey isecicia eames wee e eas esiae ye mos oe ecommee acic e eeome o ess aaous a equay eecie Coei A Wiso 19 Some ig a emeaue comous was see as a ioiy y mos esoes eecs o e eaio o e au aes weei Hylobius pales (Coeoea Cucuioiae Gea akes Eomoogis I igiia a usey aicaio o emei o o- 17 5- ec ouae seeigs as ee eecie wiou ogge CA Gay C Gee Kusema M ayma some o e egaie asecs associae wi use o ayo S 1977 Seeig eakig weeis i o osme (eaig a coyios (osaig Caoia o Caoia oes Seice oesy oe 31 isecicies (ige 1995 Acie eseac eos ae eig C 199 eeome a eauaio o aig su- ies o Hylobius pales (es a Pissodes nemorensis eig mae io e ossie eame o seeig Gema (Coeoea Cucuioiae i igiia Cismas sems wi o-oic ioogicay ase ai-eeas ee aaios acksug igiia oyecic Isiue (Saom a oes 199 199 o wa (oae 1995 a Sae Uiesiy MS esis Aoug is eseac sows some omise moe wok iega 1959 e aes weei Hylobius pales (s i is eee soue Oaio Caaia Eomoogis 91 -7 o C i M 1973 e eaie aacio o ue a ogess as ee mae oe e yeas i miimiig cuoe ie aeas o e ie seeig weeis Hylobius e imac o aes weei o coie ee oucio i pales a picivorus. Aas o e Eomoogica e ease Uie Saes Aoug may o e saes Sociey o Ameica 5-5 eoe a imoe es maageme acics ae ee G 197 esose o e aes weei o ooy ie eee o ee acceace y gowes a a ma- seeigs a cu sems oua o Ecoomic Eomoogy 3 995-997 ages mos ae saisie wi e ee o coo ey oma G u WA Saom SM aa K 1997 ae ae o aciee wi e acics aaiae We a oe eoucie eaiess a ice ieeces aec a coiue eseac wi ea o ee ee a ess esoses o coie oo weeis (Coeoea Cucu- aaous coo acics o aes weei ioiae o simuae os oos Eiomea Addr rrpndn t: Sco Saom Eomoogy 91-1 awece K 1975 eaiosi ewee ume o aes igiia ec eame o Eomoogy acksug weeis ae a suseque seeig moaiy o A 1; l: saomeu Caoia oes Seice oesy oe 3 ewis KA Aeae SA 19 Isecs associae wi e Anldnt asmissio o Verticicladiella procera. Caaia oua o oes eseac 1 133-1333 Aae om a eseaio mae o Wokig ay yc AM 19 e aes weei Hylobius pales (es 733 (Isecs Aecig eoesaio a e IUO a syesis o e ieaue oua o e Geogia Wo Cogess i amee ia Augus -11995 is Eomoogy Sociey 19 1-3 ae wou o ae ee ossie wiou e e o e ei Aeae SA 199a isiuio o Hylobius pales sae oes eomoogiss a ea seciaiss wo eso- a Pissodes nemorensis (Coeoea Cucuioiae wii e o e quesioaie i a imey asio im ige was Cismas ee aaios wi oceum oo isease mos eu i eiewig eaie esios o e quesioaie Eiomea Eomoogy 1 177-15 a mausci I am aso gaeu o oi Gay ames ei Aeae SA 199 asmissio o Leptographium oso ak Saio a Cis eig wo eiewe eaie procerum o ease wie ie y Hylobius pales a Pissodes esios o e mausci nemorensis (Coeoea Cucuioiae a isease 7 37-31 ei Aeae SA 199c aogeiciy o ee uga trtr Ctd associaes o Hylobius pales a Pissodes nemorensis (Coeoea Cucuioiae o ease wie ie Aeso GW 19 ie eoucio weeis (Coeoea Caaia oua o oes eseac 13-1 Cucuioiae iesig Cismas ees aaios i ei Aeae SA 199 oo- a sem-cooiig souwes igiia acksug A igiia oyecic isecs ecoee om ease wie ies wi oceum Isiue a Sae Uiesiy MS esis 5 o isease Caaia oua o oes eseac Aoymous 19 A aaysis o e ime siuaio i e 171-171 Uie Saes 195 3 e 3 Wasigo C USA iese G aeso C 1975 Eauaio o isecicies oes Seice 99 o eeig eoucio o aes a oe ie ea A McCiick K 193 e aes weei i soue weeis i ie sums oua o Ecoomic Eomoogy ie oua o Ecoomic Eomoogy 3 79-79 5- eami M 193 Coo o weeis associae wi o C Ge omas A ogge CA 19 Coo o eae Scoc ie Cismas ee aaios oowig aes a ic-eaig weeis i e Sou o e SA- ia aes Wiscosi Cismas ee ouces -1 Aaa USA oes Seice Associaio ew uei 3 1- oae G 197 A meo o aig Cae EE 191 Hylobius pales as a aco i e eoucio ( wi a saaie ai a is oeia o oecas- o coies i ew Ega oceeigs o e Sociey o ig seeig amage Scaiaia oua o oes Ameica oeses 11 97-37 eseac 199-13 Coei A Wiso 19a ie aces o ie sums ee weei eeig i Miciga (Coeoea Cucuioiae Gea akes Eomoogis 17 9-31 oae G 1995 os iig i Hylobius abietis ossiii- Saom SM 199 aes weei a iese es equiig eii- ies o coo oceeigs IUO 1 Wo Cogess iy a ioaio i maageme saegies [as] I 1995 Augus -1; amee ia (As 77 Ae C Aaamso es oceeigs o eiso 191 e ie isoy a coo o e aes Ameica oes Isec Wok Coeece Ge ec e weei (Hylobius pales). o u 3 eesam MA W-G-9 oa O USA oes Seice aciic aa oes 33 owes eseac Saio 119 aa K u WA 19 Use o aie ia as o Saom SM Gay A 1993 Uuise aa moioig aes weei Hylobius pales (Coeoea Saom SM Caso A Ag Gosma M ay E 199 Cucuioiae Gea akes Eomoogis 1 13-15 aoaoy eauaio o ioogicay-ase comous as aa K u WA 199 Micosie a ieseciic ie- aieeas o e aes weei Hylobius pales (es acios aecig emegece o oo-iesig ie weeis (Coeoea Cucuioiae oua o Eomoogica (Coeoea Cucuioiae i Wiscosi Aas o e Sciece 9 7-19 Eomoogica Sociey o Ameica 3-5 Saom SM Gay A Ao A Muesky M eig C Woos ees G o W 199 Cemica coo o e aes SA 199 Eauaio o aua oucs as aieeas weei i a Iiois Cismas ee aaio oua o o e aes weei (Coeoea Cucuioiae a as u- oesy 7 31-311 giois o Leptographium procerum. oua o ees G o W 197 e aes weei a seious es i Eomoogica Sciece 31 53-5 Iiois Cismas ee aaios Ameica Cismas Sees C 197 aes a iceaig weeis; eeome ee oua 1 17-1 i eaio o ime ies ae cu i e Soueas es oe ieske K aa K 199a isesa aes a mak-a- SE-7 Aseie C USA oes Seice Souease ecaue esimaes o wo ie weei secies Hylobius oes Eeime Saio pales a (Coeoea Cucuioiae omas A 1971 Iegae coo o weeis aackig i Cismas ee aaios Eiomea Eomoogis coieous eoucio oua o oesy 9 - 19 19-13 omas A ee G 199 esose o aes weei o ieske K aa K 199 Use o a moioig sysem o aua a syeic os aacas oua o Ecoomic eauae esicie eicacy a esiua aciiy agais wo Eomoogy 33-3 ie oo weeis Hylobius pales a Pachylobius picivorus. ige C 1995 esoa commuicaio Ciy igiia Gea akes Eomoogis 3 19-193 eame o oesy ieske K aa K 1991 Eecs o ayig eao a u- eie ees o aacio o ie oo weei secies Hylobius pales a Pachylobius picivorus (Coeoea Cucuioiae Eiomea Eomoogy -5 ieske K aa K 1993 oeia use o aie ia as i moioig ie oo weei secies Hylobius pales, Pachylobius picivorus, a (Coeoea Cucuioiae ouaios a iesaio ees oua o Ecoomic Eomoogy 75-5